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1.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36323288

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: In Germany, injection and inhalation anesthesia with the addition of an analgesic drug are an interim solution to surgical castration under general anesthesia due to the ban on non-anesthetic castration of male suckling piglets under 8 days of age. However, the efficiency of both anesthetic procedures is submit to controversial discussion. Most of the studies addressing this question only examined one of the procedures in comparison to piglets castrated without anesthesia or uncastrated controls. Comparisons between the anesthesia methods, especially under conditions of organically working farms, are almost completely lacking. The aim of the present study was therefore to compare the efficacy of injection and inhalation anesthesia under practical conditions in 7 organic farms as well as to examine the effect of metamizole administered in addition to meloxicam. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this purpose, 514 male suckling piglets were examined with regard to anesthesia efficiency (reflex test, defence behaviour), body temperature, post-operative bleeding and wound healing, post-operative behavior and pain behavior as well as the course of the recovery phase. RESULTS: The results show a basic superiority of inhalation anesthesia over injection anesthesia, especially in the areas of anesthetic efficacy, thermoregulation and duration of the recovery phase. In 7.7 to 15 % of piglets, the perianal and interclaw reflexes studied were still present at the time of castration. Following injection and inhalation anesthesia, in total 83.6 (25.2 %) of the piglets showed at least one of the following criteria: positive reflex response, clear defensive movements or vocalisations. Body temperature dropped by 0.41 °C under inhalation anesthesia and by 1.82 °C under injection anesthesia. Post-castration bleeding and wound healing were hardly influenced by the type of anesthesia. Almost all piglets showed signs of pain and pain-associated behavior for 5 and 72 hours after castration, regardless of the type of anesthesia. The post-castration recovery phases lasted significantly longer after injection anesthesia (107 minutes) than following inhalation anesthesia (33.3 minutes) until the piglets were returned to the sow. CONCLUSION: Neither injection nor inhalation anesthesia in spite of additional administration of meloxicam, nor the supplementary use of metamizole, fulfil the EU requirements for painless castration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The necessary analgesia during and after castration of male suckling piglets is not achieved under either isoflurane or ketamine/azaperone anesthesia, despite the use of meloxicam and metamizole.


Assuntos
Anestesia , Agricultura Orgânica , Animais , Suínos/cirurgia , Masculino , Feminino , Meloxicam , Dipirona , Orquiectomia/veterinária , Orquiectomia/métodos , Anestesia/veterinária , Dor/veterinária
2.
J Physiol ; 563(Pt 3): 645-62, 2005 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15677689

RESUMO

The temporal fine structure of single channel currents was studied to obtain information on how agonists open nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels. Currents were recorded from mouse myoballs with quartz pipettes in the on-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique. With 62 kHz filter cut-off and root mean square (r.m.s.) noise levels as low as 1.45 pA at 200 mV hyperpolarization, events down to 6 micros duration could be resolved with negligible error rate. Three types of openings with mean durations of 750 micros, 89 micros and 4 micros were identified with 0.1-10 microM suberyldicholine (SubCh). The relative frequencies of the three types of openings were 84% for long, 5% for medium and 11% for short openings with 1 microM SubCh. Stability plots and single channel current amplitude comparisons suggest that the three types of openings arise from a homogenous channel population. Above 10 microM SubCh, the three types of openings could not be discerned because channel openings occurred too closely spaced and open channels were increasingly blocked. Three types of openings can be generated with a mechanistic receptor model with two unequal binding sites, short and medium openings arising from one or the other monoliganded state, and long openings from the fully liganded state of the receptor. Maximum likelihood fitting of the rate constants of this model directly to the sequence of observed open and shut times accurately predicted the main physiological properties of the receptors with 0.1 microM SubCh. However, fitting recordings with 0.1-10 microM SubCh simultaneously revealed that this model cannot reproduce the weak influence of SubCh concentration on the proportions of the three types of openings. Therefore we conclude that short and medium openings are unlikely to arise preferentially from one or the other monoliganded state of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels.


Assuntos
Colina/análogos & derivados , Colina/administração & dosagem , Ativação do Canal Iônico/fisiologia , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/fisiologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/fisiologia , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Células Cultivadas , Colinérgicos/administração & dosagem , Simulação por Computador , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ativação do Canal Iônico/efeitos dos fármacos , Cinética , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Fibras Musculares Esqueléticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas Nicotínicos/administração & dosagem
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