Condições higienicossanitárias em serviços de nutrição hospitalar durante período de intervenção / Hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services during intervention period

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de serviços de nutrição hospitalar,durante período de intervenção sistemática, baseado nos requisitos de higiene pessoal e ambiental. Foram avaliadas 15 unidades, por meio de lista de verificação e realizou-se análise microbiológica das mãos dos manipuladores e superfícies de apoio, antes e após intervenção. A intervenção foi elaborada e implementada nos serviços de nutrição hospitalar, durante um ano, por profissionalterceirizado, sendo composto por três etapas: 1) aplicação da lista de verificação e plano de ação; 2) capacitações; 3) visitas mensais para motivação dos manipuladores e responsáveis técnicos, auxílio e acompanhamento na implementação dos requisitos de higiene pessoal e ambiental. Foram avaliados os microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totaise termotolerantes. Constatou-se que os serviços de nutrição hospitalar melhoraram as condições de higiene pessoal e ambiental e diminuíram a contaminação nas mãos e superfícies,após intervenção. Conclui-se que a intervenção sistemática por profissional externo auxiliou na adequação das condições higienicos sanitárias nos serviços de nutrição hospitalar e proporcionou mudanças positivas no comportamento dos manipuladores.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services during of systematic intervention period based on requirements for personal andenvironmental hygiene. Fifteen hospital nutrition services were evaluated using a checklist and a microbiological analysis of the hands of food handlers and surfaces in contact with foods, before and after the intervention. The intervention was developed and conducted at the locations for one year by a third-party professional and included three stages: 1) application of checklist and action plan; 2) trainings; 3) monthly visits for motivation of handlers, supervisory technicians,and assistance and supervision in the implementation of the requirements regarding personal and environmental hygiene. The aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were studied as wellas Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. It was found that the personal hygiene and environmental conditions at the hospital nutrition services improved andthere was decreased contamination of hands and surfaces after intervention. It was concluded that the systematic intervention by outside professional helped hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services meet the requirements and provide positive changes in the conduct of foodhandlers.

Condições higienicossanitárias em serviços de nutrição hospitalar durante período de intervenção / Hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services during intervention period

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de serviços de nutrição hospitalar, durante período de intervenção sistemática, baseado nos requisitos de higiene pessoal e ambiental. Foram avaliadas 15 unidades, por meio de lista de verificação e realizou-se análise microbiológica das mãos dos manipuladores e superfícies de apoio, antes e após intervenção. A intervenção foi elaborada e implementada nos serviços de nutrição hospitalar, durante um ano, por profissional terceirizado, sendo composto por três etapas: 1) aplicação da lista de verificação e plano de ação; 2) capacitações; 3) visitas mensais para motivação dos manipuladores e responsáveis técnicos, auxílio e acompanhamento na implementação dos requisitos de higiene pessoal e ambiental. Foram avaliados os microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Constatou-se que os serviços de nutrição hospitalar melhoraram as condições de higiene pessoal e ambiental e diminuíram a contaminação nas mãos e superfícies, após intervenção. Conclui-se que a intervenção sistemática por profissional externo auxiliou na adequação das condições higienicossanitárias nos serviços de nutrição hospitalar e proporcionou mudanças positivas no comportamento dos manipuladores.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services during of systematic intervention period based on requirements for personal and environmental hygiene. Fifteen hospital nutrition services were evaluated using a checklist and a microbiological analysis of the hands of food handlers and surfaces in contact with foods, before and after the intervention. The intervention was developed and conducted at the locations for one year by a third-party professional and included three stages: 1) application of checklist and action plan; 2) trainings; 3) monthly visits for motivation of handlers, supervisory technicians, and assistance and supervision in the implementation of the requirements regarding personal and environmental hygiene. The aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were studied as well as Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms. It was found that the personal hygiene and environmental conditions at the hospital nutrition services improved and there was decreased contamination of hands and surfaces after intervention. It was concluded that the systematic intervention by outside professional helped hygienic-sanitary conditions in hospital nutrition services meet the requirements and provide positive changes in the conduct offood handlers.

Good hygiene practices in hospital nutrition services: the view of internal and external auditors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition services according to internal and external auditors, before and after intervention, based on the requirements of Good Hygiene Practices. Fifteen hospital nutrition services were evaluated based on a checklist applied by internal auditors and by an external auditor. The intervention program was prepared and implemented in all the locations over one year, and was composed of four points: 1) training; 2) preparation of the action plan; 3) preparation of the documentation; 4) monthly visits to motivate the food handlers and responsible technicians, accompaniment and assistance in the implementation of Good Hygiene Practices. An improvment in the application of Good Hygiene Practices was observed in the hospital nutrition services after the systematic intervention, in the view of both the internal and external auditors, except the requirement related to operational aspects, which had a low percentage of adequacy, both before and after the intervention Before the intervention, there was a significant difference between the evaluation of the internal auditors and the external auditor, which was not found later. These results suggest that the systematic intervention assisted in the adoption of Good Hygiene Practices by hospital nutrition services, according to both the internal and external auditors, and contributed to increasing the knowledge of the internal auditors.(AU)

Dietary fibre: The scientific search for an ideal definition and methodology of analysis, and its physiological importance as a carrier of bioactive compounds.

There is a growing need for a global consensus on the definition of dietary fibre and the use of appropriate methodologies for its determination in different food matrices. Oligosaccharides (prebiotic effect) and bioactive compounds (antioxidant effect) are important constituents of dietary fibre, which enhance its beneficial effects in the body, such as those related to maintaining intestinal health. These dietary components need to be quantified and addressed in conjunction with fibre in nutritional studies due to the close relationship between them and their common destiny in the human body. This review discusses updates to the concept of dietary fibre, with an emphasis on biological and methodological aspects, and highlights the physiological importance of fibre as a carrier of bioactive compounds.

Food Safety in Feeding Services: A Requirement in Brazil.

Access to food that is adequate in both quantity and quality is directly related to the health of a population. Unsafe food may cause an individual to experience varying degrees of illnesses known as food-borne disease. As their daily lives change, an increasing number of Brazilian people eat outside of their houses in restaurants, cafes, bakeries, and other dining establishments. Until August 2004, food services in Brazil followed the same standards recommended for other industries; these standards were determined by the Ministry of Health through Decree 326 in 1997 and completed in 2002 by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency through Resolution 275. On September 15, 2004, the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency published RDC 216 that provided information about Technical Regulation of Good Practices specifically for food services. This legislation ensures safe production of the food at Brazilian food service sites through good practices and procedures. The purpose of this review is to describe the aspects related to safe food production and to discuss the main legislation for food services in Brazil.

[Profile of food handlers in the home]. / Perfil de manipuladores de alimentos em domicílios.

This article seeks to diagnose the profile of food handlers in the households of the city of Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. By geographical division of the city, a sample of 15 households per neighborhood was chosen, totaling 615 households. For the diagnosis of the profile of handlers in the households, a questionnaire was prepared, containing 6 open questions and 13 closed questions related to personal data including gender, marital status, education, occupation and monthly income. Issues such as the frequency with which people prepare meals in the households and satisfaction in preparing them, as well as participation in courses and the perception of food safety, were also addressed. It was found that 92.5% of the food handlers were female, 52.2% had complete or incomplete primary school and 35.4% had a monthly income of between 3 and 9 minimum wages. Among those interviewed, 82.6% reported that they prepare meals every day of the week and 77.9% reported that they never had problems caused by the food produced at home. It is important to evaluate the profile of food handlers in the households, as this makes it possible to develop strategies to prevent or diminish foodborne diseases.

Perfil de manipuladores de alimentos em domicílios / Profile of food handlers in the home

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios da cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Foi determinada uma amostra de 15 domicílios por bairro através da divisão geográfica da cidade, totalizando 615 residências. Para a realização do diagnóstico do perfil dos manipuladores nos domicílios, elaborou-se um formulário sobre os dados pessoais com 6 questões abertas e 13 fechadas incluindo o gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão e renda mensal, bem como questões como a frequência do preparo das refeições nos domicílios, satisfação em prepará-las, participação em cursos e percepção deles sobre a segurança dos alimentos. Verificou-se que 92,5% dos manipuladores eram do sexo feminino, 52,2% possuíam nível de escolaridade fundamental completo ou incompleto, e 35,4% com rendimento mensal familiar de 3 a 9 salários mínimos. Dos entrevistados, 82,6% informaram que preparam as refeições todos os dias da semana e 77,9% relataram que nunca enfrentaram problemas ocasionados por alimentos produzidos em casa. É importante identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios para desenvolver estratégias para prevenir ou diminuir as doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos.

This article seeks to diagnose the profile of food handlers in the households of the city of Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. By geographical division of the city, a sample of 15 households per neighborhood was chosen, totaling 615 households. For the diagnosis of the profile of handlers in the households, a questionnaire was prepared, containing 6 open questions and 13 closed questions related to personal data including gender, marital status, education, occupation and monthly income. Issues such as the frequency with which people prepare meals in the households and satisfaction in preparing them, as well as participation in courses and the perception of food safety, were also addressed. It was found that 92.5% of the food handlers were female, 52.2% had complete or incomplete primary school and 35.4% had a monthly income of between 3 and 9 minimum wages. Among those interviewed, 82.6% reported that they prepare meals every day of the week and 77.9% reported that they never had problems caused by the food produced at home. It is important to evaluate the profile of food handlers in the households, as this makes it possible to develop strategies to prevent or diminish foodborne diseases.

Evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition anddietary services from the perspectives of internal and external auditors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition and dietary services using externaland internal auditors. Eleven hospitals were evaluated for their nutrition and dietary services using an evaluation checklist basedon food safety requirements in the current legislation. The checklist was applied by an internal auditor (a technical supervisor)and an external auditor (a professional with experience in food services) between August and October 2011. According to thenumber of items on the evaluation checklist that were considered adequate, the hospital facilities were ranked as excellent,good, regular, bad, or very bad. The results obtained by the auditors were compared. According to these results, it can be saidthat most of the hospital nutrition and dietary services were rated as good for overall quality by the internal auditor, while theexternal auditor classified them as Regular. There was a clear difference between the evaluations of the auditors, both in termsof the number of items considered adequate and the overall requirements’ average score. It can be concluded that hospitalnutrition and dietary services should meet safety requirements in order to provide food. These facilities should have externalaudits conducted as a way to prevent routine problems from being perpetuated.

Resposta biológica de ratos alimentados com resíduo da fermentação de batata (Solanumtuberosum L.) / Biological response of rats fed with the fermentation of potato residue (Solanumtuberosum L.)

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição centesimal do tubérculo de batata in natura a ser utilizado no processo de destilação para a produção de etanol e do resíduo sólido resultante da fermentação deste tubérculo. Com base na composição do resíduo, avaliou-se o efeito da sua utilização na substituição de diferentes teores de fibra alimentar de uma dieta padrão, na resposta biológica de ratos. Para a avaliação dos efeitos biológicos, foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos. Um dos grupos de animais recebeu a dieta padrão para ratos em crescimento, e os demais grupos receberam esta dieta com substituição de 25, 50 ou 100 por cento de sua fibra alimentar pela fibra do resíduo. Durante o período experimental (23 dias), foram avaliados o consumo, o ganho de peso, o coeficiente de eficiência alimentar (CEA), a produção de fezes secas e úmidas, pH e excreção de nitrogênio fecal. No final do ensaio, foram avaliados o peso do fígado e da gordura epididimal, níveis sanguíneos de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, colesterol HDL e proteínas totais. O resíduo apresentou uma composição centesimal de 8,2 por cento de proteína, 16,7 por cento de fibra alimentar, 62,8 por cento de carboidratos e 288Kcal. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio biológico sugerem que o resíduo sólido da fermentação de tubérculos de batata pode ser empregado como fonte de nutrientes, com base na substituição da fração fibra de uma dieta padrão AIN-93, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento dos ratos e os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados.

The present research had the objectives of determining the in natura potato tuber centesimal composition in the distilling process in order to produce ethanol and to verify the solid residues resulting from this tuber fermentation process. Based on the residue composition, it was evaluated the effect of its use in the substitution of different dietary fiber content of a standard diet observing the rats biological response to this diet. In order to evaluate the biological effect, 32 Wistar rats were used divided into four groups. One group was given the standard diet for growing rats, according to recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93), and the other three groups were given this diet substituting 25, 50 or 100 percent of residue by dietary fiber. Throughout the experimental period (23 days), consumption, weight gain, food efficiency ratio (FER), dry and moist feces production, pH and nitrogen fecal excretion were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, liver and epididimal fat weights, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total protein levels were evaluated. The residue presented centesimal composition of 8.2 percent protein, 16.7 percent of dietary fiber, 62.8 percent of carbohydrates and 288 Kcal. The results obtained in the biological assay suggest that the solid residue resulting from potato tuber fermentation can be employed as a source of nutrients having as basis the exchange of fiber fraction of an AIN-93 standard diet without endangering rats' growth and the analyzed biochemical parameters.

Efeito da linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L. ) sob diferentes formas de preparo na resposta biológica em ratos / Effect of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L. ) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats

OBJETIVO: Verificar as possíveis atividades biológicas causadas pelo consumo diário de linhaça em diferentes condições de preparo, em ratos Wistar machos recém-desmamados. MÉTODOS: Os ratos recém-desmamados (n=32) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 8 animais: ração padrão; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça cru; ração com 16 por cento de grão de linhaça assado; e ração com 7 por cento de óleo de linhaça. Os animais foram pesados a cada três dias e, após 23 dias de período experimental, foram sacrificados por punção cardíaca, sendo os órgãos imediatamente pesados e o sangue coletado e armazenado a -18ºC para realização das análises (glicose, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - colesterol, triglicerídios e proteínas totais). As fezes foram coletadas para a determinação de umidade, lipídeo excretado e lipídeo absorvido. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao ganho de peso total, consumo diário, coeficiente de eficácia alimentar e peso dos órgãos. A excreção diária, o teor de umidade das fezes e a quantidade de lipídeo fecal foram maiores nos grupos linhaça cru e linhaça assada em comparação aos grupos padrão e óleo de linhaça. Com exceção do lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol, todos os demais parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de linhaça, seja como grão cru, assado ou óleo, possui atividade biológica em ratos, destacando-se por reduzir os níveis de glicose, triglicerídios e colesterol. Além disso, o consumo do grão de linhaça aumentou significativamente o volume do bolo fecal e a excreção de lipídeos nas fezes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats. METHODS: Weaned rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: standard feed, standard feed with 16 percent raw flaxseed, standard feed with 16 percent roasted flaxseed and standard feed with 7 percent flaxseed oil. The animals were weighted at every 3 days and after 23 days, rats were killed by heart puncture. The organs were immediately weighed and the blood was collected and stored at -18ºC for biochemical assays (blood glucose, total cholesterol, High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein). The feces were collected for analysis of moisture, excreted lipids and absorbed lipids. RESULTS: The groups did not differ with respect to weight gain, daily food intake, food efficiency ratio and organ weight. Daily excretion, feces moisture and fecal lipid content were greater in the groups fed raw and roasted flaxseed than in the groups fed standard feed and flaxseed oil. Except for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, all other biochemical parameters presented statistical differences between treatments. CONCLUSION: Raw or roasted flaxseed or flaxseed oil has biological activity in rats: it reduces blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, rats fed raw and roasted flaxseed presented a significantly greater fecal volume and fecal lipid content.

O tempo e o tipo de embalagem sobre a erva-mate tipo chimarrão durante armazenagem em condições ambientais / Influence of time and kind of packaging on mate during storage under ambient conditions

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos fatores embalagem e tempo na alteração da cor e degradação da clorofila, durante armazenamento de erva-mate tipo chimarrão em condições ambientais. Amostras de erva-mate, acondicionadas em embalagem de papel ou laminada, foram colocadas em câmara de armazenagem e analisadas em sete períodos, totalizando 12 semanas. Foram determinadas a concentração de clorofila (a, b e total), cor instrumental (CIELAB), umidade e atividade de água. Verificou-se degradação dos pigmentos clorofílicos nas amostras em embalagem laminada (redução de 59,5 por cento na concentração de clorofila a e de 28,0 por cento na de clorofila b) e resultados controversos para as amostras em embalagem de papel, os quais provavelmente tiveram interferência da reação de Maillard. As alterações de cor durante o período de armazenamento foram: redução no valor de L* para a erva-mate acondicionada em embalagem de papel (de 49,3 para 48,1) e aumento de L* para o produto em embalagem laminada (de 49,3 para 51,5); redução de -a* e redução de b* para o produto de ambas as embalagens, papel (a*=de -13,2 para -5,9; b*=de 29,3 para 28,5) e laminada (a*=de -13,3 para -7,0; b*=de 29,5 para 24,9). Concluiu-se que o tempo de armazenagem e o tipo de embalagem influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) os itens analisados, e a alteração de cor foi provavelmente influenciada pelas reações de feofitinização e oxidação dos pigmentos clorofílicos da erva-mate.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of packaging and time factors in color change and degradation of chlorophyll during storage of mate, mate type, in environmental conditions. Samples of mate, packaged in laminated flexible film or paper, were placed in a storage chamber, and analyzed at seven periods, during 12 weeks. Chlorophyll (a, b and total), instrumental color (CIELAB), moisture and water activity were determined. In the analysis of chlorophyllian pigments, it was verified their degradation in the samples packaged in laminated film (a reduction of 59.5 percent in chlorophyll a and 28.0 percent in chlorophyll b), and controversial results were found in the samples on paper package. This result probably suffered the interference of Maillard reaction. The mate color changes during storage were: L* reduction in the samples on paper package (from 49.3 to 48.1) and L* increase in the samples on laminated package (from 49.3 to 51.5); -a* reduction and b* reduction in the product on both packages, paper (a*=from -13.2 to -5.9; b*=from 29.3 to 28.5) and laminated film (a*=from -13.3 to -7.0; b*=from 29.5 to 24.9). It was concluded that the storage time and the kind of package significantly influenced (P<0.05) the items analized and that the color change was probably influenced by pheophytinization as well as by oxidation of chlorophyllian pigments in mate.

Educação ambiental: enfatizando a problemática do lixo do desperdício de alimentos, em Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição / Environmental education: emphasizing the problem of garbage from the food wastefulness, foodservice

Durante a observação da rotina de uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN), na cidade de Erechim (RS), detectaram-se dois problemas: a grande quantidade de lixo nos arredores da Unidade e o elevado desperdício de alimentos. Com o objetivo de mudar o comportamento dos comensais em relação ao descarte do lixo e ao desperdício de alimento, foram realizadas campanhas educativas sobre os temas em questão. Na primeira campanha, denominada Campanha do lixo, foram recolhidas embalagens de pipoca doce depositadas nas ruas próximas à UAN. Na segunda campanha (Campanha contra o desperdício), realizou-se a pesagem do resto alimentar devolvido nas bandejas durante o almoço. Os dados foram coletados antes e após os trabalhos, para se realizar a devida análise. A campanha foi eficiente, pois ocorreram mudanças nos hábitos dos comensais em relação ao lixo e ao desperdício de alimentos.

Influência da maceração carbônica e da irradiação ultravioleta nos níveis de trans-resveratrol em vinhos de uva cabernet sauvignon / Influence of the carbonic maceration on the levels of trans-resveratrol in cabernet sauvignon wine

O consumo moderado de vinho reduz significativamente os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares. Este efeito é atribuído aos polifenóis presentes no vinho, em especial ao resveratrol (3,5,4'-triidroxiestilbeno), que é uma fitoalexina encontrada em várias partes da videira, principalmente na casca da uva, assim como em outras espécies de plantas. Uvas da cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon foram submetidas à irradiação com luz ultravioleta e maceração carbônica e após fermentadas. Procedeu-se à coleta de amostras durante todo o experimento, as quais foram posteriormente analisadas quanto ao teor de trans-resveratrol através da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Os resultados do trabalho demonstram que a evolução do conteúdo de trans-resveratrol foi ascendente durante as fases da fermentação. Diferenças ocorreram no final da fermentação, em que as amostras de vinhos com maceração carbônica apresentaram leve declínio, possivelmente pela atmosfera de CO2 na qual ficaram armazenadas, inibindo a formação do resveratrol. Ao final da fermentação principal a concentração de trans-resveratrol foi de 15 mg.L-1 em todos os tratamentos, chegando a 1,5 mg.L-1, em média, no final do período de estocagem.

The moderate consumption of wine reduces the risks of heart diseases significantly. This effect is attributed to the polyphenols found in the wine, in special to resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihidroxistilbene) that it is a phytoalexin found in the various parts of the vine, including in the skin of the grape, as well as in other species of plants. Grapes of cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon had been submitted to the irradiation with ultra-violet light and carbonic maceration and after fermented. It was proceeded all collection from samples during the experiment, which later had been analyzed how much to the concentration of trans-resveratrol using the Liquid Chromatography of High Efficiency. The of the content of trans-resveratrol was ascendent during the vinification phases. Differences had occurred in the end of the fermentation where the samples of wines with carbonic maceration had presentes low decline, possibly for the CO2 atmosphere in which they were stored, in this way, inhibiting the formation of resveratrol. At the end of the main fermentation, the concentration of trans-resveratrol was 15 mg.L-1 in all treatments, arriving of 1.5 mg.L-1, in average, at the end of storage period.

As clorofilas / The chlorophylls

As clorofilas são pigmentos verdes, comuns em todas as células fotossintéticas. Por sua estrutura química ser instável, são facilmente degradadas, resultando em produtos de decomposição que modificam a percepção e qualidade dos alimentos. Esta revisão trata dos vários fatores que interferem na degradação das clorofilas, como a luz, radiação, calor, ácidos, oxigênio, alteração enzimática e interação com outros pigmentos. Também, outro aspecto a ser abordado é a utilização das clorofilas como corantes, através da formação de complexos que tornam esses pigmentos mais estáveis à decomposição.