RESUMO
Based on computed tomography (CT) images, volume rendering was used to obtain a three-dimensional representation of data (3DVR). The aims of this study included: describing the bone anatomy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of dogs; comparing the TMJs of each dog by skull type and age; comparing 3DVR images with three-standard-plane CTs; assessing soft tissues adjacent to the TMJ and assessing pathological cases. Multidetector computed tomography scans of bilateral TMJs of 410 dogs were observed. From a ventral view, slight displacements in the positions of the skulls were seen, whereas from a caudal view, differences in amplitude of the articular space were observed. Dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs showed more similar TMJ features than brachycephalic dogs. The shape of the TMJ bones were irregular in dogs under 1 year old. The 3DVR images related to the three-standard-plane CT improved the overall comprehension of the changes in the articular space amplitude and condylar process morphology. The fovea pterygoidea, mandibular fossa and retroarticular process were perfectly shown. A better spatial situation of adjacent soft tissues was obtained. The 3DVR represents an ancillary method to the standard-plane CT that could help in the understanding of the anatomy and diagnoses of different pathologies of the TMJ in dogs.
RESUMO
Realizamos una investigación basada en la revisión bibliográfica y actualización del uso de los antimicrobianos en las afecciones estomatológicas más frecuentes en nuestro medio, y que demandan de la utilización de estos fármacos. Agrupamos las enfermedades según el sitio de afectación en el sistema cráneo-cérvico-facial. Se presenta el concepto de la noxa, algunas referencias de su etiopatogenia, tratamiento antimicrobiano de elección y fármacos alternativos, con dosis, vías de administración y duración del tratamiento. Se hace referencia a los efectos indeseables de los antimicrobianos en cada enfermedad tratada. Se adjuntan en los anexos la composición microbiológica de la flora bucal y la clasificación actualizada, según su estructura bioquímica, de los antimicrobianos disponibles universalmente. Se acota la bibliografía revisada en cada enfermedad planteada. Presentamos el informe final en formato de manual para hacer más factible su utilización como medio de consulta a todo el personal facultativo que lo demande.
We carried out a research study based on the bibliography review and updating of the use of antibiotics in the most frequent dental diseases requiring the use of such drugs in our country. We grouped diseases by the affected site in the cranial-cervical-facial system. The concept of noxa and some references on its ethiopathogenesis, selection of microbial treatment, and alternative drugs, doses, ways of administration and duration of treatment are present. Reference is made to unwanted effects of antibiotics in each treated disease. The annexes comprise the microbiological composition of mouth flora and the present classification of available antibiotics worldwide by their biochemical structure. The reviewed bibliography for each analyzed disease is added. We present this final report in a manual format so as to facilitate the use of this document as a reference for medical personnel which requires so.