RESUMO
Previous scientific evidence has shown a relationship between hormones and the onset and relapse of perinatal psychotic disorders (PPD) in women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. In healthy women the interaction between hormones and cognitive changes has been confirmed mainly in memory, attention, and executive function during pregnancy and postpartum, which respond to adaptive demands related to parenting tasks. In women with psychotic episodes there is a significant impairment in several cognitive functions, but studies of the perinatal period are limited. The objective of this mini review is to analyze the main findings to identify whether hormonal changes interact with the onset of PPD and cognitive impairment in perinatal women. The studies included samples of women with psychosis, risk of developing psychosis, bipolar psychosis, schizoaffective psychosis, and psychotic symptoms, during pregnancy and postpartum. Findings contributed to knowledge about five hypotheses regarding the relationship between hormones in the perinatal period and the appearance of PPD. Nevertheless, this review did not find reports of evidence of a relationship between hormonal production and cognitive function among women with clinically diagnosed PPD, suggesting a research gap. Clinical implications of assessing hormonal production and cognitive function in PPD are discussed. Although the evidence identified is scarce and heterogeneous, the findings call for further research with clinical samples on the role of hormones in perinatal psychotic disorders, especially as they relate to the study of cognition. This will promote more consistent evidence and understanding of PPD etiopathology that can guide early and effective multidisciplinary interventions.
RESUMO
Resumen La delincuencia juvenil implica la concreción de conductas tipificadas como delito según un marco legal, por una población exenta de responsabilidades jurídicas plenas. Dados los cambios biológicos, cognitivos y sociales que confluyen durante la adolescencia, es preciso que desde la psicología se enriquezca el contexto teórico sobre las variables que inciden en la aparición de conductas tipificadas como delito durante este periodo vital. Por tal razón, el presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo describir los factores de riesgo y de protección para la manifestación de conductas delictivas durante la adolescencia. El método desarrollado consistió en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, concretamente de artículos empíricos publicados en español e inglés en las bases de datos Scopus y Redalyc en una ventana de tiempo comprendida entre enero de 1998 y junio de 2019. Como resultado se encontró un total de 2,202 estudios, después del proceso de cribado y verificación de los criterios de exclusión e inclusión se seleccionaron 41 artículos como unidades de análisis. Con base en el modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner (1987), en la lectura a texto completo de los artículos seleccionados se identificaron 16 factores de riesgo en el microsistema y cuatro en el exosistema, además de 13 factores de la dimensión personal. Del mismo modo, se hallaron factores de protección, siete enmarcados en el microsistema, uno en el exosistema, y siete dentro de la dimensión personal. La discusión de los resultados está centrada en las consideraciones a tener en cuenta en los programas de prevención e intervención de las conductas tipificadas como delito en la adolescencia.
Abstract Juvenile crime implies a population exempt from full legal responsibilities performing behaviors defined as a crime according to a legal framework. Due to the biological, cognitive and social changes that coalesce during adolescence, it is necessary to enrich the theoretical context of the variables that influence the appearance of these criminal behaviors during this vital period from a psychological perspective. For this reason, this study's objective was to describe the risk and protective factors of demonstrating criminal behaviors during adolescence. The developed method consisted of a systematic review of literature, specifically empirical articles published in English and Spanish in the Scopus and Redalyc databases in a period of time between January 1998 and June 2019. As a result, 2,202 studies were found. After the screening process and having verified exclusion and inclusion criteria, 41 articles were selected as units of analysis. Based on the Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory (1987), after having fully read the selected articles, 16 risk factors were identified in the microsystem and four in the exosystem, in addition to 13 factors in the personal dimension. In the same way, protective factors were observed - seven in the microsystem, one in the exosystem and seven in the personal dimension. The discussion on these results focuses on the considerations to be taken into account in prevention and intervention programs for criminal behaviors during adolescence.
Resumo A delinquência juvenil implica a realização de condutas classificadas como crime, segundo um marco legal, por uma população isenta de plenas responsabilidades jurídicas. Dadas as mudanças biológicas, cognitivas e sociais que convergem durante a adolescência, é necessário que a partir da psicologia seja enriquecido o contexto teórico sobre as variáveis que afetam o aparecimento de condutas classificadas como crime neste período vital. Por esse motivo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever os fatores de risco e proteção para a manifestação de comportamentos delitivos na adolescência. O método desenvolvido consistiu em uma revisão sistemática de literatura, especificamente de artigos empíricos publicados em espanhol e inglês nas bases de datos Scopus e Redalyc no período de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2019. Como resultado, foram encontrados 2.202 estudos e, após o processo de triagem e verificação dos critérios de exclusão e inclusão, foram selecionados 41 artigos como unidades de análise. Na leitura dos textos completos dos artigos selecionados, com base no modelo bioecológico de Bronfenbrenner (1987), foram identificados 16 fatores de risco no microssistema e quatro no exossistema, além de 13 fatores da dimensão pessoal. Da mesma forma, foram encontrados fatores de proteção, sete enquadrados no microssistema, um no exossistema e sete na dimensão pessoal. A discussão dos resultados está centrada nas considerações a levar em conta nos programas de prevenção e intervenção das condutas classificadas como crime na adolescência.
Assuntos
Humanos , Delinquência Juvenil , Risco , Comportamento PerigosoRESUMO
Social cognition (SC) deficits have been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) but have been less well researched than general cognitive processes, especially in early-onset PD (EOPD), despite this population often having greater social and family demands. Most studies focus on recognition of facial emotion, theory of mind (ToM), and decision-making domains, with limited research reporting on social reasoning. The main objective of this work was to compare SC ability across four domains: emotional processing, social reasoning, ToM, and decision-making between patients with EOPD and healthy controls. Twenty-five nondemented patients with EOPD and 25 controls matched for sex, age, and educational level were enrolled. A battery that included six SC tests was administered to all study participants; a decision-making scale was completed by participants' partners. Statistically significant differences were found between patients with EOPD and controls in all subtests across the four SC domains studied. The EOPD group demonstrated worse performance on all tasks, with large effect sizes. Differences remained significant after adjusting for Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test scores for all SC subtests except the decision-making scale and the Iowa gambling task. No significant correlations between SC and other clinical PD variables were found. Our study shows that patients with EOPD perform significantly below controls in multiple SC domains affecting recognition of facial emotion, social reasoning, ToM, and decision-making. Only decision-making seems to be mediated by overall cognitive ability. The confounding or contributing effect of other clinical PD variables should be studied further.