Age-dependent nasal immune responses in non-hospitalized bronchiolitis children.

Bronchiolitis in children is associated with significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Many studies have been performed using samples from hospitalized bronchiolitis patients, but little is known about the immunological responses from infants suffering from mild/moderate bronchiolitis that do not require hospitalization. We have studied a collection of nasal lavage fluid (NLF) samples from outpatient bronchiolitis children as a novel strategy to unravel local humoral and cellular responses, which are not fully characterized. The children were age-stratified in three groups, two of them (GI under 2-months, GII between 2-4 months) presenting a first episode of bronchiolitis, and GIII (between 4 months and 2 years) with recurrent respiratory infections. Here we show that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1ß, IL6, TNFα, IL18, IL23), regulatory cytokines (IL10, IL17A) and IFNγ were found in the three bronchiolitis cohorts. However, little or no change was observed for IL33 and MCP1, at difference to previous results from bronchiolitis hospitalized patients. Furthermore, our results show a tendency to IL1ß, IL6, IL18 and TNFα increased levels in children with mild pattern of symptom severity and in those in which non RSV respiratory virus were detected compared to RSV+ samples. By contrast, no such differences were found based on gender distribution. Bronchiolitis NLFs contained more IgM, IgG1, IgG3 IgG4 and IgA than NLF from their age-matched healthy controls. NLF from bronchiolitis children predominantly contained neutrophils, and also low frequency of monocytes and few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NLF from infants older than 4-months contained more intermediate monocytes and B cell subsets, including naïve and memory cells. BCR repertoire analysis of NLF samples showed a biased VH1 usage in IgM repertoires, with low levels of somatic hypermutation. Strikingly, algorithmic studies of the mutation profiles, denoted antigenic selection on IgA-NLF repertoires. Our results support the use of NLF samples to analyze immune responses and may have therapeutic implications.

Tuberculosis recurrences: reinfection plays a role in a population whose clinical/epidemiological characteristics do not favor reinfection.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) recurrences can be due to either reactivation by the same strain (standard assumption) or reinfection by a new strain. Reinfection has mainly been studied in selected populations with a high risk of reexposure to TB. Our aim was to analyze the role of reinfection in TB recurrences in unselected populations, without the clinical/epidemiological circumstances that favor the involvement of a new different strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the recurrence. METHODS: A molecular typing analysis was performed with 92 sequential isolates of M tuberculosis from 43 patients with recurrent TB, during a 12-year period. The subjects were both positive and negative for the human immunodeficiency virus, most did not adhere to anti-TB therapy, and they lived in an area with a moderate incidence of TB. Recurrence was considered as being caused by reinfection when the molecular fingerprints for the strains involved in the sequential episodes of TB were different. RESULTS: In 14 (33%) of the 43 patients, different M tuberculosis strains were involved in the first and in subsequent episodes of TB. Reinfection was found for patients who were both positive and negative for the human immunodeficiency virus, and most patients did not adhere to anti-TB therapy. Differences between the reinfection and reactivation groups were not significant (P =.77) according to the time interval between episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Reinfection plays an important role in recurrent TB in a population without the clinical/epidemiological circumstances that are usually assumed to favor it. Reinfection should, thus, be considered as a cause of TB recurrences in a wider context than before.

Extra-abdominal infections due to Gemella species.

OBJECTIVES: To understand the role of Gemella species as a pathogen causing extra-abdominal infections in the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1994 and 1998, one or more isolates of Gemella sp. were found in 128 patients. The 113 patients with isolates from nonsignificant specimens or representing intra-abdominal infections were excluded. The clinical records of the remaining 15 patients were reviewed as well as the more recent literature. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 41 years. The underlying conditions most frequently noted were intravenous drug users (n=6; 3 positive for human immunodeficiency virus), alcoholism (n=2), cardiovascular disease (n=2), chronic lung disease (n=2), diabetes (n=1), kidney transplant (n=1). The extra-abdominal infections were skin and soft tissue abscess (n=5), empyema (n=4), brain abscess (n=2), primary bacteremia (n=1), lung abscess (n=1), septic thrombophlebitis (n=1), complicated urinary tract infection (n=1). The infection was monomicrobial in six and polymicrobial in nine cases. Surgical drainage and betalactam antibiotics were used. The outcome was favorable in almost all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Gemella sp. should be included as a cause of localized soft-tissue abscesses, empyema, and bloodstream infection. No case of infective endocarditis was found. Although it is susceptible to several antibiotics, Gemella sp. requires a careful microbiologic diagnosis and a subtle clinical interpretation.

Differential characteristics of HIV-infected penitentiary patients and HIV-infected community patients.

PURPOSE: To identify particular characteristics of HIV+ patients from correctional facilities (CF) compared with an HIV+ population from the community to better detect variables for intervention. METHOD: In our hospital, HIV+ patients are admitted to an infectious diseases ward (IDW) when they come from the community or to a penitentiary unit (PU) when they are transferred from CF. We retrospectively reviewed admissions of those patients in both areas during 1999. RESULTS: Admissions of HIV+ patients to IDW and PU generate 2.3% and 53.4% of hospital and PU stays, respectively. Both populations were equivalent in terms of mean age, CD4 count, viral load, prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, average stay, and death during stay. Male sex (91% vs. 74%), previous or current intravenous drug use (88% vs. 77%), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) seropositivity (97% vs. 82.6%) were more frequent in the PU than in the IDW. Multivariate analysis identified three factors as being independently related to admission from prison: longer time of known HIV infection (average 3.3 years; 95% CI 1.9-4.6), no previous antiretroviral treatment (odds ratio [OR] 2.95; 95% CI 1.46-6.0), and admission due to tuberculosis (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.03-6.0). CONCLUSION: HIV infection is still a serious medical problem in CF. Although imprisonment can provide access to health programs, HIV-infected prison patients suffer more frequently from tuberculosis and take less antiretroviral treatment.