RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The Spanish National Pedagogic Museum (Museo Pedagógico Nacional, MPN), founded by La Institución Libre de Enseñanza, organized the first summer school camps in Spain and their initiative was followed by other institutions in this country. MPN prepared anthropological forms for those sojourns, which included information about both metric and physiological measurements of the schoolchildren. The aim of the current work is to analyze hand grip strength data and to compare them with recent values. METHODS: The initial sample included 2418 schoolchildren from 6 to 16 years old (1467 males, 951 females) attending the camps, but after preliminary analyses, the study was restricted to 1073 boys and 818 girls in the 1900-1925 interval. Three time periods were established and 13 categories of height at camp entry, every 5 cm. Normality tests were run as well as contrasts of means, and both average values and percentiles were calculated for hand grip strength in both hands, as a function of age and height categories. RESULTS: The 1900-1925 interval was chosen since there were no significant differences among hand grip data within that period. Results show that children attending the camps had dynamometry values in both hands well below the current ones, both with reference to their height and to their age. CONCLUSIONS: Camp attendees displayed very low values of height and hand grip strength in both hands. Both are significantly lower than contemporary values, manifesting a secular effect.
Assuntos
Força da Mão , Mãos , Adolescente , Estatura , Criança , Feminino , Mãos/fisiologia , Força da Mão/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Instituições Acadêmicas , EspanhaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To assess a secular change in proportion between lower limbs and torso, we analyzed the evolution of cormic index in schoolchildren attending summer camps organized by the Spanish National Pedagogic Museum between 1887 and 1924, also comparing to later studies up to the present. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Unpublished primary data for height and sitting height were collected from 805 individuals of both sexes. Data were pooled in cohorts according to age and year of measurement. Additionally, the analysis included comparison with published data from both national and international populations. RESULTS: Among males, a noteworthy decrease of the cormic index is perceived from the first to the last camps, while in females this is only seen for the group under 11 years old. With data from published Spanish references (1900-2019) a decrease is observed for the male series but is not evident for females. Cormic index values from the camps overlap among the international references, despite the former being from much earlier years. CONCLUSION: The cormic index decreased among Spanish male children along the decades.
Assuntos
Estatura , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , EspanhaRESUMO
The nuclear magnetic resonance extracted data (NMReDATA) format has been proposed as a way to store, exchange, and disseminate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data and physical and chemical metadata of chemical compounds. In this paper, we report on analytical workflows that take advantage of the uniform and standardized NMReDATA format. We also give access to a repository of sample data, which can serve for validating software packages that encode or decode files in NMReDATA format.
Assuntos
Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Dados , SoftwareRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Waist circumference (WC) constitutes an indirect measurement of central obesity in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To provide percentiles of WC for Hispanic-American children and adolescents, and compare them with other international references. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised 13 289 healthy children between 6 and 18 years coming from public schools of middle and low socioeconomic levels in different parts of Argentina, Cuba, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela. The LMS method to calculate WC percentiles was applied. Sex and age differences were assessed using Student's t test and ANOVA (SPSS v.21.0). Comparisons were established with references from the United States, Colombia, India, China, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Tunisia, Greece, and Portugal. RESULTS: WC increases with age in both sexes. Boys show higher WC in P3, P50, and P97. Comparison of 50th and 90th percentiles among populations from diverse sociocultural and geographical contexts shows high variability, not all justified by the measurement method. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Specific WC percentiles for sex and age, and P90 cut-off points are provided; these values are potentially useful to assess central obesity in Hispanic-American adolescent children.
Assuntos
Fatores Socioeconômicos , Circunferência da Cintura , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Argentina , Criança , Cuba , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Fatores Sexuais , Classe Social , Espanha , VenezuelaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Around the aim of gaining knowledge on the secular trends in nutritional status of the Spanish population, we found a collection of historical records compiled by La Institución Libre de Enseñanza and their alumni association along 47 years. These data had been collected from boys and girls attending summer camps, with a policy of improving health of children with unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. The objective is to extract all possible information about growth changes, and eventually any interpretation related to status of the originating families. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary data were collected from both unpublished manuscripts containing the original records and publications of the organizing institutions. They had been gathered from 86 summer camps in Spain from 1887 to 1934. In these camps, detailed anthropometric data were collected from every attendee, including body height and weight. The sample population amounts to 1,791 boys and 1,281 girls, between 7 and 16 years of age. RESULTS: Body height and weight, pooled by camp year, age and sex, displayed variable secular increases. A similar observation appears for the body mass index (BMI). As a complement, a comparison was done to contemporary published references from both Spanish and international studies. DISCUSSION: Height, weight, and BMI from the camps may be judged as retardation of growth and malnutrition by modern standards but it is not the case when coetaneous references are considered: no overall significant differences were found with respect to several publications from Spanish and European populations.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Tamanho Corporal/fisiologia , Estudantes/história , Adolescente , Antropologia Física , Antropometria , Criança , Feminino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Espanha/etnologiaRESUMO
Esculetin (6,7-dihydrocoumarin) and the flavonoid quercetin (3,5,7,3',4' pentahydroxyflavone) are compounds that could change the balance of redox homeostasis. NB4 leukemia cells were treated with 25⯵M quercetin for 24â¯h and with esculetin at either 100 or 500⯵M for different times. Quercetin increased the levels of pro-inflammatory NFkB p65 in the nucleus correspondingly reducing them in the cytosol. The levels of NFkB p65 decreased in the nucleus at high esculetin concentration treatments for long times (19â¯h), concomitantly increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory NFkB p50 in the nucleus. This could suggest formation of inhibitory p50 homodimers possibly related with anti-inflammatory response. Lipoxygenase expression was reduced either by esculetin or quercetin. A significant increase of Nrf2 in the nucleus of NB4 cells treated with 100⯵M esculetin for 19â¯h was observed. Quercetin increased the levels of Nrf2 in the cytosol reducing them in the nucleus. Superoxide dismutase expression increased in NB4 cells treated with esculetin in contrast with quercetin. All these data support a relevant differential role for NFkB and Nrf2 in anti-inflammatory and redox response when apoptosis was induced by esculetin or quercetin in human leukemia NB4 cells.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Quercetina/farmacologia , Umbeliferonas/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Núcleo Celular/genética , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Leucemia/metabolismo , Leucemia/patologia , Lipoxigenase/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Esculetin is a polyphenolic compound with cytoprotective properties. We previously demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by esculetin in NB4 human leukemia cells, as a model, by a mechanism not well understood. To analyse the antioxidant activity of esculetin on apoptosis, we have studied the influence of co-treatments of esculetin at a concentration of 100µM with exogenous ROS donors, namely tert-butyl-hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide, on NB4 cells. Esculetin (100µM) exerts a protective effect on cell viability and death necrosis or late apoptosis caused by the oxidant t-BHP whereas it potentiates decrease of cell viability and cell death caused by H2O2. In the first case, the O2- scavenging activity of esculetin (100µM) could be implicated. In the last one, cytotoxicity by apoptosis induction seems to be related to the increase in O2-, among other possible mechanisms. These results contribute to the study of the antitumor properties of esculetin by regulation of redox balance in leukemia cells.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxidantes/toxicidade , Umbeliferonas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/toxicidade , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/metabolismo , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/patologia , Oxirredução , Superóxidos/metabolismo , terc-Butil Hidroperóxido/toxicidadeRESUMO
The coumarin esculetin shows antioxidant action on some cell types, both by scavenging ROS and by decreasing ROS production. We have previously demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by esculetin on NB4 human leukaemia cells by an ill-defined mechanism related to ROS levels. In this work, we analyze the effect of the simultaneous treatment with esculetin and two oxidants to observe the early events in the mechanism of esculetin-induced apoptosis. Our results show that, from the early time of 15 min, esculetin acts synergistically with H2O2 to decrease cell viability and metabolic activity and to increase apoptosis in NB4 cells. In contrast, the early oxidative effects of t-BHP are neutralised by esculetin, protecting human leukaemia NB4 cells from apoptosis. Esculetin seems to restrict the increase in peroxides caused by H2O2 or t-BHP in the time interval analyzed. These results contribute to a better understanding of the cytotoxic effect caused by esculetin on NB4 cells. At the same time, the early neutralisation of exogenous oxidants could be of interest to prevent diseases related to oxidative stress imbalance.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Umbeliferonas/administração & dosagem , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/toxicidade , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Oxirredução , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Umbeliferonas/química , terc-Butil Hidroperóxido/química , terc-Butil Hidroperóxido/toxicidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: the assessment of the skinfold thickness is an objective measure of adiposity. Therefore, it is a useful tool for nutritional diagnosis and prevention of metabolic risk associated with excess fat in chilhood and adolescence. OBJECTIVE: to provide percentiles of subscapular and triceps skinfolds for Hispanic American schoolchildren and compare them with those published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from United States, that it have been commonly used as a reference in most of these countries. METHODS: subscapular and triceps skinfolds were measured in 9.973 schoolchildren 4-19 aged from Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela and Mexico with Holtain caliper with 0.2 mm accuracy. Percentiles were obtained with the LMS statistical method and were presented in tables divided in stages of 6 months and in curves graphics. The difference between Hispanic American and CDC mean values were provided for P3, P50 and P97 in mm and also were graphically represented. RESULTS: skinfolds measurements obviously increased with age in both sexes but, in boys, this increase is much more marked in highest percentiles between 8 and 13 years; this maximum is reached earlier than what occurs in CDC reference. In both sexes, all percentiles analized in Hispanic American schoolchildren were higher than the CDC reference except P97 up to 10 or 13 years that was notably smaller. CONCLUSIONS: the skinfolds percentiles of Hispanic American children and adolescents differ from CDC that are usually used as reference. The values of subscapular and triceps skinfolds provided in this study, could be applied to populations of a similar ethnic background, especially in comparative studies of body composition.
Introducción: la evaluacion del grosor de los pliegues subcutáneos es una medida objetiva de la adiposidad. Es por tanto una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico nutricional y la prevención del riesgo metabólico asociado al exceso de grasa en la infancia y adolescencia. Objetivo: proporcionar valores percentilares de los pliegues adiposos subcutáneos subescapular y tricipital para escolares hispanoamericanos y compararlos con los valores publicados por los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de los Estados Unidos, que comunmente se emplean como referencia en estos países. Métodos: se midió el pliegue subescapular y tricipital en 9.973 escolares entre 4 y 19 años procedentes de España, Argentina, Cuba, Venezuela y México con un calibre Holtain de 0,2 mm de precisión. Los percentiles fueron calculados mediante el método estadístico LMS y presentados en tablas divididas en intervalos de seis meses y en gráficos de curvas. La diferencia entre los valores medios hispanoamericanos y los valores del CDC se muestran para el P3, P50 y P97 en mm, y también gráficamente. Resultados: las medidas de los pliegues subcutáneos se incrementan obviamente con la edad pero, en niños, este incremento es mucho más marcado en los percentiles superiores entre los 8 y 13 años; este máximo es alcanzado antes que en la referencia del CDC. En ambos sexos, todos los percentiles analizados fueron superiores en los escolares hispanoamericanos, exceptuando el P97 por encima de los 10 o 13 años, donde resultó notablemente inferior. Conclusiones: los percentiles de pliegues adiposos de los niños y adolescentes hispanoamericanos difieren de la referencia del CDC. Los valores del pliegie subescapular y tricipital proporcionados en este estudio podrían ser aplicados en poblaciones de similar origen étnico, especialmente en estudios comparativos de la composición corporal.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Dobras Cutâneas , Adiposidade , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The relationship between the mitogen-activated protein kinase response, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) expression and the apoptosis in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia NB4 cells treated with vinblastine was investigated in this work. Cell viability, subdiploid DNA and cell cycle were analysed by propidium iodide permeability and flow cytometry analyses. Apoptosis was determined by annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate assays. Western-blot analysis was used for determination of expression levels of apoptotic factors (p53, Bax and Bcl2), intracellular kinases [serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)], NFκB factor and caspases. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was usefully applied to study DNA-NFκB interaction. In NB4 cells, vinblastine produces alteration of p53 and DNA fragmentation. Vinblastine treatment had an antiproliferative effect via the induction of apoptosis producing Bax/Bcl-2 imbalance. Vinblastine treatment suppressed NFκB expression and depressed NFκB-DNA binding activity while maintaining JNK activation that subsequently resulted in apoptotic response through caspase-dependent pathway. Our study provides a possible anti-cancer mechanism of vinblastine action on NB4 cells by deregulation of the intracellular signalling cascade affecting to JNK activation and NFκB expression. Moreover, JNK activation and NFκB depression can be very significant factors in apoptosis induction by vinblastine.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/patologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Vimblastina/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Caspases/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio de Desvio de Mobilidade Eletroforética , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/metabolismo , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Argentinean population is characterized by ethnic, cultural and socio-economic diversity. AIM: To calculate the percentiles of weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A) of schoolchildren from Argentina employing the LMS method; and to compare the obtained percentiles with those of the international and national references. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Anthropometric data of 18 698 students (8672 girls and 10 026 boys) of 3-13 years old were collected (2003-2008) from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa and Mendoza. Percentiles of W/A and H/A were obtained with the LMS method. Statistical and graphical comparisons were established with the WHO (international reference) and with that published by the Argentinean Paediatric Society (national reference). RESULTS: Differences in W/A and H/A, regarding the references, were negative and greater at the highest percentiles and in most of the age groups. On average, the differences were greater for boys than girls and for national than international references. CONCLUSION: The distribution of weight and height of schoolchildren, coming from most regions of the country, differs from those of national and international references. It should be advisable to establish a new national reference based on internationally recognized methodological criteria that adequately reflect the biological and cultural diversity of the Argentinean populations.
Assuntos
Estatura/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Adolescente , Argentina , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of cancer, in which immature cells called promyelocytes proliferate abnormally. Human NB4 cell line appears to be a suitable in vitro model to express the characteristics of APL. In this work, we have investigated the effects of esculetin, a coumarin derivative with antioxidant properties, on the viability, the induction of apoptosis and the expression of apoptotic factors in NB4 cells. Cells treated with esculetin at several concentrations (20-500 µM) and for different times (5-24 h) showed a concentration- and time-dependent viability decrease with increased subdiploid DNA production. Esculetin inhibited cell cycle progression and induced DNA fragmentation. Moreover, annexin-V-FITC cytometry assays suggested that increased toxicity is due to both early and late apoptosis. This apoptosis process is be mediated by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Treatments with progressively increasing concentrations (from 100 µM to 500 µM) of esculetin produced a reduction of Bcl2/Bax ratio in NB4 cells at 19 h, without affecting p53 levels. Proapoptotic action of esculetin involves the ERK MAP kinase cascade since increased levels of phosphorylated ERK were observed after those treatments. Increments in the levels of phosphorylated-Akt were also observed. Additionally, esculetin induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential with a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol which starts at 6 h of treatment with esculetin and increases up to 24 h. Esculetin induced an increase in superoxide anion at long times of treatment and a reduction of peroxides at short times (1 h) with an observed increase at 2-4 h of treatment. No significant changes in NO production was observed. Esculetin reduced the GSH levels in a time-dependent manner. In summary, the present work shows the cytotoxic action of esculetin as an efficient tool to study apoptosis mechanism induction on NB4 cell line used as a relevant model of APL disease.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Umbeliferonas/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Fatores de Tempo , Umbeliferonas/química , Umbeliferonas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
This study examined the phytochemical profile and the in vitro anti-proliferative effects of a hot water mycelial extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus sp. on NB4 human leukemia cells. Flow-cytometry analyses were used to measure cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis in cells incubated 24 h with the extract at doses of 100 and 200 µg/mL. Pleurotus sp. extract reduced cell viability, particularly at the concentration of 200 µg/mL to 82% compared to control cells, and induced apoptosis demonstrated by an increase in the number of annexin V-FITC+ cells (25% at 200 µg/mL). The NB4 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase thus supporting a cell-cycle dependent anticancer mechanism. Although carbohydrates (76.8%, w/w) appear to be the most important antitumor compound, secondary metabolites-like phenolics would also contribute to the anti-proliferative activity. The results indicate that Pleurotus sp. mycelia obtained by submerged fermentation may be an interesting renewable resource for developing functional foods and new antitumor therapeutic agents.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores do Crescimento/farmacologia , Leucemia/fisiopatologia , Micélio/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Pleurotus/química , Verduras/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cuba , Inibidores do Crescimento/química , Inibidores do Crescimento/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
We have studied the role of pivotal bio-molecules involved in signalling of cytotoxic effects induced by paclitaxel (Ptx) on acute promyelocytic human leukaemia NB4 cells. A time-dependent increase in cell death and DNA cleavage was observed after 30µM Ptx treatment. Cell death induction by Ptx proceeds mainly as programmed cell death as shown by annexin V-FITC, reaching up to 30% of apoptotic cells after 24h. Significant reductions of p53, changes in Bax and Bcl-2 and activation of caspases 3 and 9 were observed as the treatment was applied for long times. Ptx treatments produced NFkB depletion with expression levels abolished at 19h what could be involved in reduction of survival signals. Phosphorylation of intracellular kinases showed that pERK1/2 decreased significantly at 19h of Ptx treatment. When these cells were preincubated for 90min with 20µM PD98059, 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone, an inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, a slight reduction of cell viability was observed in comparison to that produced by Ptx alone. Pretreatment with PD98059 neither activated caspases nor significantly increased the apoptotic effect of Ptx. Taken together, our data reveal that the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation does not seem to be an essential pathway for bursting an increased induction of apoptosis by Ptx. Decrease of p53 and Bcl-2, fragmentation of DNA, increase of Bax and, finally, activation of caspases 3 and 9 in NB4 leukaemia cells make the apoptotic process induced by Ptx irreversible. Application of Ptx in leukaemia cells shows therefore a promising potential with particular effects on different leukaemia cell types.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia/metabolismo , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Western Blotting , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Caspase 9/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Spanish National Health Surveys do not establish synergistic relations between variables. The purpose of this study was to perform a deeper historical analysis of body mass index (BMI) and its relation to other parameters included in the questionnaire for children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from interviews conducted (between 1987 and 2006) to parents and guardians of schoolchildren aged 9-15 years were analyzed. Height and weight reported by parents were selected and used to calculate BMI. Subjects were stratified by age, gender, time spent sleeping and watching television and, finally, frequency of physical activity. The historical trend of BMI and its dependence on the above factors were analyzed using ANOVA tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Significant weight and height increases were seen, which were more marked in boys aged 12 to 15 years. Influence of physical activity on BMI was shown, but decreased (P<.001) as exercise time increased. By contrast, BMI increased (P<.001) as time spent watching television increased. On the other hand, the role of sleep as modulator of body size was confirmed, since schoolchildren aged 9-11 years who slept over 9h had lower BMIs (P<.001). In subjects aged 12 to 15, BMI decreased (P<.001) from 6h of sleep.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Adolescente , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Hábitos , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Atividades de Lazer , Masculino , Morbidade/tendências , Atividade Motora , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sedentário , Fatores Sexuais , Sono , Espanha/epidemiologia , TelevisãoRESUMO
Aqueous extracts and a semipurified fraction obtained by methanol extraction and column chromatography were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum [Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganodermataceae Donk] and their effects on interleukin 3-dependent lymphoma cells (DA-1) were studied. Cell viability was reduced by the action of unboiled aqueous extract and by the methanol-extracted column-chromatography semipurified fraction, producing DNA fragmentation in DA-1 cells. Treatments with aqueous extracts showed increments of Bax after 13 h, increments of p53 and Mdm2 after 19 h and a reduction of these three proteins after 24 h. The methanol-extracted semipurified fraction also induced increments of p53 and Mdm2 factors at 19 h with a reduction after 24 h. The methanol-extracted column-chromatography semipurified fraction from Ganoderma lucidum produced minor changes in the level of Akt after treatments for 19 h in DA-1 cells with a slight reduction in the levels of NFkB-p65 factor. Both the unboiled aqueous extract and the methanol-extracted column-chromatography semipurified fraction produced cleavage of inactive caspase 3, as a clear indication of induction of apoptosis by compounds present in Ganoderma lucidum.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Citotoxinas/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Reishi/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Citotoxinas/química , Citotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Fragmentação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-3/farmacologia , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma/patologia , Camundongos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2/metabolismoRESUMO
AIM OF THE STUDY: The final goal of this work was to study the toxic and apoptosis effects induced by fractions from Ganoderma lucidum [Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.; Ganodermataceae Donk] on NB4 human leukemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two aqueous extracts and a methanol-extracted column-chromatography semipurified fraction were obtained from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. Flow cytometry analyses were used to measure cell viability, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation and to quantify apoptosis. Western-blot analyses were used to quantify changes in apoptosis proteins and intracellular kinases. RESULTS: Aqueous extracts slightly reduce cell viability and induce DNA fragmentation in NB4 cells. Methanol-extracted semipurified fraction at dilutions down to 15% or 40% of the initial fraction concentration reduced significantly the viability of these leukemia cells (treated for 19h) with induction of DNA fragmentation and induction of apoptosis. Overmore, the dilution down to 15% of the initial E3 concentration induced a reduction of p53 levels, of the Bcl2/Bax relationship as well as reduced levels of both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated Akt (Protein kinase Akt, protein kinase B) and Erk (Erk1 and 2). CONCLUSIONS: Induction of apoptosis and alterations in signal transduction kinases (Akt and Erk) are produced by active fractions from Ganoderma lucidum on human leukemia cells. These data could be of important relevance from the viewpoint of antitumor actions of compounds from Ganoderma lucidum. Eventual therapy applications in leukemia cells might be developed.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Leucemia Promielocítica Aguda/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Reishi/química , Western Blotting , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fragmentação do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Citometria de Fluxo , Humanos , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Jmol is free, open source software for interactive molecular visualization. Since it is written in the Java™ programming language, it is compatible with all major operating systems and, in the applet form, with most modern web browsers. This article summarizes Jmol development and features that make it a valid and promising replacement for Rasmol and Chime in the development of educational materials, as well as in basic investigation of biomolecular structure. The description is set up by comparison with the well known abilities of Rasmol and Chime. Jmol is suitable for molecular model display and analysis in biochemistry, molecular biology, organic and inorganic chemistry, crystallography, and materials science.