International epidemiology of child and adolescent psychopathology ii: integration and applications of dimensional findings from 44 societies.

OBJECTIVE: To build on Achenbach, Rescorla, and Ivanova (2012) by (a) reporting new international findings for parent, teacher, and self-ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-Report, and Teacher's Report Form; (b) testing the fit of syndrome models to new data from 17 societies, including previously underrepresented regions; (c) testing effects of society, gender, and age in 44 societies by integrating new and previous data; (d) testing cross-society correlations between mean item ratings; (e) describing the construction of multisociety norms; (f) illustrating clinical applications. METHOD: Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) of parent, teacher, and self-ratings, performed separately for each society; tests of societal, gender, and age effects on dimensional syndrome scales, DSM-oriented scales, Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales; tests of agreement between low, medium, and high ratings of problem items across societies. RESULTS: CFAs supported the tested syndrome models in all societies according to the primary fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA]), but less consistently according to other indices; effect sizes were small-to-medium for societal differences in scale scores, but very small for gender, age, and interactions with society; items received similarly low, medium, or high ratings in different societies; problem scores from 44 societies fit three sets of multisociety norms. CONCLUSIONS: Statistically derived syndrome models fit parent, teacher, and self-ratings when tested individually in all 44 societies according to RMSEAs (but less consistently according to other indices). Small to medium differences in scale scores among societies supported the use of low-, medium-, and high-scoring norms in clinical assessment of individual children.

Caracterización de las formas de interacción entre diferentes actores de una comunidad educativa / Characterization of different forms of interaction among actors of an educational community / Caracterização das formas interação entre diferentes de atores em uma comunidade educacional

Esta investigación propuso caracterizar la interacción entre diferentes actores de una comunidad educativa, utilizando métodos combinados. Participaron veinticinco docentes y cien niños y niñas de 9 y 12 años. La recolección de la información se realizó a través del Registro de Observación de Comportamientos, el Inventario de Reporte de Hostigamiento de Hirchstein, Edstom y Frey (2007) y Grupos de Discusión. A partir del análisis de frecuencias se identificaron el acoso físico y psicológico entre pares en el aula y fuera de ella, y las prácticas de los docentes frente a esta situación. La información de los Grupos de Discusión, analizada a partir de la propuesta de Strauss y Corbin. (2002), permitió comprender los significados que subyacen a las prácticas en las cuales se evidencia el uso del poder y la autoridad para intimidar y controlar al otro. La percepción de impotencia de los participantes no les permite asumirse como sujetos activos frente a esta realidad.

The objective of this research was to understand the interactions between different actors of an educational community using a multi-method approach. The participants were twenty five teachers and one hundred children whose ages were between nine and twelve. Information was collected by means of the Behavioural Observation Record, the Bullying Report Checklist by Hirchstein, Edstom, Frey, Sneill, & Mackenzie (2007) and Discussion Groups. Frequency analysis were carried out in order to identify the prevalence of physical and psychological school bullying among peers inside and outside the classroom as well as the teachers' reactions when facing this kind of situation. The information obtained through the Discussion Groups was analysed through Strauss & Corbin's (2002) approach. That analysis led to understanding the underlying meaning of practices where the use of power and authority to intimidate and control others are evidenced. The participants' perception of impotence doesn't allow them to assume themselves as active subjects when coping with this reality.

Esta pesquisa propõe caracterizar a interação entre diferentes atores de uma comunidade educacional de aprendizagem, utilizando métodos combinados. Participaram vinte e cinco professores e cem meninos e meninas de 9 a 12 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi feita aplicando o Registro de Observação de Comportamentos, o Inventário de Relatório de Assédio de Hirchstein, Edstom e Frey (2007) e Grupos de discussão. O assédio físico e psicológico entre estudantes na sala de aula e fora dela, e as práticas de professores nessa situação, identificaram-se a partir da análise de freqüências. A informação dos Grupos de discussão, analisada com a proposta de Strauss e Corbin (2002), permitiu-nos compreender os sentidos subjacentes nas práticas em que é evidente o uso do poder e da autoridade para intimidar e controlar o outro. A percepção de impotência dos participantes não lhes permite assumirem-se como sujeitos ativos frente a essa realidade.