Prolonged injury symptoms and later visits to psychiatric care after mild traumatic brain injury in school-age.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate demographic and pre-injury factors in Finnish school-aged children admitted to pediatric neurology services after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The relation of these factors to prolonged injury symptoms and later visits into psychiatric care was assessed. METHODS: Demographic information, pre-injury learning status, and neuropsychological test results of 120 patients aged 7-16 years were retrospectively collected from the hospital medical records. Data were compared with self- or parent-reported injury symptoms at 1-3 months post-injury and later visits to psychiatric care. RESULTS: According to medical records, 14.2% of the children with mTBI had a diagnosed neurobehavioral or psychiatric condition pre-injury. Additionally, 53.3% of the children had some neurobehavioral or psychiatric concerns or traits prior to the injury. Over half (56.7%) of the children studied were symptomatic at 1-3 months following the injury. Female gender and presence of prolonged symptoms were predictive for later visit into psychiatric care. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-injury neurobehavioral or psychiatric problems may predict prolonged injury symptoms following pediatric mTBI. In this retrospective patient series, prolonged symptoms and female gender seem to predict the need for later psychiatric care. Monitoring the recovery of children with mTBI and pre-injury risk factors is important for timely interventions.

Understanding doped perovskite ferroelectrics with defective dipole model.

While doping is widely used for tuning physical properties of perovskites in experiments, it remains a challenge to exactly know how doping achieves the desired effects. Here, we propose an empirical and computationally tractable model to understand the effects of doping with Fe-doped BaTiO3 as an example. This model assumes that the lattice sites occupied by a Fe ion and its nearest six neighbors lose their ability to polarize, giving rise to a small cluster of defective dipoles. Employing this model in Monte Carlo simulations, many important features such as reduced polarization and the convergence of phase transition temperatures, which have been observed experimentally in acceptor doped systems, are successfully obtained. Based on microscopic information of dipole configurations, we provide insights into the driving forces behind doping effects and propose that active dipoles, which exist in proximity to the defective dipoles, can account for experimentally observed phenomena. Close attention to these dipoles is necessary to understand and predict doping effects.

Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate longitudinal cognitive changes in patients over three decades following traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD: Two hundred ten patients with substantial TBI of variable severity were initially assessed between 1966 and 1972 at Turku University Hospital (Finland). Of these, 61 patients could be studied using the same assessments in the follow-up examination, on average 30 years after the TBI. The results of the follow-up assessment were also compared with an age- and education-matched control group. During each examination, patients were assessed with five subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, three tests for episodic memory, and the general cognitive decline was determined. RESULTS: The general pattern of slight cognitive decline during a 30-year follow-up contrasted with improvement in semantic memory. Women maintained their cognitive level, but men showed a decline during the follow-up, especially in visuospatial ability and visual memory. Younger patients were likely to maintain or even improve their cognitive functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients had mild cognitive decline during the follow-up, but this decline was influenced by gender and age at injury. Unlike the long-term course in the other domains of cognition, semantic memory showed good recovery potential after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The profile of long-term cognitive decline after TBI seems to be qualitatively different from the early signs of dementia of the Alzheimer type.