Guía GADECCU 2022 para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa. Adaptación y actualización de la guía GETECCU 2020

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that compromises the colon, affecting the quality of life of individuals of any age. In practice, there is a wide spectrum of clinical situations. The advances made in the physio pathogenesis of UC have allowed the development of new, more effective and safer therapeutic agents. To update and expand the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of relevant treatments for remission induction and maintenance after a mild, moderate or severe flare of UC. Gastroenterologists, coloproctologists, general practitioners, family physicians and others health professionals, interested in the treatment of UC. GADECCU authorities obtained authorization from GETECCU to adapt and update the GETECCU 2020 Guide for the treatment of UC. Prepared with GRADE methodology. A team was formed that included authors, a panel of experts, a nurse and a patient, methodological experts, and external reviewers. GRADE methodology was used with the new information. A 118-page document was prepared with the 44 GADECCU 2022 recommendations, for different clinical situations and therapeutic options, according to levels of evidence. A section was added with the new molecules that are about to be available. This guideline has been made in order to facilitate decision-making regarding the treatment of UC, adapting and updating the guide prepared by GETECCU in the year 2020.

La colitis ulcerosa (CU) es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que compromete el colon, afectando la calidad de vida de individuos de cualquier edad. Existe un amplio espectro de situaciones clínicas. Los avances realizados en fisiopatogenia de la CU han permitido desarrollar nuevos agentes terapéuticos más efectivos y seguros. Actualizar y ampliar la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de los tratamientos relevantes para la inducción de la remisión y el mantenimiento luego de un brote leve, moderado o grave de CU. Gastroenterólogos, coloproctólogos, médicos clínicos, médicos de familia y otros profesionales de la salud, interesados en el tratamiento de la CU. Las autoridades de GADECCU obtuvieron la autorización de GETECCU para la adaptación y actualización de la «Guía GETECCU 2020 para el tratamiento de la CU. Elaborada con metodología GRADE¼. Se conformó un equipo que incluyó a autores, panel de expertos, enfermera y un paciente, expertos en metodología y revisores externos. Se utilizó metodología GRADE con la nueva información. Se elaboró un documento de 118 páginas con las 44 recomendaciones GADECCU 2022, para distintas situaciones clínicas y opciones terapéuticas, según niveles de evidencia. Se agregó un apartado con las nuevas moléculas próximas a estar disponibles. Esta guía ha sido realizada con el fin de facilitar la toma de decisiones relativas al tratamiento de la CU, adaptando y actualizando la guía elaborada por GETECCU en el año 2020.

GADECCU 2022 Guideline for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Adaptation and updating of the GETECCU 2020 Guideline. / Guía GADECCU 2022 para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa. Adaptación y actualización de la Guía GETECCU 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that compromises the colon, affecting the quality of life of individuals of any age. In practice, there is a wide spectrum of clinical situations. The advances made in the physio pathogenesis of UC have allowed the development of new, more effective and safer therapeutic agents. OBJECTIVES: To update and expand the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of relevant treatments for remission induction and maintenance after a mild, moderate or severe flare of UC. RECIPIENTS: Gastroenterologists, coloproctologists, general practitioners, family physicians and others health professionals, interested in the treatment of UC. METHODOLOGY: GADECCU authorities obtained authorization from GETECCU to adapt and update the GETECCU 2020 Guide for the treatment of UC. Prepared with GRADE methodology. A team was formed that included authors, a panel of experts, a nurse and a patient, methodological experts, and external reviewers. GRADE methodology was used with the new information. RESULTS: A 118-page document was prepared with the 44 GADECCU 2022 recommendations, for different clinical situations and therapeutic options, according to levels of evidence. A section was added with the new molecules that are about to be available. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline has been made in order to facilitate decision-making regarding the treatment of UC, adapting and updating the guide prepared by GETECCU in the year 2020.

Evaluation of AIF-1 (Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1) as a Biomarker of Crohn's Disease Severity.

Background: Recently, increased tissue levels of AIF-1 have been shown in experimental colitis, supporting its role in intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we studied the levels of AIF-1 in Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: This study included 33 patients with CD (14 men and 19 women) who participated in the PREDICROHN project, a prospective multicenter study of the Spanish Group of Inflammatory bowel disease (GETECCU). Results: This article demonstrates declines with respect to baseline levels of serum AIF-1 in Crohn's disease (CD) patients after 14 weeks of treatment with anti-TNFs. Furthermore, in patients with active CD (HB ≥ 5), serum AIF-1 levels were significantly higher than those in patients without activity (HB ≤ 4). The study of serum AIF-1 in the same cohort, revealed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of AUC = 0.66 (p = 0.014), while for the CRP (C-reactive protein), (AUC) value of 0.69 (p = 0.0066), indicating a similar ability to classify CD patients by their severity. However, the combination of data on serum levels of AIF-1 and CRP improves the predictive ability of these analyses for classifying CD patients as active (HB ≥ 5) or inactive (HB ≤ 4). When we used the odds ratio (OR) formula, we observed that patients with CRP > 5 mg/L or AIF-1 > 200 pg/mL or both conditions were 13 times more likely to show HB ≥ 5 (active CD) than were those with both markers below these thresholds. Conclusion: The development of an algorithm that includes serum levels of AIF-1 and CRP could be useful for assessing Crohn's disease severity.

Risk of Immunomediated Adverse Events and Loss of Response to Infliximab in Elderly Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Cohort Study of the ENEIDA Registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Immunomediated adverse events [IAEs] are the most frequently reported infliximab [IFX]-related adverse events. Combination therapy may reduce their incidence, although this strategy is not recommended in elderly patients. We aimed to compare the rates of IFX-related IAEs and loss of response [LOR] in elderly and younger patients. METHODS: Adult patients in the ENEIDA registry who had received a first course of IFX therapy were identified and grouped into two cohorts regarding age at the beginning of treatment [over 60 years and between 18 and 50 years]. The rates of IAEs and LOR were compared. RESULTS: In total, 939 patients [12%] who started IFX over 60 years of age and 6844 [88%] below 50 years of age were included. Elderly patients presented a higher proportion of AEs related to IFX [23.2% vs 19%; p = 0.002], infections [7.1% vs 4.3%; p < 0.001] and neoplasms [2.2% vs 0.5%; p < 0.001]. In contrast, the rates of IAEs [14.8% vs 14.8%; p = 0.999], infusion reactions [8.1% vs 8.1%; p = 0.989], late hypersensitivity [1.3% vs 1.2%; p = 0.895], paradoxical psoriasis [1% vs 1.5%; p = 0.187] and drug-induced lupus erythematosus [0.6% vs 0.7%; p = 0.947] were similar in elderly and younger patients. LOR rates were also similar between the two groups [20.5% vs 19.3%; p = 0.438]. In the logistic regression analysis, IFX monotherapy, extraintestinal manifestations and female gender were the only risk factors for IAEs, whereas IFX monotherapy, extraintestinal manifestations and Crohn's disease were risk factors for LOR. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with inflammatory bowel disease have a similar risk of developing IFX-related IAEs and LOR to that of younger patients.

Relationship between IGF-1 and body weight in inflammatory bowel diseases: Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), represented by ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, what leads to diarrhea, malnutrition, and weight loss. Depression of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis (GH-IGF-1 axis) could be responsible of these symptoms. We demonstrate that long-term treatment (54 weeks) of adult CD patients with adalimumab (ADA) results in a decrease in serum IGF-1 without changes in serum IGF-1 binding protein (IGF1BP4). These results prompted us to conduct a preclinical study to test the efficiency of IGF-1 in the medication for experimental colitis. IGF-1 treatment of rats with DSS-induced colitis has a beneficial effect on the following circulating biochemical parameters: glucose, albumin, and total protein levels. In this experimental group we also observed healthy maintenance of colon size, body weight, and lean mass in comparison with the DSS-only group. Histological analysis revealed restoration of the mucosal barrier with the IGF-1 treatment, which was characterized by healthy quantities of mucin production, structural maintenance of adherers junctions (AJs), recuperation of E-cadherin and ß-catenin levels and decrease in infiltrating immune cells and in metalloproteinase-2 levels. The experimentally induced colitis caused activation of apoptosis markers, including cleaved caspase 3, caspase 8, and PARP and decreases cell-cycle checkpoint activators including phosphorylated Rb, cyclin E, and E2F1. The IGF-1 treatment inhibited cyclin E depletion and partially protects PARP levels. The beneficial effects of IGF-1 in experimental colitis could be explained by a re-sensitization of the IGF-1/IRS-1/AKT cascade to exogenous IGF-1. Given these results, we postulate that IGF-1 treatment of IBD patients could prove to be successful in reducing disease pathology.

Clinical outcome after anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy discontinuation in 1000 patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the EVODIS long-term study.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome of patients after antitumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF) discontinuation is not well known. AIMS: To assess the risk of relapse in the long-term after anti-TNF discontinuation. METHODS: This was an extension of the evolution after anti-TNF discontinuation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (EVODIS) study (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis patients treated with anti-TNFs in whom these drugs were withdrawn after achieving clinical remission) based in the same cohort of patients whose outcome was updated. Clinical remission was defined as a Harvey-Bradshaw index ≤4 points in Crohn's disease, a partial Mayo score ≤2 in ulcerative colitis and the absence of fistula drainage despite gentle finger compression in perianal disease. RESULTS: This was an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. A total of 1055 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 34 months. The incidence rate of relapse was 12% per patient-year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11-14). The cumulative incidence of relapse was 50% (95% CI = 47-53): 19% at one year, 31% at 2 years, 38% at 3 years, 44% at 4 years and 48% at 5 years of follow-up. Of the 60% patients retreated with the same anti-TNF after relapse, 73% regained remission. Of the 75 patients who did not respond, 48% achieved remission with other therapies. Of the 190 patients who started other therapies after relapse, 62% achieved remission with the new treatment. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients who discontinued the anti-TNF remained in remission. In case of relapse, retreatment with the same anti-TNF was usually effective. Approximately half of the patients who did not respond after retreatment achieved remission with other therapies.

Effectiveness and Safety of Ustekinumab in Ulcerative Colitis: Real-world Evidence from the ENEIDA Registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The development programm UNIFI has shown promising results of ustekinumab in ulcerative colitis [UC] treatment which should be confirmed in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the durability, effectiveness, and safety of ustekinumab in UC in real life. METHODS: Patients included in the prospectively maintained ENEIDA registry, who received at least one intravenous dose of ustekinumab due to active UC [Partial Mayo Score [PMS]>2], were included. Clinical activity and effectiveness were defined based on PMS. Short-term response was assessed at Week 16. RESULTS: A total of 95 patients were included. At Week 16, 53% of patients had response [including 35% of patients in remission]. In the multivariate analysis, elevated serum C-reactive protein was the only variable significantly associated with lower likelihood of achieving remission. Remission was achieved in 39% and 33% of patients at Weeks 24 and 52, respectively; 36% of patients discontinued the treatment with ustekinumab during a median follow-up of 31 weeks. The probability of maintaining ustekinumab treatment was 87% at Week 16, 63% at Week 56, and 59% at Week 72; primary failure was the main reason for ustekinumab discontinuation. No variable was associated with risk of discontinuation. Three patients reported adverse events; one of them had a fatal severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Ustekinumab is effective in both the short and the long term in real life, even in a highly refractory cohort. Higher inflammatory burden at baseline correlated with lower probability of achieving remission. Safety was consistent with the known profile of ustekinumab.

GETECCU 2020 guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Developed using the GRADE approach. / Guía GETECCU 2020 para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa. Elaborada con metodología GRADE.

INTRODUCTION: Since the first edition of the Guidelines was published in 2013, much information has been generated around the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and new drugs and action protocols have been introduced. Clinical practice has changed substantially, warranting new approaches and a comprehensive review and update of the evidence. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Once again, we used the GRADE approach, supported by an electronic tool (https://gradepro.org). The clinical scenarios are the same as in the previous version (induction and maintenance in severe and mild-moderate flare-ups), as are the variables and their evaluation. However, in the updated guidelines, three questions have been deleted, 14 added and 30 maintained, making a total of 44 clinical questions. After an exhaustive review of the evidence, the recommendations are now updated. RESULTS: Of the 44 questions analysed, no recommendation could be established in two due to the very low quality of the evidence, while in the other 42, based on different degrees of quality of evidence, recommendations were made according to the GRADE system. In 25 of these questions the final recommendation is strongly in favour, in six strongly against, in seven weakly in favour and in four weakly against. According to the scenarios and recommendations, six algorithms are proposed as a simple guide for practical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of this update of the 2013 guidelines is to provide answers, based on the GRADE approach, to the different questions we ask ourselves daily when deciding the most appropriate treatment for our patients with ulcerative colitis in the different clinical scenarios.

Real-world long-term effectiveness of ustekinumab in Crohn's disease: results from the ENEIDA registry.

BACKGROUND: Data on the long-term administration of ustekinumab in recommended doses are limited. AIM: To assess the real-world, long-term effectiveness of ustekinumab in refractory Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: Multi-centre study of CD patients starting ustekinumab at the recommended dose, followed for 1 year. Values for the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), endoscopic activity, C-reactive protein (CRP), and faecal calprotectin (FC) were recorded at baseline and at weeks 26 and 52. Demographic and clinical data, previous treatments, adverse events (AEs) and hospitalisations were documented. Potential predictors of remission were examined. RESULTS: A total of 407 patients were analysed. The initial maintenance dose of 90 mg SC was administered every 12, 8 and 4 weeks in 56 (14%), 347 (85%) and 4 (1%) patients, respectively. After 52 weeks, treatment was discontinued in 112 patients (27.5%). At baseline, 295 (72%) had an HBI >4 points. Of these, 169 (57%) and 190 (64%) achieved clinical remission at weeks 26 and 52, respectively. FC levels returned to normal in 44% and 54% of patients at weeks 26 and 52, and CRP returned to normal in 36% and 37% of patients at weeks 26 and 52, respectively. AEs were recorded in 60 patients. The use of fewer previous anti-TNFα agents and ileal localisation were associated with clinical remission, and endoscopic severity was associated with poor response. No factors correlated with endoscopic remission. CONCLUSION: After 52 weeks, ustekinumab demonstrated effectiveness in inducing clinical and endoscopic remission in patients with refractory CD.

Diminished Vitamin D Receptor Protein Levels in Crohn's Disease Fibroblasts: Effects of Vitamin D.

Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been associated to Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis, and the exogenous administration of VD improves the course of the disease, but the mechanistic basis of these observations remains unknown. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates most of the biological functions of this hormone, and we aim to analyze here the expression of VDR in intestinal tissue, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts from CD patients. The effects of VD on a fibroblast wound healing assay and murine intestinal fibrosis are also analyzed. Our data show diminished VDR protein levels in surgical resections and epithelial cells from CD patients. In intestinal fibroblasts isolated from damaged tissue of CD patients, we detected enhanced migration and decreased VDR expression compared with both fibroblasts from non-damaged tissue of the same CD patient or control fibroblasts. Treatment with VD increased VDR protein levels, avoided the accelerated migration in CD fibroblasts, and prevented murine intestinal fibrosis induced by the heterotopic transplant model. In conclusion, our study demonstrates diminished VDR protein levels associated with enhanced migration in intestinal fibroblasts from damaged tissue of CD patients. In these cells, VD accumulates VDR and normalizes migration, which supports that CD patients would benefit from the VD anti-fibrotic therapeutic value that we demonstrate in a murine experimental model.

Usefulness of monitoring antitumor necrosis factor serum levels during the induction phase in patients with Crohn's disease.

AIMS: The aims of this study were (a) to know the kinetics of antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) drug serum levels during the induction phase in patients with Crohn's disease; (b) to identify variables associated with these levels; and (c) to assess the relation between these levels and short-term effectiveness in Crohn's disease patients. METHODS: Patients with Crohn's disease naïve to anti-TNF treatment were prospectively included. Remission was defined as a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) score <150 after 14 weeks of treatment. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 14. Adalimumab and infliximab levels were measured, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed, and the area under the ROC curve was calculated. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty patients with Crohn's disease were included, 79 (53%) received infliximab and 71 (47%) had CDAI > 150 at study entry. At week 14, 52 out of 71 patients with CDAI > 150 at baseline (73%) had clinical remission. There were no differences in infliximab levels between patients with and without remission (8 vs. 9.1 µg/mL, P > 0.05) or with and without response (7 vs. 11 µg/mL, P > 0.05) at week 14. There was a trend to higher levels of adalimumab concentration in responders in comparison with nonresponders (13 vs. 6.7 µg/mL, P = 0.05) and in patients who achieved remission in comparison with nonremitters (13.5 vs. 8.4 µg/mL, P = 0.06). In the multivariate analysis, no variable was predictive of short-term remission, including infliximab and adalimumab serum levels. CONCLUSION: Determining anti-TNF serum levels during the induction phase is not useful for predicting short-term remission in patients with Crohn's disease.

Effectiveness and Safety of the Sequential Use of a Second and Third Anti-TNF Agent in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Eneida Registry.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of the switch to another anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agent is not known. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness and safety of treatment with a second and third anti-TNF drug after intolerance to or failure of a previous anti-TNF agent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. METHODS: We included patients diagnosed with IBD from the ENEIDA registry who received another anti-TNF after intolerance to or failure of a prior anti-TNF agent. RESULTS: A total of 1122 patients were included. In the short term, remission was achieved in 55% of the patients with the second anti-TNF. The incidence of loss of response was 19% per patient-year with the second anti-TNF. Combination therapy (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3; P < 0.0001) and ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's disease (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1; P = 0.005) were associated with a higher probability of loss of response. Fifteen percent of the patients had adverse events, and 10% had to discontinue the second anti-TNF. Of the 71 patients who received a third anti-TNF, 55% achieved remission. The incidence of loss of response was 22% per patient-year with a third anti-TNF. Adverse events occurred in 7 patients (11%), but only 1 stopped the drug. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of the patients who received a second anti-TNF achieved remission; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response. Combination therapy and type of IBD were associated with loss of response. Remission was achieved in almost 50% of patients who received a third anti-TNF; nevertheless, a significant proportion of them subsequently lost response.

Recommendations of the Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis Spanish Working Group (GETECCU) for the treatment of perianal fistulas of Crohn's disease. / Recomendaciones del Grupo Español de Trabajo de Enfermedad de Crohn y Colitis Ulcerosa (GETECCU) para el tratamiento de las fístulas perianales de la enfermedad de Crohn.

Recommendations are advice that is given and considered to be beneficial; however, they are still suggestions and are therefore open to different interpretations. In this sense, the final objective of the review has been to try to homogenize, with the evidence available, the approach to the diagnosis and medical/surgical treatment of one of the most complex manifestations of Crohn's disease, such as simple and complex perianal fistulas.

Guía GETECCU 2020 para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa. Elaborada con metodología GRADE / GETECCU 2020 guidelines for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Developed using the GRADE approach

Desde la publicación de la primera edición de la Guía en 2013, se ha generado mucha información en torno al tratamiento de la colitis ulcerosa, y se han introducido nuevos fármacos y protocolos de actuación. La práctica clínica ha variado substancialmente, lo que justifica nuevas aproximaciones y una revisión exhaustiva, así como la actualización de la evidencia. Se utiliza nuevamente metodología GRADE, apoyados en una herramienta electrónica (https://gradepro.org). Los escenarios clínicos son los mismos que en la versión previa (inducción y mantenimiento en brote grave y en brote leve-moderado), así como las variables y su evaluación. En la guía actualizada, en relación a la versión previa, se eliminan tres preguntas, se añaden 14 y se mantienen 30, con un total de 44 preguntas clínicas. Tras una exhaustiva revisión de la evidencia, se actualizan las recomendaciones. De las 44 preguntas analizadas, en dos de ellas no se ha podido establecer ninguna recomendación por muy baja calidad de la evidencia, mientras que en las 42 restantes, basados en diferentes grados de calidad de evidencia, se ha formulado una recomendación de acuerdo con el sistema GRADE. En 25 de estas preguntas la recomendación final es fuerte a favor; en seis, fuerte en contra; mientras que en siete es débil a favor, y en cuatro débil en contra. Siguiendo los escenarios y las recomendaciones, se proponen seis algoritmos como guía sencilla en la toma de decisiones prácticas. Esta actualización de la guía previa publicada en 2013 intenta dar respuesta basada en la metodología GRADE a las diferentes preguntas que nos hacemos diariamente a la hora de decidir el tratamiento más adecuado de nuestros pacientes con colitis ulcerosa en los diferentes escenarios clínicos.

Since the first edition of the Guidelines was published in 2013, much information has been generated around the treatment of ulcerative colitis, and new drugs and action protocols have been introduced. Clinical practice has changed substantially, warranting new approaches and a comprehensive review and update of the evidence. Once again, we used the GRADE approach, supported by an electronic tool (https://gradepro.org). The clinical scenarios are the same as in the previous version (induction and maintenance in severe and mild-moderate flare-ups), as are the variables and their evaluation. However, in the updated guidelines, three questions have been deleted, 14 added and 30 maintained, making a total of 44 clinical questions. After an exhaustive review of the evidence, the recommendations are now updated. Of the 44 questions analysed, no recommendation could be established in two due to the very low quality of the evidence, while in the other 42, based on different degrees of quality of evidence, recommendations were made according to the GRADE system. In 25 of these questions the final recommendation is strongly in favour, in six strongly against, in seven weakly in favour and in four weakly against. According to the scenarios and recommendations, six algorithms are proposed as a simple guide for practical decision-making. The aim of this update of the 2013 guidelines is to provide answers, based on the GRADE approach, to the different questions we ask ourselves daily when deciding the most appropriate treatment for our patients with ulcerative colitis in the different clinical scenarios.

Functional rare variants influence the clinical response to anti-TNF therapy in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: The effect of low-frequency functional variation on anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) response in Crohn's disease (CD) patients remains unexplored. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of functional rare variants in clinical response to anti-TNF therapy in CD. METHODS: CD anti-TNF naïve patients starting anti-TNF treatment due to active disease [Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI > 150)] were included. The whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq4000 platform. Clinical response was defined as a CDAI score <150 at week 14 of anti-TNF treatment. Low-frequency variants were annotated and classified according to their damaging potential. The whole genome of CD patients was screened to identify homozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variants. The TNF signaling pathway was tested for overabundance of damaging variants using the SKAT-O method. Functional implication of the associated rare variation was evaluated using cell-type epigenetic enrichment analyses. RESULTS: A total of 41 consecutive CD patients were included; 3250 functional rare variants were identified (2682 damaging and 568 LoF variants). Two homozygous LoF mutations were found in HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 genes associated with lack of response and remission, respectively. Genome-wide LoF variants were enriched in epigenetic marks specific for the gastrointestinal tissue (colon, p = 4.11e-4; duodenum, p = 0.011). The burden of damaging variation in the TNF signaling pathway was associated with response to anti-TNF therapy (p = 0.016); damaging variants were enriched in epigenetic marks from CD8+ (p = 6.01e-4) and CD4+ (p = 0.032) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Functional rare variants are involved in the response to anti-TNF therapy in CD. Cell-type enrichment analysis suggests that the gut mucosa and CD8+ T cells are the main mediators of this response.

Relationship between Serum Adalimumab Levels and Clinical Outcome in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Adalimumab (ADA) is an anti-tumor necrosis factor agent that has been shown to be effective in inducing and maintaining remission in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The relationship between the ADA trough levels and clinical efficacy has been demonstrated, but there is variability in the definition of the most suitable range for its clinical applicability. SUMMARY: A review of published studies during the last 5 years on ADA serum levels and its relationship with the clinical outcome was performed. The studies selected included 7 observational studies, a systematic review, a meta-analysis and a post hoc analysis of a clinical trial. The reported ADA levels that discriminate patients in clinical remission from those with active disease range from 4.5 to 8 µg/mL. This therapeutic range varies when considering endoscopic remission (7.5 to >13.9 µg/mL). Although the sample of patients with ulcerative colitis is small, a tendency to reach higher levels of ADA is observed in both clinical and endoscopic remission. Key Messages: The optimal therapeutic cut-off point of serum ADA levels ranges from 4.5-5 to 12 µg/mL, where ADA levels are associated with an adequate clinical monitoring of the disease during maintenance therapy. These ranges vary according to the target, suggesting levels of 4.8 µg/mL as the cut-off for clinical remission and levels ≥7.5 µg/mL for mucosal healing/endoscopic response. Controlled prospective studies are required to determine the optimal therapeutic interval of ADA serum levels both as induction and as maintenance therapy.

Validation of a population pharmacokinetic model of adalimumab in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: therapeutic monitoring of anti-TNF drugs and anti-drug antibody levels are useful for clinical decision-making, via the rationalization and optimization of the use of anti-TNF treatments. The objective of the present study was to validate the model of Ternant et al., in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This model was originally established for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and was used in this study to optimize the adalimumab (ADA) dose and predict ADA trough levels (ATL). METHODS: this study used concentration data points from 30 IBD patients who received ADA treatment between 2014 and 2015. A goodness-of-fit of the model was determined by evaluating the relationship between the observed ATL values and population model-predicted values (PRED) or individual model-predicted values (IPRED). RESULTS: a total of 51 ADA concentration points were analyzed. The bias of the model was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.63-3.15) for PRED and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.23-1.03) for IPRED. The precision was 3.57 (95% CI, 2.90-4.13) and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.22-1.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: therapeutic drug monitoring involving ATL may allow the optimization of the treatment of IBD patients. The validation results of the phamacokinectic (PK) model for ADA in IBD patients are inadequate. However, additional studies will strengthen the bias and precision of the model.

[Prevalence of ten Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) in Spain]. / La prevalencia de diez enfermedades inflamatorias inmunomediadas (IMID) en España.

OBJECTIVE: Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) are chronic and highly disabling diseases that share inflammatory sequences and immunological dysregulations. Considered as a disease in itself, the prevalence of IMID is virtually unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of 10 selected UDI, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, hidradenitis suppurativa, sarcoidosis and uveitis in Spain. METHODS: cross-sectional epidemiological study of point prevalence was made. This study was carried out through a series of computerized interviews in households chosen at random in 17 autonomous communities in Spain. A structured questionnaire was used to determine the frequency of diagnosis and the concurrence of 10 IMID in the respondents and other individuals belonging to the same family nucleus. The point prevalence estimates were used and compared with the objective of determining the frequency of IMID by age, sex and communities. The data were processed using Excel 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and the SPSS V.019 system (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) for statistical analysis using the usual statistical tests in this type of studies. RESULTS: Of the 7,980 respondents, 510 were diagnosed with an IMID, representing a cross-sectional study of 6.39% (95% CI: 6.02-6.76). One, two, three or more members of the family were affected in 87.2%, 7.8% and 5% of positive relatives in IMID, respectively. The most recurrent diseases were psoriasis (2.69% [95% CI: 2.32-3.06]) and rheumatic arthritis (1.07% [95% CI: 0.70-1.44]). There were differences in prevalence due to sex (p = 0.004) and age (p = 0.000). No significant differences were identified related to geographic location (p = 0.819). Attendance of at least 2 IMID was reported in 8.9% of respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence was of the IMID studied was 6.39%, psoriasis being the most frequent with 2.69%. This study constitutes an initial step to consider IMID as an independent disease within the health system..

OBJETIVO: Las enfermedades inflamatorias inmunomediadas (IMID) son enfermedades crónicas y altamente discapacitantes que comparten secuencias inflamatorias y desregulaciones inmunológicas. Considerada como una enfermedad en sí, la prevalencia de la IMID es prácticamente desconocida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar la prevalencia de 10 IMID seleccionadas, incluyendo artritis reumatoide, psoriasis, artritis psoriásica, espondilitis anquilosante, colitis ulcerosa, enfermedad de Crohn, lupus eritematoso sistémico, hidrosadenitis supurativa, sarcoidosis y uveítis en España. METODOS: Se hizo un estudio epidemiológico transversal de prevalencia puntual. Este estudio llevó a cabo a través de una serie de entrevistas informatizadas en hogares elegidos al azar en 17 comunidades autónomas en España. Mediante un cuestionario estructurado se determinó la frecuencia de diagnóstico y las concurrencias de 10 IMID en los encuestados y otros individuos pertenecientes al mismo núcleo familiar. Las estimaciones de prevalencia pun- tual se utilizaron y compararon con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de IMID por edad, sexo y comunidades. Los datos fueron procesados utilizando el programa Excel 2016 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) y el sistema SPSS V.019 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) para el análisis estadístico utilizando los test estadísticos habituales en este tipo de estudios. RESULTADOS: De los 7.980 encuestados, 510 fueron diagnosticados con una IMID, lo que representa un estudio transversal de un 6,39% (95% ci: 6,02-6,76). Uno, dos, tres o más miembros de la familia estaban afectados en un 87,2%, 7,8% y 5% de familiares positivos en IMID, respectivamente. Las enfermedades más recurrentes fueron psoriasis (2,69% [95% ci: 2,32-3,06]) y artritis reumática (1,07% [95% ci:0,70-1,44]). Se observaron diferencias en la prevalencia debidas al sexo (p=0,004) y edad (p=0,000). No se identificaron diferencias significativas relacionadas con la localización geográfica (p=0,819). Se reportó concurrencia de al menos 2 IMID en un 8,9% de encuestados. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia global fue de las IMID estudiadas fue del 6,39 % siendo las mas frecuentes la psoriasis con el 2,69%. Este estudio constituye un paso inicial para considerar la IMID como una enfermedad independiente dentro del sistema sanitario.

Quality of life during one year of postoperative prophylactic drug therapy after intestinal resection in Crohn's patients: Results of the APPRECIA trial.

BACKGROUND: In APPRECIA trial, Crohn's disease (CD) patients undergoing intestinal resection were randomized to postoperative adalimumab (ADA) or azathioprine (AZA). AIMS: To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in APPRECIA trial. METHODS: HRQoL was evaluated using disease-specific shortened Spanish version of the IBDQ (SIBDQ-9) and generic European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaires, completed at baseline and at weeks 24 and 52. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients (37 ADA and 24 AZA) had evaluable data for HRQoL. Patients treated with ADA or AZA had significant improvement from baseline to weeks 24 and 52 in SIBDQ-9 and EQ-5D (p < 0.001 and p ≤ 0.006 for all comparisons, respectively). There were no differences between treatment arms in mean change in SIBDQ-9 and EQ-5D at weeks 24 and 52 vs baseline. Only patients without endoscopic recurrence had significant improvement in SIBDQ-9 (p < 0.001) and EQ-5D (p < 0.001) at week 52. At week 52, there was a high to moderate negative correlation between CDAI score with SIBDQ-9 score (Pearson's r: -0.768) and with EQ-5D index (r: -0.644). CONCLUSION: HRQoL improved after intestinal resection in CD, irrespective of the postoperative therapy used (ADA or AZA). Outcomes in HRQoL were associated with prevention of endoscopic recurrence, since improvements in HRQoL were only significant in patients with endoscopic remission at 1 year.