Effects of a non-eating confederate on food intake do not persist for everyone over time when people are left alone: An exploratory study.

An extensive body of research has established that eating with others can have inhibitory effects on food intake. Recent findings suggest that these effects may (partly) persist over time when the eating norm is no longer enforced. To gain more insights into the persistence of effects of a live non-eating stranger, the main aim of the present study is to explore how food intake of young women changes as a result of previous exposure to a non-eating confederate (i.e., adult stranger). To address this aim, an experiment was conducted in which 64 young women, aged 17 to 26 (M = 19.81, SD = 1.95), were given access to chocolates at two different time points. First, participants were all paired with a non-eating stranger (i.e., confederate). Afterwards, half of the participants remained with the non-eating stranger (i.e., together-together condition), while the other half was left alone with the food (i.e., together-alone condition). Results indicated that participants who were left alone increased their intake on average, although raw data revealed interesting individual differences. In contrast, most of the participants who remained with the non-eating stranger did not increase intake. Participants in an ad hoc added control condition (i.e., no exposure to a non-eating confederate; alone-alone condition; n = 26) showed food intake similar to participants in the together-alone condition after they were left alone. Our findings suggest that if intake behaviors are too extreme and divergent from the desire to eat as much as possible, women may, on average, only adhere to these behaviors in the presence of others.

Modelling of food intake in Brazil and Germany: Examining the effects of self-construals.

The current research focused on the influence of informational eating norms on people's food intake, and examined whether this influence was moderated by participants' self-construal levels. In two experiments, a two (intake norm manipulation: low vs. high) by two (self-construal manipulation: interdependent versus independent) between-participant factorial design was used. The studies were conducted in Brazil (Experiment 1) and in Germany (Experiment 2) as participants' self-construal levels differ between these countries. In Experiment 1, results indicated that participants exposed to a high-intake norm ate more than participants exposed to a low-intake norm. However, self-construal was not found to moderate the influence of food intake norms on participants' intake. In Experiment 2, replicating the results of Experiment 1, exposure to a high-intake norm increased participants' food intake, but self-construals again did not moderate modelling effects on food intake. Although differences in individuals' self-construal were found between both countries, they did not affect the magnitude of modelling effects on eating. Our studies provide evidence for cross-cultural similarity in the extent to which Brazilian and German female young adults are vulnerable to modelling effects on food intake, independent on their self-construal.

The Possible Antecedents and Consequences of Matching of Food Intake: Examining the Role of Trait Self-Esteem and Interpersonal Closeness.

Although there is evidence that people tend to match their intake to that of others, less is known about the motives underlying this effect. The current study, therefore, examined the relationship between self-esteem, a specific factor that has been related to the likelihood of social matching. Further, we examined the effects of food matching on interpersonal closeness among eating companions. The sample included 89 female dyads. All dyads had free access to palatable snack food during a 15 min interaction. For each dyad the matching score was calculated, as well as both individual's trait self-esteem scores and interpersonal closeness with their eating partner. The overall degree of matching within dyads was high, replicating the findings of previous research. No relationship, however, was found between trait self-esteem and the degree of matching. Furthermore, there was no effect of matching on perceived interpersonal closeness with or liking of the other person. These results suggest that self-esteem might not be a robust predictor of matching and that matching of food intake may not result in increased perceived interpersonal closeness or liking among eating partners.

Desenvolvimento e validação de escalas brasileiras de percepção e internalização de normas corporais / Development and validation of Brazilian scales for measuring perception and internalization of body norms

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi adaptar, desenvolver e validar escalas brasileiras de normatização da aparência corporal para homens e mulheres. No Estudo 1 a escala SATAQ revelou uma estrutura bifatorial problemática. O Estudo 2 traz o desenvolvimento da EFIC/EMIC (Escala Feminina/Masculina de Normatização Corporal). Ambas apresentaram uma estrutura bifatorial, incluindo os fatores "internalização geral" (cargas fatoriais entre 0,85 e 0,37) e "intenção de comportamento" (cargas fatoriais entre 0,73 e 0,38). No Estudo 3 foram validadas juntas as escalas dos Estudos 1 e 2, acrescidos de análises correlacionais com dados demográficos. Observou-se relação entre ler, comentar e comprar produtos de beleza com a normatização da aparência corporal. A escala final agregou itens da SATAQ e EFIC/EMIC, mantendo os mesmos fatores da estrutura bifatorial.(AU)

The current research aimed at adapting, developing and validating Brazilian scales related to body image norms for both genders. In study 1, SATAQ revealed a problematic two-factor structure. Study 2 focused on the development of Male and Female Body Image Scales. Both scales revealed a two-factor structure, comprising the factors "general internalization" (factor loadings ranging from .85 to .37) and "behavioral intention" (factor loadings ranging from .73 to .38). In study 3, combined scales from study 1 and 2 were validated. Besides that, correlational analyses with demographic data were performed. The analyses indicated a relation between reading, commenting and buying beauty products with body image norms. The final scale grouped SATAQ's and Male and Female Body Image Scales' items, keeping the same factors of the two-factor structure.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e validação de escalas brasileiras de percepção e internalização de normas corporais / Development and validation of Brazilian scales for measuring perception and internalization of body norms

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi adaptar, desenvolver e validar escalas brasileiras de normatização da aparência corporal para homens e mulheres. No Estudo 1 a escala SATAQ revelou uma estrutura bifatorial problemática. O Estudo 2 traz o desenvolvimento da EFIC/EMIC (Escala Feminina/Masculina de Normatização Corporal). Ambas apresentaram uma estrutura bifatorial, incluindo os fatores "internalização geral" (cargas fatoriais entre 0,85 e 0,37) e "intenção de comportamento" (cargas fatoriais entre 0,73 e 0,38). No Estudo 3 foram validadas juntas as escalas dos Estudos 1 e 2, acrescidos de análises correlacionais com dados demográficos. Observou-se relação entre ler, comentar e comprar produtos de beleza com a normatização da aparência corporal. A escala final agregou itens da SATAQ e EFIC/EMIC, mantendo os mesmos fatores da estrutura bifatorial.

The current research aimed at adapting, developing and validating Brazilian scales related to body image norms for both genders. In study 1, SATAQ revealed a problematic two-factor structure. Study 2 focused on the development of Male and Female Body Image Scales. Both scales revealed a two-factor structure, comprising the factors "general internalization" (factor loadings ranging from .85 to .37) and "behavioral intention" (factor loadings ranging from .73 to .38). In study 3, combined scales from study 1 and 2 were validated. Besides that, correlational analyses with demographic data were performed. The analyses indicated a relation between reading, commenting and buying beauty products with body image norms. The final scale grouped SATAQ's and Male and Female Body Image Scales' items, keeping the same factors of the two-factor structure.

Desenvolvimento e validação preliminar da Escala Situacional de Satisfação Corporal - ESSC / Development and preliminary validation of the Body Satisfaction Situational Scale - ESSC

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento de satisfação corporal situacional numa amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros. A escala inclui itens de avaliação de partes e do corpo como um todo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram uma estrutura com quatro fatores; “partes inferiores” (α=0,72), “satisfação e músculo” (α=0,82), “partes externas” (α=0,65) e “insatisfação e gordura” (α=0,82). Seus 28 itens obtiveram cargas fatoriais variando entre 0,32 e 0,82. Análises adicionais indicaram que a escala foi sensível a características da amostra, como Índice de Massa Corporal e gênero, corroborando a literatura atual da área(AU)

The aim of this study was the development and validation of a situational body satisfaction scale in a Brazilian college student sample. The scale includes 28 items ranging from parts to overall body evaluation. Four factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis of the items. They were named “lower parts” (α=.72), “muscle and satisfaction”, (α=.82), “external parts” (α=.65) and “fat and dissatisfaction” (α=.82). The factor loadings of its 28 items ranged from .32 to .82. Further analysis has indicated the scale was sensitive to the sample’s characteristics, such as, Body Mass Index and gender, according to the current field’s literature(AU)

Desenvolvimento e validação preliminar da Escala Situacional de Satisfação Corporal - ESSC / Development and preliminary validation of the Body Satisfaction Situational Scale - ESSC

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento de satisfação corporal situacional numa amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros. A escala inclui itens de avaliação de partes e do corpo como um todo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram uma estrutura com quatro fatores; “partes inferiores” (α=0,72), “satisfação e músculo” (α=0,82), “partes externas” (α=0,65) e “insatisfação e gordura” (α=0,82). Seus 28 itens obtiveram cargas fatoriais variando entre 0,32 e 0,82. Análises adicionais indicaram que a escala foi sensível a características da amostra, como Índice de Massa Corporal e gênero, corroborando a literatura atual da área.

The aim of this study was the development and validation of a situational body satisfaction scale in a Brazilian college student sample. The scale includes 28 items ranging from parts to overall body evaluation. Four factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis of the items. They were named “lower parts” (α=.72), “muscle and satisfaction”, (α=.82), “external parts” (α=.65) and “fat and dissatisfaction” (α=.82). The factor loadings of its 28 items ranged from .32 to .82. Further analysis has indicated the scale was sensitive to the sample’s characteristics, such as, Body Mass Index and gender, according to the current field’s literature.