Unmasked insulinoma occasioned by severe hypoglycemic coma immediately postpartum: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Insulinoma in women during pregnancy and postpartum is very rare; approximately 65% of cases are diagnosed early in pregnancy and ~ 35% immediately after delivery, few being found in middle or late pregnancy, likely due to increased insulin resistance seen after early-stage pregnancy. We successfully treated a case of insulinoma in which severe hypoglycemic coma immediately after delivery occasioned detailed investigation and diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: Our patient experienced hypoglycemic coma in the 3rd month of pregnancy (initially considered due to her hyperemesis gravidarum) that improved spontaneously during the gestational period. No abnormalities of plasma glucose or body weight were found in regular checkups during her pregnancy; however, recurrence of hypoglycemic coma after delivery led us to suspect insulinoma. While contrast enhanced computer tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) initially failed to detect a tumor in the pancreas, selective arterial calcium stimulation test revealed an insulin-secreting tumor localized in the pancreatic body. She then underwent spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy; a 10-mm tumor positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin and insulin was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Although pregnancy can mask insulinoma-associated symptoms and make diagnosis challenging, hypoglycemic episodes during early pregnancy, which were observed in this case, are suggestive of insulinoma. Importantly, in this case, accurate preoperative localization of the tumor enabled prompt curative surgery after delivery. Thus, clinical vigilance for the occurrence of insulinoma and its localization is appropriate for pregnant women suffering severe hypoglycemia.

Two cases of systemic lupus erythematosus after administration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine.

Although there is a great demand for increased coronavirus disease 2019vaccination worldwide, rare side effects of the vaccines in susceptible individuals are attracting attention. We recently treated two patients who developed systemic lupus erythematosus after administration of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna. While causal relationships between vaccination and adverse events are difficult to discern due to both confounding and masking factors, our findings suggest that attention to possible adjuvant-related autoimmune diseases in certain individuals receiving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccines is appropriate.

Semaglutide is effective in type 2 diabetes and obesity with schizophrenia.

Background: Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity are problematic for individuals with schizophrenia partly because atypical antipsychotics and mental distress themselves increase appetite, thus promoting subsequent body weight gain and deterioration of glycemic control. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been gaining attention for their glucose-lowering and body weight-reducing effects in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes generally, but their effects in those also having schizophrenia have not been adequately addressed. Case presentation: This case was a 50-year-old obese woman having type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. Although she was receiving oral anti-diabetes treatment, her HbA1c remained inadequately controlled (8.0-9.0%) partly due her difficulty in following instructions on heathy diet and exercise. In addition, she was repeatedly hospitalized due to suicide attempts by overdosing on her anti-psychotic and anti-diabetes drugs. Her HbA1c was elevated to as high as 10.2% despite the use of multiple anti-diabetes drugs including the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide, and she was hospitalized in our department. We chose the GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide to replace dulaglutide along with a multidisciplinary team approach that included a cognitive-behavioral therapist. The patient perceived that her hunger was suppressed when she started receiving semaglutide 0.5 mg. After discharge, semaglutide was remarkably more effective than dulaglutide in that it reduced and maintained the patient's HbA1c and body weight for 6 months after initiation of the drug. Conclusion: The GLP-1 receptor agonist semaglutide can be effective in maintaining appropriate control of glycemia and body weight in diabetes and obesity with schizophrenia.

Graves' Disease after Administration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine in a Type 1 Diabetes Patient.

Although there is a great demand for increased coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination worldwide, rare side effects of the vaccine in susceptible individuals are attracting attention. We recently treated a patient with type 1 diabetes who had HLA-A*240201/A*020101, B*5401/B*5601, DRB1*0405/DRB1*0405, DPB1*0501/DPB1*0501 and DQB1*0401/DQB1*040 and developed Graves' disease soon after the administration of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. While causal relationships between vaccinations and adverse events are difficult to discern due to both confounding and masking factors, our findings suggest that attention to possible adjuvant-related endocrinological diseases in certain individuals receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is appropriate.

Hypoglycemic coma in an elderly adult switched from twice-daily vildagliptin to once-daily glimepiride to improve drug adherence.

BACKGROUND: Elderly adults with diabetes are at increased risk of severe hypoglycemia and hypoglycemic coma due to various conditions including decline in cognitive function, reduced activity of daily living (ADL) and reduced renal function; special cautions are, therefore, recommended to avoid these life-threatening events. CASE PRESENTATION: A 92-year-old female was admitted to our institution because of severe coma. Upon arrival, her serum C-peptide was 1.64 ng/mL despite low plasma glucose (24 mg/dL) and serum glimepiride (40.85 ng/mL). She had past history of compression fracture of her lumbar spine, which substantially affected her ADL. Her score on the dementia assessment sheet for community-based integrated care system-8 items (DASC-8) was 26 points. She had been receiving 12 oral medications for diabetes, essential hypertension, chronic gastritis and constipation from her nearby clinic. Her physician-in-charge had found that she was not taking her medications properly and simplified her prescription regimen to 3 oral medications with vildagliptin 50 mg twice daily replaced by glimepiride 3 mg once daily and asked her son to assist in taking the drugs 6 days before her admission to our hospital. While her consciousness level was improved to some extent, she was transferred to a long-term care bed hospital because it had become too difficult to care for her at home. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to note that anti-diabetes drugs should be carefully selected based on each patient's cognitive function and ADL, and that the reasoning should be shared with the general practitioners involved to avoid severe hypoglycemic events. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-021-00510-9.

Effects of ChREBP deficiency on adrenal lipogenesis and steroidogenesis.

Carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) is critical in the regulation of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in the liver. Interestingly, Chrebp-/- mice show reduced levels of plasma cholesterol, which is critical for steroid hormone synthesis in adrenal glands. Furthermore, Chrebp mRNA expression was previously reported in human adrenal glands. Thus, it remains to be investigated whether ChREBP plays a role directly or indirectly in steroid hormone synthesis and release in adrenal glands. In the present study, we find that Chrebp mRNA is expressed in mouse adrenal glands and that ChREBP binds to carbohydrate response elements. Histological analysis of Chrebp-/- mice shows no adrenal hyperplasia and less oil red O staining compared with that in WT mice. In adrenal glands of Chrebp-/- mice, expression of Fasn and Scd1, two enzymes critical for fatty acid synthesis, was substantially lower and triglyceride content was reduced. Expression of Srebf2, a key transcription factor controlling synthesis and uptake of cholesterol and the target genes, was upregulated, while cholesterol content was not significantly altered in the adrenal glands of Chrebp-/- mice. Adrenal corticosterone content and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels were not significantly altered in Chrebp-/- mice. Consistently, expression of genes related to steroid hormone synthesis was not altered. Corticosterone secretion in response to two different stimuli, namely 24-h starvation and cosyntropin administration, was also not altered in Chrebp-/- mice. Taking these results together, corticosterone synthesis and release were not affected in Chrebp-/- mice despite reduced plasma cholesterol levels.