Hydrogen in Transplantation: Potential Applications and Therapeutic Implications.

Hydrogen gas, renowned for its antioxidant properties, has emerged as a novel therapeutic agent with applications across various medical domains, positioning it as a potential adjunct therapy in transplantation. Beyond its antioxidative properties, hydrogen also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways. Furthermore, hydrogen's capacity to activate cytoprotective pathways bolsters cellular resilience against stressors. In recent decades, significant advancements have been made in the critical medical procedure of transplantation. However, persistent challenges such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and graft rejection continue to hinder transplant success rates. This comprehensive review explores the potential applications and therapeutic implications of hydrogen in transplantation, shedding light on its role in mitigating IRI, improving graft survival, and modulating immune responses. Through a meticulous analysis encompassing both preclinical and clinical studies, we aim to provide valuable insights into the promising utility of hydrogen as a complementary therapy in transplantation.

A case of severe paraquat poisoning treated by continuous hemodiafiltration without sequelae.

Background: In a suicide attempt, a 49-year-old male ingested pesticides. He arrived at the hospital restless and vomiting blue liquid. Case Presentation: The patient was diagnosed with paraquat poisoning at a lethal dose and experienced renal dysfunction during treatment. He underwent continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF). Hemodialysis was temporarily initiated and found to improve renal function. He was discharged on day 36 in good condition. He remains well with only mild renal impairment and no pulmonary fibrosis, 240 days after the incident. The fatality rate of paraquat poisoning is approximately 80%, regardless of the treatment. Early hemodialysis combined with CHDF within 4 h has been reported to be effective. In this case, CHDF was initiated approximately 3 h after paraquat administration and showed a successful outcome. Conclusion: CHDF should be performed as soon as possible to treat paraquat poisoning.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Case Report From Japan.

This study reports a case of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Although MIS-C is currently not widespread in Japan, it is important to consider this syndrome, particularly when the patient is younger than 21 years and presents with fever and shock symptoms associated with COVID-19. According to the latest statistics updated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in early 2021, the total number of MIS-C patients is only 1659 and there have been no reports from Japan. Therefore, information to accurately diagnose MIS-C is needed. This study is the first case report of MIS-C in Japan, and it proposes information to identify this serious syndrome.

A Case of Heatstroke Encephalopathy With Abnormal Signals on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Herein, we present a case of heatstroke encephalopathy with abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals. A 19-year-old man lost consciousness while working outdoors when the temperature was 35°C. His Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation was E1V1M1, and his body temperature was 39°C. Chest computed tomography revealed bilateral infiltrates, and tests for urinary pneumococcal antigens were positive. He was diagnosed with heatstroke preceded by pneumococcal pneumonia. He was subsequently treated with antibiotics, and body surface cooling was performed. A diffusion-weighted brain MRI performed on day eight revealed abnormal bilateral hyperintensities from the cortex at the frontal lobe apex of the subcortex. Moreover, he had reduced spontaneity, dysarthria, nystagmus, tremor, and ataxia of both the upper limbs. He was diagnosed with heatstroke encephalopathy. On day 28 since admission, the abnormal MRI signals disappeared. Subsequently, the patient's spontaneity improved, but his other neurological dysfunctions persisted. This case study demonstrates that MRI may not be a sensitive indicator of the prognosis of heatstroke encephalopathy.

Caffeine poisoning successfully treated by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and emergency hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Caffeine overdose can cause life-threatening circulatory failure, neurological abnormalities, and ventricular fibrillation. We report the case of a patient with caffeine poisoning who was successfully treated with early hemodialysis and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old man who had ingested pills containing 20 g caffeine was transported to the hospital 100 min after ingestion. Hemodynamic collapse and refractory arrhythmia were most likely the potential complications. The patient developed ventricular fibrillation when placed in the left lateral decubitus position. Return of spontaneous circulation with defibrillation and introduction of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were followed by emergency dialysis, which led to rapid improvement in the clinical findings. CONCLUSION: Acute caffeine poisoning in a patient who developed an arrhythmia was successfully treated using an indwelling arterial and venous sheath followed by venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Splenic mass of uncertain etiology in a 15-year-old male patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: There are few reports on spleen masses, and solitary splenic abscesses with abdominal pain have not been reported in younger age groups. We report a case of a splenic mass of uncertain etiology in a 15-year-old boy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old boy visited the emergency department with abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a thin-walled multilobular splenic cyst. Computed tomography revealed a cystic shadow and a septate structure in the spleen. Magnetic resonance imaging examination revealed a high-signal region on the T2-weighted image. The neutrophil ratio in the white blood cell count of 8,330/µL was high (80%), and splenic abscess could not be ruled out. Thus, therapy with 2 g/day fosfomycin was initiated. Abdominal pain disappeared on day 3 of hospital stay, and the patient was discharged on day 8. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic therapy can be effective against very acute onset splenic abscesses, although surgical treatment is usually carried out.

Membranous tracheal stenosis in a patient with anorexia nervosa and self-induced vomiting- challenges in securing the airway.

We report a rare case of acquired membranous tracheal stenosis in a patient with anorexia nervosa and a history of self-induced vomiting, but without a history of tracheal intubation or tracheostomy. A 50-year-old woman presented with difficulty in breathing and swallowing, self-expectoration, and impaired consciousness due to acute benzodiazepine intoxication. Bronchoscopic examination was performed after tracheotomy and placement of a tracheostomy tube failed to secure her respiratory tract and ventilation continued to deteriorate. A flap-like membranous structure was identified on the posterior tracheal wall, obstructing the tracheostomy tube. Physical compression of the membranous structure improved ventilation. Bronchoscopic examination is generally recommended prior to performing tracheostomy in patients suspected to have post-intubation tracheal obstruction. Based on our findings, we suggest that these examinations should also be performed in patients with conditions associated with chronic irritation of the respiratory tract, including those with a prolonged history of self-induced vomiting.

Psychiatric Outpatients After the 3.11 Complex Disaster in Fukushima, Japan.

BACKGROUND: After the 3.11 complex disaster, fear of radioactive contamination and forced evacuation influenced a number of residents to seek psychiatric care. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the sequential changes in the number of new outpatients and patients with acute stress disorder (ASD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorder, and depression after the Fukushima disaster. METHODS: We distributed questionnaires to 77 psychiatric institutions to determine the number of new outpatients between March and June in 2010, 2011, and 2012. FINDINGS: There were 771, 1000, and 733 new patients in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. We observed a statistically significant increase in new patients with ASD or PTSD and a significant decrease in patients with depression in 2011, which returned to predisaster levels in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: There were time- and disease-dependent changes in the numbers of psychiatric care-seeking individuals after the 3.11 complex disaster in Fukushima.

[My work giving university-funded lectures launched after Great East Japan Earthquake].

On March 11, 2011, a mega earthquake shook the eastern part of Japan, recording a magnitude of 9.0. I have written about my work experience at the university hospital-funded lectures, set up to provide support in the disaster areas. When the lecture was launched, the university did not give official approval to it. For me, it was almost like I had just landed a job at a hospital in a rural area. Now, there are a number of funded lectures mainly in and around disaster-hit areas. I expect that these lectures will narrow down their objectives so that people involved in them will be able to end their tenure happily.

Enteral supplementation enriched with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide prevents gut translocation in a bacterial overgrowth model.

BACKGROUND: Normal gut flora plays an important role in the intestinal mucosal barrier function under various critical conditions. The flora may alter after severe insults, such as trauma and shock. Enteral nutrition should preserve the gut environment; however, full support is usually difficult for severely ill patients because of impaired gastrointestinal motility. Currently, we have commercial enteral supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber, and oligosaccharide (GFO) in Japan. This study examines the hypothesis that the enteral supplementation ameliorates gut injury induced by a bacterial overgrowth model, even in small volumes and quantities. MATERIALS: Balb/c mice received antibiotics (4 mg/mL of streptomycin) in their drinking water for 4 days to kill the normal gut flora after which they were orally inoculated with a streptomycin-resistant strain of Escherichia coli, known as E. coli C-25. The mice that were administered bacterial monoassociation received 0.5 mL of GFO twice daily (GFO group) or 10% of glucose solution (GLU group). Unsupplemented drinking water was used for control animals (control) whose gut flora was normal. The mice were killed and their mesenteric lymph nodes complex was harvested and processed to test gut bacterial translocation. The cecal population levels of bacteria and ileum histology were also examined. RESULTS: The incidence and magnitude of gut translocation to the lymph nodes complex in the GLU group were significantly higher than those in the control (p < 0.01). Treatment with GFO prevented the gut translocation although animals in the GFO group had same level of the cecal bacterial population. Histologic findings in the ileum were not different between the GLU and GFO. CONCLUSION: GFOs supplement prevented gut translocation for bacterial overgrowth even in small volumes and quantities. The intestinal histologic findings could not explain the protective mechanisms of GFO. Further studies may be needed to elucidate the benefit of the partial enteral nutrition.