Nanohydroxyapatite/Peptide Composite Coatings on Pure Titanium Surfaces with Nanonetwork Structures Using Oyster Shells.

Titanium and its alloys are extensively applied in artificial tooth roots because of their excellent corrosion resistance, high specific strength, and low elastic modulus. However, because of their biological inertness, their surface needs to be modified to improve the osteointegration of titanium implants. The preparation of biologically active calcium-phosphorus coatings on the surface of an implant is one effective method for enhancing the likelihood of bone integration. In this study, osteoinductive peptides were extracted from oyster shells by using acetic acid. Two peptide-containing hydroxyapatite (HA) composite coatings were then prepared: one coating was prepared by hydrothermally synthesizing an HA coating in the presence of peptides (HA/P/M), and the other coating was prepared by hydrothermally synthesizing HA and then immersing the hydrothermally synthesized HA in a peptide solution (HA/P/S). Characterization results indicated that the composite HA coatings containing oyster shell-based peptides were successfully prepared on the alkali-treated pure titanium surfaces. The HA/P/M and HA/P/S composite coatings were found to exhibit excellent hydrophilicity. Protein adsorption tests confirmed that the HA/P/M and HA/P/S coatings had an approximately 2.3 times higher concentration of adsorbed proteins than the pure HA coating.

Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Niobium Additions on the Structural Characteristics and Properties of Ti-5Cr-xNb Alloys for Biomedical Applications.

In this study, a series of Ti-5Cr-xNb alloys with varying Nb content (ranging from 1 to 40 wt.%) were investigated to assess their suitability as implant materials. Comprehensive analyses were conducted, including phase analysis, microscopy examination, mechanical testing, and corrosion resistance evaluation. The results revealed significant structural alterations attributed to Nb addition, notably suppressing the formation of the ω phase and transitioning from α' + ß + ω to single ß phase structures. Moreover, the incorporation of Nb markedly improved the alloys' plastic deformation ability and reduced their elastic modulus. In particular, the Ti-5Cr-25Nb alloy demonstrated high values in corrosion potential and polarization resistance, signifying exceptional corrosion resistance. This alloy also displayed high bending strength (approximately 1500 MPa), a low elastic modulus (approximately 80 GPa), and outstanding elastic recovery and plastic deformation capabilities. These aggregate outcomes indicate the promising potential of the ß-phase Ti-5Cr-25Nb alloy for applications in orthopedic and dental implants.

Effects of Cold Rolling or Precipitation Hardening Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Ti-Rich Metastable Medium-Entropy Alloys.

Titanium-rich metastable medium-entropy alloys, designed for low elastic moduli, sacrifice strength. However, enhancing their mechanical strength is crucial for bio-implant applications. This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of a metastable Ti80-Nb10-Mo5-Sn5 medium-entropy alloy using various treatments, including cold rolling (at 50% and 75% reduction) and precipitation hardening (at room temperature, 150 °C, 350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C). The results showed that the alloy underwent a stress-induced martensitic transformation during the rolling process. Notably, the α phase was precipitated in the ß grain boundaries after 30 days of precipitation hardening at room temperature. The yield strengths of the alloy increased by 51% and 281.9% after room-temperature precipitation and 75% cold rolling, respectively. In potentiodynamic corrosion tests conducted in phosphate-buffered saline solution, the pitting potentials of the alloy treated using various conditions were higher than 1.8 V, and no pitting holes were observed on the surface of the alloys. The surface oxide layer of the alloy was primarily composed of TiO2, Nb2O5, MoO3, and SnO2, contributing to the alloy's exceptional corrosion and pitting resistance. The 75% rolled Ti80-Nb10-Mo5-Sn5 demonstrates exceptional mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, positioning it as a promising bio-implant candidate.

Evaluation of Feasibility on Dental Zirconia-Accelerated Aging Test by Chemical Immersion Method.

The aim of this study was to investigate the low-temperature degradation (LTD) kinetics of tetragonal zirconia with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) dental ceramic using two degradation methods: hydrothermal degradation and immersed degradation. To study transformation kinetics, we prepared 3Y-TZP powders. We pressed these powders uniaxially into a stainless mold at 100 MPa. We then sintered the compacted bodies at intervals of 50 °C between 1300 °C and 1550 °C and immersed the specimens at various temperatures from 60 °C to 80 °C in 4% acetic acid or from 110 °C to 140 °C for the hydrothermal method. We used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm crystalline grain size and used X-ray diffraction to analyze the zirconia phase. As the sintering temperature increased, the calculated crystalline grain size also increased. We confirmed this change with the SEM image. The higher sintering temperatures were associated with more phase transformation. According to the Mehl-Avrami-Johnson equation, the activation energies achieved using the hydrothermal method were 101 kJ/mol, 95 kJ/mol, and 86 kJ/mol at sintering temperatures of 1450 °C, 1500 °C, and 1550 °C, respectively. In addition, the activation energies of the specimens immersed in 4% acetic acid were 60 kJ/mol, 55 kJ/mol, 48 kJ/mol, and 35 kJ/mol, with sintered temperatures of 1400 °C, 1450 °C, 1500 °C, and 1550 °C, respectively. The results showed that a lower sintering temperature would restrain the phase transformation of zirconia because of the smaller crystalline grain size. As a result, the rate of LTD decreased.

A Review: Design from Beta Titanium Alloys to Medium-Entropy Alloys for Biomedical Applications.

ß-Ti alloys have long been investigated and applied in the biomedical field due to their exceptional mechanical properties, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Metastable ß-Ti alloys have garnered interest in the realm of biomaterials owing to their notably low elastic modulus. Nevertheless, the inherent correlation between a low elastic modulus and relatively reduced strength persists, even in the case of metastable ß-Ti alloys. Enhancing the strength of alloys contributes to improving their fatigue resistance, thereby preventing an implant material from failure in clinical usage. Recently, a series of biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys, composed of biocompatible elements such as Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, and Mo, have been developed. Leveraging the contributions of the four core effects of high-entropy alloys, both biomedical high-entropy and medium-entropy alloys exhibit excellent mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility, albeit accompanied by an elevated elastic modulus. To satisfy the demands of biomedical implants, researchers have sought to synthesize the strengths of high-entropy alloys and metastable ß-Ti alloys, culminating in the development of metastable high-entropy/medium-entropy alloys that manifest both high strength and a low elastic modulus. Consequently, the design principles for new-generation biomedical medium-entropy alloys and conventional metastable ß-Ti alloys can be converged. This review focuses on the design from ß-Ti alloys to the novel metastable medium-entropy alloys for biomedical applications.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Eggshell via the Hydrothermal Process and the Precipitation Method.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major component of the inorganic minerals in the hard tissues of humans and has been widely used as a biomedical ceramic material in orthopedic and dentistry applications. Because human bone contains several impurities, including carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, magnesium, and strontium, human bone minerals differ from stoichiometric HA. Additionally, natural bone is composed of nano-sized HA, and the nanoscale particles exhibit a high level of biological activity. In this paper, HA is prepared via the hydrothermal process because its reaction conditions are easy to control and it has been shown to be quite feasible for large-scale production. Therefore, the hydrothermal process is an effective and convenient method for the preparation of HA. Furthermore, eggshell is adopted as a source of calcium, and mulberry leaf extract is selectively added to synthesize HA. The eggshell accounts for 11% of the total weight of a whole egg, and it consists of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, and organic matter. Eggshell contains a variety of trace elements, such as magnesium and strontium, making the composition of the synthesized HA similar to that of the human skeleton. These trace elements exert considerable benefits for bone growth. Moreover, the use of eggshell as a raw material can permit the recycling of biowaste and a reduction in process costs. The purpose of this study is to prepare HA powder via the hydrothermal method and to explore the effects of hydrothermal conditions on the structure and properties of the synthesized HA. The room-temperature precipitation method is used for the control group. Furthermore, the results of an immersion test in simulated body fluid confirm that the as-prepared HA exhibits good apatite-forming bioactivity, which is an essential requirement for artificial materials to bond to living bones in the living body and promote bone regeneration. In particular, it is confirmed that the HA synthesized with the addition of the mulberry leaf extract exhibits good in vitro biocompatibility. The morphology, crystallite size, and composition of the carbonated nano-HA obtained herein are similar to those of natural bones. The carbonated nano-HA appears to be an excellent material for bioresorbable bone substitutes or drug delivery. Therefore, the nano-HA powder prepared in this study has great potential in biomedical applications.

Effect of Hydrothermal and Vapor Thermal Treatments on Apatite Inductivity of Titanate Nanotubes on Anodized Ti-5Nb-5Mo Surface.

Although titanium (Ti) alloys have been widely employed as biomedical materials, they cannot achieve satisfactory osseointegration when implanted in the human body due to their biologically inert nature. Surface modification can enhance both their bioactivity and corrosion resistance. The present study employed a Ti-5Nb-5Mo alloy with a metastable α″ phase. This alloy may undergo phase changes after conventional high-temperature heat treatment, which can deteriorate its properties. This study heat-treated the anodized Ti-5Nb-5Mo alloy by using a low-temperature hydrothermal or vapor thermal method to analyze the effects of heat treatment on its apatite induction. The results revealed that the porous nanotube structure on the surface of the alloy was transformed into anatase nanoparticles after hydrothermal or vapor thermal treatment at 150 °C for 6 h. After immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days, the amount of apatite deposited on the surface of the vapor thermal-treated alloy exceeded that on the hydrothermal-treated alloy. Therefore, post-heat treatment of anodized Ti-5Nb-5Mo by using the vapor thermal method can enhance its apatite inductivity without altering its structure.

Biocompatibility of a Ti-Rich Medium-Entropy Alloy with Glioblastoma Astrocytoma Cells.

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in medical devices and implants; thus, the biocompatibility of these metals is of great importance. In this study, glioblastoma astrocytoma cellular responses to Ti65-Zr18-Nb16-Mo1 (Ti65M, metastable medium-entropy alloy), Ti-13Nb-7Sn-4Mo (TNSM, titanium alloy), and commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) were studied. Several physical parameters (crystal phase structure, surface roughness and hardness) of the titanium alloys were measured, and the correlation with the cellular viability was investigated. Finally, the relative protein expression in cellular proliferation pathways was measured and compared with mRNA expression assessed with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR).

Structure, Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-Rich TiZrNbTa Medium-Entropy Alloys with ß+α″+α' for Biomedical Application.

Five Ti-rich ß+α″+α' Ti−Zr−Nb−Ta biomedical medium-entropy alloys with excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were developed by considering thermodynamic parameters and using the valence electron concentration formula. The results of this study demonstrated that the traditional valence electron concentration formula for predicting phases is not entirely applicable to medium-entropy alloys. All solution-treated samples with homogeneous compositions were obtained at a low temperature (900 °C) and within a short period (20 min). All solution-treated samples exhibited low elastic moduli ranging from 49 to 57 GPa, which were significantly lower than those of high-entropy alloys with ß phase. Solution-treated Ti65−Zr29−Nb3−Ta3 exhibited an ultra-high bending strength (1102 MPa), an elastic recovery angle (>30°), and an ultra-low elastic modulus (49 GPa), which are attributed to its α″ volume fraction as high as more than 60%. The pitting potentials of all samples were higher than 1.8 V, and their corrosion current densities were lower than 10−5 A/cm3 in artificially simulated body fluid at 37 °C. The surface oxide layers on Ti65−Zr29−Nb3−Ta3 comprised TiO2, ZrO2, Nb2O5, and Ta2O5 (as discovered through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and provided the alloy with excellent corrosion and pitting resistance.

Porous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Granules from Oyster Shell Promote the Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Oyster shells are rich in calcium, and thus, the potential use of waste shells is in the production of calcium phosphate (CaP) minerals for osteopathic biomedical applications, such as scaffolds for bone regeneration. Implanted scaffolds should stimulate the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into osteoblasts. In this study, oyster shells were used to produce nano-grade hydroxyapatite (HA) powder by the liquid-phase precipitation. Then, biphasic CaP (BCP) bioceramics with two different phase ratios were obtained by the foaming of HA nanopowders and sintering by two different two-stage heat treatment processes. The different sintering conditions yielded differences in structure and morphology of the BCPs, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. We then set out to determine which of these materials were most biocompatible, by co-culturing with iPSCs and examining the gene expression in molecular pathways involved in self-renewal and differentiation of iPSCs. We found that sintering for a shorter time at higher temperatures gave higher expression levels of markers for proliferation and (early) differentiation of the osteoblast. The differences in biocompatibility may be related to a more hierarchical pore structure (micropores within macropores) obtained with briefer, high-temperature sintering.

Effect of different post-treatments on the bioactivity of alkali-treated Ti-5Si alloy.

BACKGROUND: As titanium (Ti) alloys are bioinert, various chemically-modified Ti surface has been developed to promote bioactivity and bone ingrowth. OBJECTIVE: In this study, various post treatments (water aging, hydrothermal, and heat treatments) were applied to NaOH-treated Ti-5Si to improve its bioactivity. METHODS: The bioactivity of surface-modified Ti-5Si was access by using the apatite formation ability of Ti-5Si surfaces soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF). RESULTS: The results showed that the NaOH-treated surface formed a porous network structure composed of sodium titanate hydrogel, which was changed to sodium titanate after subsequent post treatments, whereas sodium titanate, anatase and rutile phases were found on the Ti-5Si surfaces after heat treatment. After immersion in SBF for 14 days, compact apatite layers were observed on the surfaces of all the Ti-5Si tested. The results of XRD and FTIR indicated that the apatite deposited on the Ti-5Si substrate with various surface modified conditions was carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite. CONCLUSIONS: The apatite-forming ability of the surface of the Ti-5Si was excellent, even though Ti-5Si was not subjected to surface modifications. As a result, the bioactivity of Ti-5Si alloy was verified by the apatite-forming ability, making it suitable for use in orthopedic and dental implants.

Structure and Mechanical Properties of As-Cast Ti-5Sn-xMo Alloys.

Ti-5Sn-xMo (x = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20 wt %) alloys were designed and prepared for application as implant materials with superior mechanical properties. The results demonstrated that the crystal structure and mechanical properties of Ti-5Sn-xMo alloys are highly affected by their Mo content. The as-cast microstructures of Ti-5Sn-xMo alloys transformed in the sequence of phases α' → α″ → ß, and the morphologies of the alloys changed from a lath structure to an equiaxed structure as the Mo content increased. The α″-phase Ti-5Sn-7.5Mo (80 GPa) and ß-phase Ti-5Sn-10Mo (85 GPa) exhibited relatively low elastic moduli and had excellent elastic recovery angles of 27.4° and 37.8°, respectively. Furthermore, they exhibited high ductility and moderate strength, as evaluated using the three-point bending test. Search for a more suitable implant material by this study, Ti-5Sn-xMo alloys with 7.5 and 10 wt % Mo appear to be promising candidates because they demonstrate the optimal combined properties of microhardness, ductility, elastic modulus, and elastic recovery capability.

Microstructure and Characteristics of Calcium Phosphate Layers on Bioactive Oxide Surfaces of Air-Sintered Titanium Foams after Immersion in Simulated Body Fluid.

We propose a simple and low-cost process for the preparation of porous Ti foams through a sponge replication method using single-step air sintering at various temperatures. In this study, the apatite-forming ability of air-sintered Ti samples after 21 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated. The microstructures of the prepared Ca-P deposits were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In contrast to the control sample sintered in vacuum, which was found to have the simple hexagonal α-Ti phase, the air-sintered samples contained only the rutile phase. High intensities of XRD peaks for rutile TiO2 were obtained with samples sintered at 1000 °C. Moreover, the air-sintered Ti samples had a greater apatite-forming ability than that of the Ti sample sintered in vacuum. Ti samples sintered at 900 and 1000 °C had large aggregated spheroidal particles on their surfaces after immersion in SBF for 21 days. Combined XRD, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and TEM results suggest that the calcium phosphate deposited on the rutile TiO2 surfaces consist of carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite instead of octacalcium phosphate.

Fabrication and characterization of porous Ti-7.5Mo alloy scaffolds for biomedical applications.

Porous titanium and titanium alloys are promising scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, since they have the potential to provide new bone tissue ingrowth abilities and low elastic modulus to match that of natural bone. In the present study, porous Ti-7.5Mo alloy scaffolds with various porosities from 30 to 75 % were successfully prepared through a space-holder sintering method. The yield strength and elastic modulus of a Ti-7.5Mo scaffold with a porosity of 50 % are 127 MPa and 4.2 GPa, respectively, being relatively comparable to the reported mechanical properties of natural bone. In addition, the porous Ti-7.5Mo alloy exhibited improved apatite-forming abilities after pretreatment (with NaOH or NaOH + water) and subsequent immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C. After soaking in an SBF solution for 21 days, a dense apatite layer covered the inner and outer surfaces of the pretreated porous Ti-7.5Mo substrates, thereby providing favorable bioactive conditions for bone bonding and growth. The preliminary cell culturing result revealed that the porous Ti-7.5Mo alloy supported cell attachment.

Surface characterization and bond strengths between Ti-20Cr-1X alloys and low-fusing porcelain.

This study evaluated the bond strengths between experimental Ti-20Cr-1X (X=Nb, Mo, Fe, Zr) alloys and porcelain (Duceratin). The results of this bond strength testing indicated that all the Ti-20Cr-1X alloys exceeded the lower limit value in the ISO 9693 standard for the 3-point bending test (25 MPa), and were all higher than that of commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti). The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values of all Ti-20Cr-1X alloys were higher than that of c.p. Ti, and this result of a closer match between CTEs shows the fact that the Ti-20Cr-1Mo alloy had a significantly higher bond strength than both the other Ti-20Cr-1X alloys and c.p. Ti.

Surface modification of a Ti-7.5Mo alloy using NaOH treatment and Bioglass coating.

The objective of this study was to propose a surface modification for a low-modulus Ti-7.5Mo alloy to initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) during in vitro bioactivity tests in simulated body fluid (SBF). Specimens of commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) and Ti-7.5Mo were initially immersed in a 15 M NaOH solution at 60 degrees C for 24 h, resulting in the formation of a porous network structure composed of sodium titanate (Na(2)Ti(5)O(11)). Afterwards, bioactive Bioglass particles were deposited on the surface of NaOH-treated c.p. Ti and Ti-7.5Mo. The specimens were then immersed in SBF at 37 degrees C for 1, 7 and 28 days, respectively. The apatite-forming ability of the NaOH-treated and Bioglass-coated Ti-7.5Mo was higher than that of the c.p. Ti under the same condition. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results indicated that the deposited amounts of calcium phosphate were much greater for the surface-treated Ti-7.5Mo than for the c.p. Ti, a finding attributable to or correlated with the higher pH value of the SBF containing surface-treated Ti-7.5Mo. Moreover, in the surface-treated Ti-7.5Mo, the pH value of the SBF approached a peak of 7.66 on the first day. A combination of NaOH treatment and subsequent Bioglass coating was successfully used to initiate in vitro HA formation in the surface of the Ti-7.5Mo alloy.

Electrolytic deposition of hydroxyapatite coating on thermal treated Ti-40Zr.

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on both thermal treated and untreated Ti-40Zr substrates by means of electrolytic deposition. It was predicted that the HA layer would increase the bioactivity and osteoconductivity of the Ti-40Zr substrate, and a thermal treatment would improve the bonding strength between the HA layer and Ti-40Zr substrate, and prevent the corrosion of the Ti-40Zr substrate. First, the Ti-40Zr samples were annealed at various temperatures (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 degrees C respectively). After annealing, samples were immersed in a Ca(NO(3))(2).4H(2)O and (NH(4))(3)PO(4).3H(2)O solution for the electrolytic deposition of the HA coating. Various analyses of the coating were conducted, including surface morphology, phase structure, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and bond strength between HA and Ti-40Zr. Experimental results indicated that the bonding strength of the HA coating on the thermal treated Ti-40Zr was markedly improved when compared to that of the HA coating on an untreated Ti-40Zr alloy. The corrosion resistance of Ti-40Zr was also improved by the use of the thermal treatment, as shown by a potentiodynamic polarization test. Finally, osteoblast-like cells cultured on the HA coating surface were found to have proliferated on all samples.

Preparation of porous 45S5 Bioglass-derived glass-ceramic scaffolds by using rice husk as a porogen additive.

Bioactive glass is currently regarded as the most biocompatible material in the bone regeneration field because of its bioactivity, osteoconductivity and even osteoinductivity. In the present work porous glass-ceramic scaffolds, which were prepared from the 45S5 Bioglass by foaming with rice husks and sintering at 1050 degrees C for 1 h, have been developed. The produced scaffolds were characterized for their morphology, properties and bioactivity. Micrographs taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for analysis of macropores, mesopores and micropores, respectively. The bioactivity of the porous glass-ceramic scaffolds was investigated using simulated body fluid (SBF) and characterized by SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A great potential scaffold that provides sufficient mechanical support temporarily while maintaining bioactivity, and that can biodegrade at later stages is achievable with the developed 45S5 Bioglass-derived scaffolds.

ZrO(2)/hydroxyapatite coating on titanium by electrolytic deposition.

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) was coated on a titanium (Ti) substrate over a ZrO(2) layer by the electrolytic deposition method, this double layer coating was then compared with a single layer coating of HA. The HA layer was used to increase the bioactivity and osteoconductivity of the Ti substrate, and the ZrO(2) layer was intended to improve the bonding strength between the HA layer and Ti substrate, and to prevent the corrosion of the Ti substrate. The electrolytic deposition formed an HA layer with a thicknesses of approximately 20 mum, which adhered tightly to the Ti substrate. The bonding strength of the HA/ZrO(2) double layer coating on Ti was markedly improved when compared to that of the HA single coating on Ti. The improvement in bonding strength with the use of a ZrO(2) base layer was attributed to the resulting increase in chemical affinity of the ZrO(2) to the HA layer and to the Ti substrate. The osteoblast-like cells cultured on the HA/ZrO(2) coating surface, proliferated in a similar manner to those on the HA single coating and on the pure Ti surfaces. At the same time, the corrosion resistance of Ti was improved by the presence of the ZrO(2) coating, as shown by a potentiodynamic polarization test.

Structure, mechanical properties, and grindability of dental Ti-Zr alloys.

Structure, mechanical properties and grindability of a series of binary Ti-Zr alloys with zirconium contents ranging from 10 to 40 wt% have been investigated. Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) was used as a control. Experimental results indicated that the diffraction peaks of all the Ti-Zr alloys matched those for alpha Ti. No beta-phase peaks were found. The hardness of the Ti-Zr alloys increased as the Zr contents increased, and ranged from 266 HV (Ti-10Zr) to 350 HV (Ti-40Zr). As the concentration of zirconium in the alloys increased, the strength, elastic recovery angles and hardness increased. Moreover, the elastically recoverable angle of Ti-40Zr was higher than of c.p. Ti by as much as 550%. The grindability of each metal was found to be largely dependent on the grinding conditions. The Ti-40Zr alloy had a higher grinding rate and grinding ratio than c.p. Ti at low speed. The grinding rate of the Ti-40Zr alloy at 500 m/min was about 1.8 times larger than that of c.p. Ti, and the grinding ratio was about 1.6 times larger than that of c.p. Ti. Our research suggested that the Ti-40Zr alloy has better mechanical properties, excellent elastic recovery capability and improved grindability at low grinding speed. The Ti-40Zr alloy has a great potential for use as a dental machining alloy.