X-ray fluorescence analysis of three late medieval silver chalices associated with Ireland.

This paper presents the results of the first X-ray fluorescence (XRF) investigation conducted on three late medieval chalices associated with Ireland: the Ó Learghusa chalice, auctioned as medieval Irish in 2021, does not have a confirmed provenance; the de Burgo-O'Malley chalice, dated 1494, and the TP-IEP chalice, dated 1589, both of Irish provenance. This study effectively addressed the knowledge gap concerning Irish medieval silver chalices composition. The analysis revealed that both the Ó Learghusa and de Burgo-O'Malley chalices were crafted from a silver-copper alloy and adorned using a fire-gilding technique. The blue and green enamels on the de Burgo-O'Malley chalice were found to be constituted by cobalt and iron/copper glasses, respectively. In contrast, the TP-IEP chalice exhibited a more intricate structure, being a composite object with partial silver gilt and with the bowl and base possibly made of a ternary silver-copper-gold alloy. The TP-IEP chalice's knop displayed glass, simulating gems with transparent, blue, and purple colorations. XRF analysis allowed identification of lead-potash glass, while the red glass displayed a rich iron content and was identified as soda-lime glass. The analysis allowed concluding that the de Burgo-O'Malley chalice had retained its original condition, including its original gilding and enamels, while the Ó Learghusa and TP-IEP chalices appeared to have undergone refurbishment. These significant discoveries contribute to a deeper understanding of the historical context and artistic craftsmanship behind these late medieval chalices, shedding light on their unique stories within Irish art and history. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40494-024-01240-2.

Estimating a Minimal Important Difference for the EQ-5D-5L Utility Index in Dialysis Patients.

OBJECTIVES: The EQ-5D-5L is a commonly used health-related quality of life instrument for evaluating interventions in patients receiving dialysis; however, the minimal important difference (MID) that constitutes a meaningful treatment effect for this population has not been established. This study aims to estimate the MID for the EQ-5D-5L utility index in dialysis patients. METHODS: 6-monthly EQ-5D-5L measurements were collected from adult dialysis patients between April 2017 and November 2020 at a renal network in Sydney, Australia. EQ-VAS and Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale Renal symptom burden scores were collected simultaneously and used as anchors. MID estimates for the EQ-5D-5L utility index were derived using anchor-based and distribution-based methods. RESULTS: A total of 352 patients with ≥1 EQ-5D-5L observation were included, constituting 1127 observations. Mean EQ-5D-5L utility index at baseline was 0.719 (SD ± 0.267), and mean EQ-5D-5L utility decreased over time by -0.017 per year (95% CI -0.029 to -0.006, P = .004). Using cross-sectional anchor-based methods, MID estimates ranged from 0.073 to 0.107. Using longitudinal anchor-based methods, MID for improvement and deterioration ranged from 0.046 to 0.079 and -0.111 to -0.048, respectively. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, MID for improvement and deterioration ranged from 0.037 to 0.122 and -0.074 to -0.063, respectively. MID estimates from distribution-based methods were consistent with anchor-based estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Anchor-based and distribution-based approaches provided EQ-5D-5L utility index MID estimates ranging from 0.034 to 0.134. These estimates can inform the target difference or "effect size" for clinical trial design among dialysis populations.

Survival, symptoms and hospitalization of older patients with advanced chronic kidney disease managed without dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Shared decision-making (SDM) is important when considering whether an older patient with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) should be managed with dialysis or conservative kidney management (CKM). Physicians may find these conversations difficult because of the relative paucity of data on patients managed without dialysis. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted in a unit supported by a multidisciplinary Kidney Supportive Care (KSC) programme, in a cohort of 510 patients (280 CKM and 230 dialysis) ≥65 years of age with CKD stages 4 and 5. Survival was evaluated using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Linear mixed models were utilized to assess symptoms over time. RESULTS: CKM patients were older (mean 84 versus 74 years; P < .001) and almost 2-fold more likely to have three or more comorbidities (P < .001). The median survival of CKM patients was lower compared with dialysis from all time points: 14 months [interquartile range (IQR) 6-32] versus 53 (IQR 28-103) from decision of treatment modality or dialysis start date (P < .001); 15 months (IQR 7-34) versus 64 (IQR 30-103) from the time the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < .001); and 8 months (IQR 3-18) versus 49 (19-101) from eGFR ≤10 mL/min/1.73 m2. A total of 59% of CKM patients reported an improvement in symptoms by their third KSC clinic visit (P < .001). The rate of unplanned hospitalization was 2-fold higher in the dialysis cohort. CONCLUSIONS: CKM patients survive a median of 14 months from the time of modality choice and have a lower rate of hospitalization than dialysis patients. Although the symptom burden in advanced CKD is high, most elderly CKM patients managed through an integrated KSC programme and can achieve improvement in their symptoms over time. These data might help with SDM.

Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Managed with or without Dialysis: An Observational Study.

Background: Emerging research suggests that quality of life (QOL) outcomes, such as maintenance of independence, rather than length of life, are the main priority for many patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD). There is therefore a need to focus on whether QOL for older patients on dialysis differs significantly from conservative kidney management (CKM). This study aimed to describe the QOL trajectory for patients with ESKD, comparing CKM to dialysis and transplantation. Methods: This retrospective, observational study included all patients who attended the Kidney Supportive Care Clinic at St. George Hospital and had one or more EuroQOL (EQ5D5L) questionnaires between July 2014 and May 2020. Kruskal-Wallis tests compared QOL scores between groups at baseline and 12 months. Wilcoxon signed rank tests compared QOL scores from baseline to 18 months within groups. Chi-squared tests compared proportions of patients reporting problems with QOL "domains" between the groups at baseline and 12 months. McNemar's tests compared changes in proportions of patients reporting problems with QOL "domains" within groups from baseline to 12 months. Results: A total of 604 patients had an initial survey. At baseline, patients who were managed conservatively reported more problems with mobility, self-care, and ability to perform usual activities. However, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression were no higher in the conservative population. CKM patients reported no significant decline in mobility, self-care, ability to perform their usual activities, pain/discomfort, or anxiety/depression after 12 months or in QOL scores after 18 months compared with the other groups. Conclusions: QOL scores or symptom burdens did not change significantly in patients receiving CKM compared with dialysis, suggesting that appropriately supported CKM can maintain patients' QOL.

Stabilized Synthesis of 2D Verbeekite: Monoclinic PdSe2 Crystals with High Mobility and In-Plane Optical and Electrical Anisotropy.

PdSe2 has a layered structure with an unusual, puckered Cairo pentagonal tiling. Its atomic bond configuration features planar 4-fold-coordinated Pd atoms and intralayer Se-Se bonds that enable polymorphic phases with distinct electronic and quantum properties, especially when atomically thin. PdSe2 is conventionally orthorhombic, and direct synthesis of its metastable polymorphic phases is still a challenge. Here, we report an ambient-pressure chemical vapor deposition approach to synthesize metastable monoclinic PdSe2. Monoclinic PdSe2 is shown to be synthesized selectively under Se-deficient conditions that induce Se vacancies. These defects are shown by first-principles density functional theory calculations to reduce the free energy of the metastable monoclinic phase, thereby stabilizing it during synthesis. The structure and composition of the monoclinic PdSe2 crystals are identified and characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, convergent beam electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Polarized Raman spectroscopy of the monoclinic PdSe2 flakes reveals their strong in-plane optical anisotropy. Electrical transport measurements show that the monoclinic PdSe2 exhibits n-type charge carrier conduction with electron mobilities up to ∼298 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a strong in-plane electron mobility anisotropy of ∼1.9. The defect-mediated growth pathway identified in this work is promising for phase-selective direct synthesis of other 2D transition metal dichalcogenides.

Prevalence of Taste Changes and Association with Other Nutrition-Related Symptoms in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and have been associated with reduced health-related quality of life and malnutrition. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of taste changes in an ESKD population and to evaluate whether taste changes are associated with the presence or severity of other nutrition-related symptoms and malnutrition. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective audit of people with ESKD on conservative, nondialysis management or renal replacement therapy who had completed a taste change assessment. Taste change was assessed on a Likert scale from none to overwhelming. Descriptions of taste changes were also collected. Other outcomes included gastrointestinal symptoms collected using the iPOS-renal symptom inventory, nutritional status, and biochemical parameters. RESULTS: In total, 298 patients were included in our analysis. Taste changes were reported in 38% of this cohort. Taste changes were significantly associated with upper gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and dry/sore mouth) and malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that taste changes are highly prevalent and probably under-recognized in ESKD. Further investigation of the association with malnutrition is needed. Future trials are needed to evaluate strategies to manage taste changes in this population.

Recognizing Cardiovascular Risk After Preeclampsia: The P4 Study.

Background There is increased risk of hypertension, early cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality in women who have had preeclampsia. This study was undertaken to determine the upper limit of normal blood pressure (BP) 6 months postpartum and the frequency of women with prior preeclampsia who had BP above these limits, as part of the P4 (Post-Partum Physiology, Psychology and Pediatric) follow-up study. Methods and Results BP was measured by sphygmomanometer, 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring, and non-invasive central BP at 6 months postpartum in 302 women who had normotensive pregnancy and 90 who had preeclampsia. The upper limit of normal BP (mean+2 SD) for women with normotensive pregnancy was 122/79 mm Hg for routine BP, 115/81 mm Hg for central BP, and 121/78 mm Hg for 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Traditional normal values detected only 3% of women who had preeclampsia as having high BP 6 months postpartum whereas these new values detected between 13% and 19%. Women with preeclampsia had greater body mass index (27.8 versus 25.0, P<0.001) and left ventricular wall thickness but similar augmentation index. They also had lower high-density lipoprotein (59±15 versus 65±16 mg/dL, P=0.002), higher triglycerides (77±51 versus 61±35 mg/dL, P=0.005), and higher homeostatic model assessment score (2.1±1.8 versus 1.3±1.9, P<0.001). Conclusions Clinicians wishing to detect high BP in these women should be aware of the lower than usual upper limit of normal for this young cohort and where possible should use 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring to detect these changes. This may define a subgroup of women who had preeclampsia for whom targeted BP lowering therapy would be successful. Registration URL: https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365295&isReview=true; Unique identifier: ACTRN12613001260718.

Impact of Renal Supportive Care on Symptom Burden in Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: Symptom burden is a strong predictor of reduced health-related quality of life and survival in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Renal supportive care (RSC) is a comprehensive approach shown to benefit symptoms in nondialysis conservatively managed patients, although its role in dialysis patients has not been reported. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the impacts of RSC intervention on symptoms in dialysis patients. METHODS: Dialysis patients who were referred to an RSC clinic for symptom control between April 2010 and December 2017 were followed prospectively. Symptoms were scored using the Integrated Palliative care Outcomes Scale-Renal Inventory. Change in symptoms was analyzed at three visits and at final RSC visit within the study period. Correlation and linear regression were used to assess for effect modifiers. RESULTS: A total of 127 dialysis patients attended the RSC clinic for symptom management. Median age was 74 years, 62% males, median dialysis vintage was 2.2 years, and median-modified Charlson Comorbidity Index was 7. Mean combined physical and emotional symptom score at baseline was 17.5 (SD 9.6), the most overwhelming/severe symptoms being difficulty sleeping (35%), pain (31%), lack of energy (31%), poor mobility (24%), and itch (22%). Eighty patients had follow-up to at least three RSC visits (median 3.1 months). There was significant improvement in combined physical and emotional symptom score during three clinic visits (18.1 vs. 14.2; mean change -3.8; 95% CI -5.7 to -1.9; P < 0.001), with greatest improvement in symptom scores for the five most severe symptoms (each P < 0.001). Follow-up of these 80 patients to final RSC visit (median 13.0 months) showed sustained reduction in mean combined physical and emotional symptom score (18.1 vs. 14.4; mean change -3.7; 95% CI -5.6 to -1.7; P < 0.001). These changes occurred without change in dialysis delivery. CONCLUSION: RSC intervention that focuses on symptom control and patient-centered care is associated with improved total and individual symptom burden in dialysis patients. This supports a role for RSC as a management adjunct in these patients.

Two-Dimensional Palladium Diselenide with Strong In-Plane Optical Anisotropy and High Mobility Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Two-dimensional (2D) palladium diselenide (PdSe2 ) has strong interlayer coupling and a puckered pentagonal structure, leading to remarkable layer-dependent electronic structures and highly anisotropic in-plane optical and electronic properties. However, the lack of high-quality, 2D PdSe2 crystals grown by bottom-up approaches limits the study of their exotic properties and practical applications. In this work, chemical vapor deposition growth of highly crystalline few-layer (≥2 layers) PdSe2 crystals on various substrates is reported. The high quality of the PdSe2 crystals is confirmed by low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electrical characterization. In addition, strong in-plane optical anisotropy is demonstrated via polarized Raman spectroscopy and second-harmonic generation maps of the PdSe2 flakes. A theoretical model based on kinetic Wulff construction theory and density functional theory calculations is developed and described the observed evolution of "square-like" shaped PdSe2 crystals into rhombus due to the higher nucleation barriers for stable attachment on the (1,1) and (1,-1) edges, which results in their slower growth rates. Few-layer PdSe2 field-effect transistors reveal tunable ambipolar charge carrier conduction with an electron mobility up to ≈294 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is comparable to that of exfoliated PdSe2 , indicating the promise of this anisotropic 2D material for electronics.

High-Resolution Laser-Induced Graphene. Flexible Electronics beyond the Visible Limit.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a multifunctional graphene foam that is commonly direct-written with an infrared laser into a carbon-based precursor material. Here, a visible 405 nm laser is used to directly convert polyimide into LIG. This enabled the formation of LIG with a spatial resolution of ∼12 µm and a thickness of <5 µm. The spatial resolution enabled by the relatively smaller focused spot size of the 405 nm laser represents a >60% reduction in LIG feature sizes reported in prior publications. This process occurs in situ in an SEM chamber, thus allowing direct observation of LIG formation. The reduced size of the LIG features enables the direct-write formation of flexible electronics that are not visible to the unaided eye. A humidity sensor is demonstrated which could detect human breath with a response time of 250 ms. With the growing interest in LIG for flexible electronics and sensors, finer features can greatly expand its utility.

Layer-by-Layer Thinning of PdSe2 Flakes via Plasma Induced Oxidation and Sublimation.

Controlled O2/Ar plasma exposure and subsequent low temperature inert atmosphere annealing of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown PdSe2 flakes etch PdSe2 layer-by-layer in an atomic layer etching-like (ALE) process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that exposure to a remote inductively coupled plasma (ICP) oxygen plasma oxidizes the top layer of the PdSe2 to form PdO2 and SeO2. After an in situ annealing, XPS shows no trace of PdO2 or SeO2, suggesting the byproducts are volatile at low temperature. Atomic force microscopy of PdSe2 exposed to various O2 + Ar plasmas (O2 = 25-100%) demonstrates a clear trend between the oxygen concentration and the number of layers etched per cycle. PdSe2 field effect transistors (FETs) were characterized at various stages of two ALE-like cycles, and the electrical properties are correlated to the oxidation and byproduct desorption and layer reduction.

Medical complications of homelessness: a neglected side of men's health.

BACKGROUND: Homelessness is an increasing societal and health issue associated with high rates of substance abuse and mental health disorders. Homeless people die more often and at a younger age than others. AIM: To identify health needs and improve healthcare for homeless men. METHODS: A physician-led clinic was established on-site at the Mission Australia Centre in Sydney, incorporating: (i) liver screening, including portable fibroscan testing, and on-site treatment of hepatitis C; (ii) a mental health clinic, staffed by a psychiatrist; and (iii) a nurse-led clinic to follow up medical issues and deliver vaccinations. Patient data were recorded prospectively to determine what medical problems were encountered so as to drive future healthcare planning. RESULTS: A total of 257 men was assessed between November 2011 and December 2017. In that time, 561 men resided at the Centre. Of these 257 men who attended the clinic, 61% were <45 years old; 69% were current and 8% former smokers; 62% had a history of chronic alcoholic abuse and 66% other substance abuse; 64% had one or more of depression, anxiety, psychosis or another mental health disorder and 44% had metabolic syndrome features, 38% cardiovascular disease, 29% hepatitis C and 21% a respiratory disorder. CONCLUSION: The main health needs of homeless men fall into the categories of mental health; cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic disorders and addictions and hepatitis C. Establishing on-site clinics at homeless shelters with expertise to address these issues will likely improve the well-being of these men, reduce hospital admissions and prolong their lives.

Atmospheric and Long-term Aging Effects on the Electrical Properties of Variable Thickness WSe2 Transistors.

Atmospheric and long-term aging effects on electrical properties of WSe2 transistors with various thicknesses are examined. Although countless published studies report electrical properties of transition-metal dichalcogenide materials, many are not attentive to testing environment or to age of samples, which we have found significantly impacts results. Our as-fabricated exfoliated WSe2 pristine devices are predominantly n-type, which is attributed to selenium vacancies. Transfer characteristics of as-fabricated devices measured in air then vacuum reveal physisorbed atmospheric molecules significantly reduced n-type conduction in air. First-principles calculations suggest this short-term reversible atmospheric effect can be attributed primarily to physisorbed H2O on pristine WSe2, which is easily removed from the pristine surface in vacuum due to the low adsorption energy. Devices aged in air for over 300 h demonstrate irreversibly increased p-type conduction and decreased n-type conduction. Additionally, they develop an extended time constant for recovery of the atmospheric adsorbents effect. Short-term atmospheric aging (up to approximately 900 h) is attributed to O2 and H2O molecules physisorbed to selenium vacancies where electron transfer from the bulk and adsorbed binding energies are higher than the H2O-pristine WSe2. The residual/permanent aging component is attributed to electron trapping molecular O2 and isoelectronic O chemisorption at selenium vacancies, which also passivates the near-conduction band gap state, p-doping the material, with very high binding energy. All effects demonstrated have the expected thickness dependence, namely, thinner devices are more sensitive to atmospheric and long-term aging effects.

High performance top-gated multilayer WSe2 field effect transistors.

In this paper, high performance top-gated WSe2 field effect transistor (FET) devices are demonstrated via a two-step remote plasma assisted ALD process. High-quality, low-leakage aluminum oxide (Al2O3) gate dielectric layers are deposited onto the WSe2 channel using a remote plasma assisted ALD process with an ultrathin (∼1 nm) titanium buffer layer. The first few nanometers (∼2 nm) of the Al2O3 dielectric film is deposited at relatively low temperature (i.e. 50 °C) and remainder of the film is deposited at 150 °C to ensure the conformal coating of Al2O3 on the WSe2 surface. Additionally, an ultra-thin titanium buffer layer is introduced at the WSe2 channel surface prior to ALD process to mitigate oxygen plasma induced doping effects. Excellent device characteristics with current on-off ratio in excess of 106 and a field effect mobility as high as 70.1 cm2 V-1 s-1 are achieved in a few-layer WSe2 FET device with a 30 nm Al2O3 top-gate dielectric. With further investigation and careful optimization, this method can play an important role for the realization of high performance top gated FETs for future optoelectronic device applications.

Jehovah's Witness parents' refusal of blood transfusions: Ethical considerations for psychologists.

Psychologists in medical settings may be confronted with Jehovah's Witness parents refusing blood transfusions for their children as an ethical dilemma. The purpose of this discussion is to help psychologists provide informed, ethical consultations and support by investigating the values of the Jehovah's Witness community and the origin of the blood transfusion taboo, how medical and legal professionals have approached this dilemma, exploring relevant ethical principles and standards for psychologists, and suggestions for how to move toward a better understanding of harm with Jehovah's Witness families.

Symptoms and cystoscopic findings in patients with untreated interstitial cystitis.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationships between symptoms and cystoscopic findings in women newly diagnosed with interstitial cystitis who had not previously received treatment. METHODS: Twelve newly diagnosed and not previously treated women with interstitial cystitis completed a bladder symptom questionnaire the day before undergoing cystoscopy, hydrodistension, and biopsy. The daily voiding frequency was reported. Cystoscopic findings were converted to a numerical scale, and the data were analyzed using Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Pain symptoms had consistent positive correlations with the cystoscopic findings. An increase in pain with bladder filling was associated with inflammation (P = 0.011), ulceration, and smaller bladder capacity. Pain relief after voiding correlated with smaller bladder capacity (P = 0.019), hematuria, and total cystoscopic score. Pain intensity in the urethra was related to ulceration and hematuria, and pain in the lower abdomen was related to a smaller bladder capacity (P = 0.047), glomerulations, and a larger total cystoscopic score. Daytime frequency correlated negatively with most cystoscopic findings, and nocturnal frequency had a positive relationship with most cystoscopic findings and was significantly associated with a smaller bladder capacity (P = 0.010). Urgency showed no strong associations with any cystoscopic findings. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with untreated interstitial cystitis, a strong correlation between pain and cystoscopic findings was observed. The differences between our results and those of previous studies that found no relationship between symptom reports and cystoscopic findings suggest possible effects of treatment on pain perception and therapeutic influence on cystoscopic findings.

Depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients with interstitial cystitis.

PURPOSE: Previous research suggests that patients with interstitial cystitis have poorer quality of life and higher levels of depressive symptoms. However, most studies to date have been limited by the lack of standard measures to describe the experience of living with interstitial cystitis. In addition, to our knowledge no study has used a structured interview to assess depressive symptomatology. We investigated the extent of depressive symptoms and impaired quality of life in a sample of female patients with interstitial cystitis compared with healthy controls. Relationships among physician rated symptom severity, quality of life and depressive symptoms were also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At a clinic visit 65 female patients previously diagnosed with interstitial cystitis and 40 age matched, healthy controls completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form), and a structured interview on depressive symptoms (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) with trained interviewers. RESULTS: Patients reported compromised quality of life compared with healthy controls across various domains, including physical functioning, ability to function in one's normal role and vitality. They also had more severe depressive symptoms on the 2 depression measures. In patients, greater interstitial cystitis severity was associated with greater compromise in physical and social functioning, and mental health but not in other quality of life domains or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis of interstitial cystitis is related to poorer functioning in various life domains. Decrements increase with disease severity.

Diurnal cortisol variations and symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis.

PURPOSE: Little attention has focused on systemic factors that may allow a state of chronic bladder inflammation to be established and maintained in interstitial cystitis cases. Abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal feedback system result in poorer regulation of the inflammatory response and are present in many chronic inflammatory and pain conditions, of which some have high co-morbidity with interstitial cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 patients with interstitial cystitis and 35 healthy, age matched controls collected 24-hour urine samples and 3 days of salivary samples at 7 to 8 a.m., 4 to 5 p.m. and 8 to 9 p.m. for cortisol analysis. In addition, they completed a concurrent symptom questionnaire. Prospective symptom diaries also were completed in the month before sampling. RESULTS: Mean urinary or salivary cortisol did not differ in patients and controls. However, patients with interstitial cystitis and higher morning cortisol had significantly less pain and urgency, while those with higher urinary free cortisol reported less overall symptomatology (p <0.05). Relationships with morning cortisol were also observed when controlling for co-morbid conditions known to be affected by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue and rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with morning cortisol less than 12.5 nmol./l. were 12.8 times more likely to report high urinary urgency than those with values above this cutoff. CONCLUSIONS: These findings imply that regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be associated with interstitial cystitis symptomatology and there may be different diurnal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal patterns in patients with interstitial cystitis who do and do not have co-morbid conditions. These findings may have treatment implications for patients with interstitial cystitis who have early morning cortisol deficiencies.