The course of spinal tuberculosis (Pott disease): results of the multinational, multicentre Backbone-2 study.

We aimed to describe clinical, laboratory, diagnostic and therapeutic features of spinal tuberculosis (ST), also known as Pott disease. A total of 314 patients with ST from 35 centres in Turkey, Egypt, Albania and Greece were included. Median duration from initial symptoms to the time of diagnosis was 78 days. The most common complications presented before diagnosis were abscesses (69%), neurologic deficits (40%), spinal instability (21%) and spinal deformity (16%). Lumbar (56%), thoracic (49%) and thoracolumbar (13%) vertebrae were the most commonly involved sites of infection. Although 51% of the patients had multiple levels of vertebral involvement, 8% had noncontiguous involvement of multiple vertebral bodies. The causative agent was identified in 41% of cases. Histopathologic examination was performed in 200 patients (64%), and 74% were consistent with tuberculosis. Medical treatment alone was implemented in 103 patients (33%), while 211 patients (67%) underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic surgical intervention. Ten percent of the patients required more than one surgical intervention. Mortality occurred in 7 patients (2%), and 77 (25%) developed sequelae. The distribution of the posttreatment sequelae were as follows: 11% kyphosis, 6% Gibbus deformity, 5% scoliosis, 5% paraparesis, 5% paraplegia and 4% loss of sensation. Older age, presence of neurologic deficit and spinal deformity were predictors of unfavourable outcome. ST results in significant morbidity as a result of its insidious course and delayed diagnosis because of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. ST should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with vertebral osteomyelitis, especially in tuberculosis-endemic regions. Early establishment of definitive aetiologic diagnosis and appropriate treatment are of paramount importance to prevent development of sequelae.

Outbreak of meningitis due to Serratia marcescens after spinal anaesthesia.

This article describes an outbreak of meningitis caused by Serratia marcescens in patients who had undergone spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Bacterial meningitis was diagnosed in 12 of the 46 patients who underwent a caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia in a 75-bed private hospital between 6(th) and 14(th) March 2011. S. marcescens was isolated from samples taken from four prefilled syringes and one bag containing 5% dextrose with norepinephrine, suggesting that medications used in spinal anaesthesia were contaminated extrinsically. Strategies for prevention of anaesthesia-associated infections in operating theatres are discussed.

Update on treatment options for spinal brucellosis.

We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of antibiotic regimens and optimal duration of therapy in complicated and uncomplicated forms of spinal brucellosis. This is a multicentre, retrospective and comparative study involving a total of 293 patients with spinal brucellosis from 19 health institutions. Comparison of complicated and uncomplicated spinal brucellosis was statistically analysed. Complicated spinal brucellosis was diagnosed in 78 (26.6%) of our patients. Clinical presentation was found to be significantly more acute, with fever and weight loss, in patients in the complicated group. They had significantly higher leukocyte and platelet counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive protein levels, and lower haemoglobulin levels. The involvement of the thoracic spine was significantly more frequent in complicated cases. Spondylodiscitis was complicated, with paravertebral abscess in 38 (13.0%), prevertebral abscess in 13 (4.4%), epidural abscess in 30 (10.2%), psoas abscess in 10 (3.4%) and radiculitis in 8 (2.7%) patients. The five major combination regimens were: doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and streptomycin 1 g/day; doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and gentamicin 5 mg/kg; doxycycline 200 mg/day and rifampicin 600 mg/day; doxycycline 200 mg/day and streptomycin 1 g/day; and doxycycline 200 mg/day, rifampicin 600 mg/day and ciprofloxacin 1 g/day. There were no significant therapeutic differences between these antibiotic groups; the results were similar regarding the complicated and uncomplicated groups. Patients were mostly treated with doxycycline and rifampicin with or without an aminoglycoside. In the former subgroup, complicated cases received antibiotics for a longer duration than uncomplicated cases. Early recognition of complicated cases is critical in preventing devastating complications. Antimicrobial treatment should be prolonged in complicated spinal brucellosis in particular.

Surgical site infections and mortality in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE: We present the characteristics and outcome of surgical site infections (SSI) in patients 65 years of age or more, and determine the factors influencing mortality. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study, comparing patients who survived with those who died, to identify risk factors associated with mortality among elderly patients presenting with SSI. The diagnosis of SSI was made for each patient, according to the CDC's standardized criteria. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients presenting with SSI were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 75 ± 6 (65-92), 68% were male patients. The most frequently isolated pathogen was Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 24). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 25.3%. The statistical analysis revealed that gastrointestinal surgery, organ/space infections, polymicrobial infections, and higher SOFA scores were significantly associated with hospital mortality (P = 0.005, P = 0.0001, P = 0.047, P = 0.0001). According to laboratory tests, higher white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil count, higher total bilirubin level, and lower thrombocyte count and albumin levels were significantly associated with hospital mortality (P = 0.040, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, P = 0.019, P=0.002). Multivariate analyses revealed that serum albumin (P = 0.004, OR = 11.3, CI 95% 2.16-59.07), organ/space SSI (P = 0.0001, OR = 11.65, CI 95% 3.003-45.21), and SOFA score (P = 0.030, OR = 2.742, 1.100-6.84) were independent risk factors associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Serum albumin levels, organ/space infections, and higher SOFA scores were independently significantly associated with hospital mortality in older patients with SSI. Serum albumin levels should be closely monitored, and if necessary, early surgery should be performed.