Imaging diagnosis: Disseminated hemangiosarcoma in a Welsh pony.

A 16-year-old pony gelding presented with epistaxis and a head tilt. Referral skull radiographs suggested an ethmoid hematoma. Concurrent neurologic abnormalities prompted contrast-enhanced CT of the head and cranial neck, revealing numerous hyperattenuating masses throughout the brain and paranasal sinuses, along with a large osteolytic mass in the second cervical vertebra. The vertebral mass extended into the vertebral canal, causing focal extradural compressive myelopathy. These findings were inconsistent with ethmoid hematoma and metastatic hemangiosarcoma or malignant melanoma were prioritized as potential causes for the clinical signs. Postmortem examination confirmed the sinonasal, intracranial, and vertebral masses as hemangiosarcoma, and additionally revealed innumerable thoracoabdominal metastatic lesions and hemorrhagic foci. A final diagnosis of disseminated hemangiosarcoma was made. In this study, CT proved invaluable for evaluating the severity and characterizing regional disease and neural involvement, directly affecting case management decisions.

ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF THYROID LESIONS IN TWO SHORT-BEAKED ECHIDNAS (TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS).

Two zoo-maintained short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) had long histories of intermittent anorexia and lethargy. Case 1 presented with a recurrence of these signs after transfer to another facility and died shortly after arrival. A focal area of hyperattenuation within the paratracheal tissue of the cranial mediastinum was noted antemortem on CT. Postmortem, this corresponded with severe thyroid follicular hyperplasia with lymphoplasmacytic thyroiditis. Additional findings included a systemic fungal infection without an inflammatory response, suggesting underlying factors such as torpor or immunosuppression. In Case 2, an intrathoracic mass was identified during a preshipment examination. CT confirmed a contrast-enhanced mass compressing the cranial vena cava and right atrium, and the animal was euthanized. The mass was diagnosed histologically as thyroid adenocarcinoma. These cases report thyroiditis and thyroid adenocarcinoma in echidna and describe the use of IV contrast and CT as a diagnostic aid in this species.

Regional Anesthesia of the Dentition in Bennett's Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus): Anatomical Landmarks and Approaches Assessed with Computed Tomography and Gross Dissection.

Dental disease is common in captive-managed macropods, including Bennett's wallabies, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Dental extractions and debridement of diseased tissue is often necessary for those undergoing treatment for severe dental disease. Regional anesthesia of the dentition is considered standard of care for domestic animals undergoing orofacial surgery, however, it is not routinely performed in macropods due to limited information on dental anatomy and block approaches. Regional block descriptions for the infraorbital, maxillary, inferior alveolar, and mental blocks in domestic dogs and cats were evaluated and adapted for use in Bennett's wallabies based on descriptions of their anatomy and examination of 2 skulls. These approaches were then performed on cadaver heads with iohexol and methylene blue dye, and block placement was assessed on computed tomography scans and by gross dissection. All block approaches described in this study resulted in appropriate placement of regional anesthesia of the dentition in Bennett's wallabies. They can thus be used by clinicians to improve the intra and postoperative pain control of patients and provide a high level of veterinary care.

Metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin in a dog.

Although cancer of unknown primary origin (CUP) is well-described in the human literature, it is not as well-understood within veterinary medicine. This case report represents one of few focused on describing CUP in a dog. Key clinical message: Metastatic CUP should be considered as a differential diagnosis despite being a rare disease entity that is infrequently reported within the veterinary literature.

Carcinome métastatique d'origine inconnue chez un chien. Bien que le cancer d'origine primaire inconnue (CUP) soit bien décrit dans la littérature humaine, il n'est pas aussi bien compris en médecine vétérinaire. Ce rapport de cas représente l'un des rares à s'intéresser à la description du CUP chez un chien.Message clinique clé:Le CUP métastatique doit être considéré comme un diagnostic différentiel bien qu'il s'agisse d'une entité de maladie rare rarement rapportée dans la littérature vétérinaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Temporal tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy resolution is affected by initial severity and poorly correlated to serologic antibody testing in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between antibody serologic tests and tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy (TBL) in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and identify variables associated with time to resolution of TBL. ANIMALS: 32 client owned dogs with newly diagnosed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis from October 2020 to February 2021. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Thoracic radiographs and anti-Coccidioides spp antibody serology were performed at baseline and once every 3 months until remission or for a maximum of 12 months. Radiographic tracheobronchial lymph node height, length, and area were measured and recorded as ratios via comparison with the length of the T4 vertebral body (LT4) and length of the manubrium. Severity of TBL was also subjectively categorized as mild, moderate, or severe. RESULTS: Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy was identified in 81% (26/32; 95% CI, 64% to 93%) of dogs. There was no relevant association between TBL presence or severity and antibody serology results. Tracheobronchial lymphadenopathy resolved in 72% (n = 18) of dogs at the 3-month evaluation. The median time to resolution of TBL after initiation of fluconazole was 96 days (range, 72 to 386 days). Univariate analysis identified increasing TBL severity (hazard ratio, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.84; P = .02) and length:LT4 ratio (hazard ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.82; P = .01) as variables associated with reduced probability of resolution of TBL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Antibody serologic test results are not clinically useful to predict TBL presence or severity in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and larger tracheobronchial lymph nodes are more likely to take longer to resolve. Resolution of TBL occurs in most dogs within 3 to 6 months after fluconazole administration.

Multilobular tumor of bone arising from the palatomaxillary suture line in the skull of a dog.

A 6-year-old neutered male bloodhound dog was presented for surgical evaluation of an intraoral hard palate mass noted during a routine dental cleaning performed by the primary veterinarian. Computed tomography (CT) of the skull revealed a well-defined, multilobular, mineralized mass with a coarse, granular appearance, centered along the palatomaxillary suture extending into both the nasal and oral cavities. Bilateral caudal maxillectomy was performed for curative-intent resection of the tumor. The histopathology of the mass was consistent with a completely excised palatomaxillary multilobular tumor of bone (MLTB). This is apparently the 1st successful report of surgical excision of an MLTB associated with the palatomaxillary suture line. Key clinical message: Our findings emphasized that MLTB should be considered as a differential diagnosis for masses arising in the location of cranial sutures, and a definitive diagnosis can be made postoperatively with histopathology of the mass.

Tumeur osseuse multi-lobulaire résultant de la ligne de suture palato-maxillaire dans le crâne d'un chien. Un chien Saint-Hubert mâle castré de 6 ans a été présenté pour évaluation chirurgicale d'une masse intrabuccale du palais dur notée lors d'un nettoyage dentaire de routine effectué par le vétérinaire initial. La tomodensitométrie (CT) du crâne a révélé une masse minéralisée multi-lobulaire bien définie avec un aspect grossier et granuleux, centrée le long de la suture palato-maxillaire s'étendant dans les cavités nasale et buccale. Une maxillectomie caudale bilatérale a été réalisée pour une résection à visée curative de la tumeur. L'histopathologie de la masse était compatible avec une tumeur osseuse multi-lobulaire palato-maxillaire complètement excisée (MLTB). Il s'agit apparemment du premier rapport réussi d'excision chirurgicale d'une MLTB associé à la ligne de suture palato-maxillaire.Message clinique clé :Nos résultats ont souligné que la MLTB doit être considérée comme un diagnostic différentiel pour les masses apparaissant à l'emplacement des sutures crâniennes, et un diagnostic définitif peut être posé en postopératoire avec l'histopathologie de la masse.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Central and left division hepatectomies in two dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of extensive hepatectomy in 2 dogs. ANIMALS: A 10-year-old female intact mixed-breed dog (case 1) and an 11-year-old male castrated mixed-breed dog (case 2) were presented for surgical evaluation following diagnosis of a hepatic mass. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: 16 months before presentation, case 1 had undergone a left lateral liver lobectomy, which resulted in an incomplete resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Both dogs underwent surgical excision of the liver mass. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: In case 1, surgery consisted of the removal of the remaining left medial lobe, as well as the central division. Case 2 received a complete left and central division hepatectomy. Histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in both dogs. Liver enzyme resolution and lack of tumor recurrence were confirmed with chemistry panel and abdominal ultrasonography in both dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This case report describes, for the first time, the clinical management and outcome of extensive hepatectomy in 2 dogs. We propose that extensive hepatectomy, staged or synchronous, is possible in a clinical setting.

Chiari-like malformation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels impacts brainstem auditory-evoked response latency results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hearing loss in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), breed-specific brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) testing parameters are needed to help assess the Chiari-like malformation (CM) grade. The purpose of this study was to establish breed-specific BAER data and to determine if BAER indexes differed based on the CM grade. We hypothesized that there would be latency differences based on the CM grade. ANIMALS: 20 CKCS without apparent hearing abnormalities as assessed by the owners. PROCEDURES: Under general anesthesia, CKCS underwent a CT scan (to assess the middle ear), BAER testing, and MRI (to assess the grade of CM). RESULTS: No CKCS had CM0. Nine (45%) CKCS had CM1; 11 (55%) had CM2. All had at least 1 morphologic abnormality in waveforms. Absolute and interpeak latencies were reported for all CKCS and compared between CM grades. The median threshold for CKCS with CM1 was 39 and for CM2 was 46. Absolute latencies for CKCS with CM2 were consistently longer than those for CKCS with CM1 with the exception of waves II and V at 33 dB. Significant differences were found for wave V at 102 dB ( P = .04) and wave II at 74 dB (P = .008). Interpeak latency comparisons were inconsistent between CM1 and CM2. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Breed-specific BAER data for CKCS with CM1 and CM2 were established. The results suggest that CM impacts BAER latency results, but the influence of the malformation is not always statistically significant or predictable.

Evaluation of a photodynamic therapy agent using a canine prostate cancer model.

BACKGROUND: Male dogs can develop spontaneous prostate cancer, which is similar physiologically to human disease. Recently, Tweedle and coworkers have developed an orthotopic canine prostate model allowing implanted tumors and therapeutic agents to be tested in a more translational large animal model. We used the canine model to evaluate prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted gold nanoparticles as a theranostic approach for fluorescence (FL) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of early stage prostate cancer. METHODS: Dogs (four in total) were immunosuppressed with a cyclosporine-based immunosuppressant regimen and their prostate glands were injected with Ace-1-hPSMA cells using transabdominal ultrasound (US) guidance. Intraprostatic tumors grew in 4-5 weeks and were monitored by ultrasound (US). When tumors reached an appropriate size, dogs were injected intravenously (iv) with PSMA-targeted nano agents (AuNPs-Pc158) and underwent surgery 24 h later to expose the prostate tumors for FL imaging and PDT. Ex vivo FL imaging and histopathological studies were performed to confirm PDT efficacy. RESULTS: All dogs had tumor growth in the prostate gland as revealed by US. Twenty-four hours after injection of PSMA-targeted nano agents (AuNPs-Pc158), the tumors were imaged using a Curadel FL imaging device. While normal prostate tissue had minimal fluorescent signal, the prostate tumors had significantly increased FL. PDT was activated by irradiating specific fluorescent tumor areas with laser light (672 nm). PDT bleached the FL signal, while fluorescent signals from the other unexposed tumor tissues were unaffected. Histological analysis of tumors and adjacent prostate revealed that PDT damaged the irradiated areas to a depth of 1-2 mms with the presence of necrosis, hemorrhage, secondary inflammation, and occasional focal thrombosis. The nonirradiated areas showed no visible damages by PDT. CONCLUSION: We have successfully established a PSMA-expressing canine orthotopic prostate tumor model and used the model to evaluate the PSMA-targeted nano agents (AuNPs-Pc158) in the application of FL imaging and PDT. It was demonstrated that the nano agents allowed visualization of the cancer cells and enabled their destruction when they were irradiated with a specific wavelength of light.

Cavitary pulmonary lesion wall thickness, presence of additional nodules, and intralesional contrast enhancement are associated with malignancy in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the CT features of cavitary pulmonary lesions and determine their utility to differentiate malignant from benign lesions. ANIMALS: This retrospective study included cases from 5 veterinary medical centers between January 1 2010, and December 31, 2020. Inclusion criteria included having a gas-filled cavitary pulmonary lesion on thoracic CT and definitive diagnosis by either cytology or histopathology. Forty-two animals (27 dogs and 15 cats) were included in this study. PROCEDURES: Medical records systems/imaging databases were searched, and cases meeting inclusion criteria were selected. The CT studies were interpreted by a third-year radiology resident, and findings were reviewed by a board-certified veterinary radiologist. RESULTS: 7 of the 13 lesion characteristics investigated were not statistically associated with the final diagnosis of the lesion, whereas 6 were statistically associated. Those that were associated included the presence of intralesional contrast enhancement, type of intralesional contrast enhancement (heterogenous and homogenous analyzed separately), presence of additional nodules, wall thickness of the lesion at its thickest point, and wall thickness at the thinnest point. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results from the present study showed that thoracic CT imaging of cavitary pulmonary lesions can be used to further refine the list of differential diagnoses. Based on this data set, in lesions that have heterogenous contrast enhancement, additional pulmonary nodules, and wall thickness > 40 mm at their thickest point, it would be reasonable to consider malignant neoplastic disease higher on the list of differentials than other causes.

Imaging features of benign synovial inflammation affecting the long digital extensor tendon sheath in a dog.

A dog was evaluated for right pelvic limb lameness. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an irregular, contrast-enhancing mass extending along the proximolateral right tibia, involving the long digital extensor tendon (LDET) ± cranial tibialis muscle. Pulmonary nodules, nonspecific hepatomegaly, and splenic nodules were also present. The primary differential diagnosis was soft tissue neoplasia. Surgical biopsy with histopathology revealed benign, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis. Idiopathic synovial inflammation should be included as a differential diagnosis for dogs with this combination of clinical and imaging characteristics.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis and variables associated with extent of clinically evident disease.

BACKGROUND: Clinicopathologic variables predictive of disseminated coccidioidomycosis are known in humans but have not been explored in dogs. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (OH)D correlates with severity of disease of various etiologies in dogs but its role in coccidioidomycosis is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether serum 25(OH)D concentrations are different in dogs with coccidioidomycosis compared with healthy controls and if clinicopathologic variables are associated with extent of disease. ANIMALS: Thirty-five dogs with coccidioidomycosis (pulmonary, n = 13; disseminated, n = 15; uncharacterized, n = 7), and 25 healthy control dogs. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Serum 25(OH)D and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured with modified-HPLC and a commercial ELISA kit, respectively. RESULTS: There was no difference in 25(OH)D concentrations between dogs with coccidioidomycosis (median, interquartile range [IQR]; 31.9 ng/mL, 23.3-49.2) and controls (29.5 ng/mL, 25.6-40.8, P = .73). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower in dogs with coccidioidomycosis and IgG titers ≥1:32 than dogs with titers below this cut-off (P = .02). Dogs with IgG titers ≥1:32 were more likely to have disseminated disease (OR, 7.5; 95% CI: 1.1-68; P = .03). Serum CRP concentrations were higher in dogs with IgG titers ≥1:16 (median, IQR; 4474.8 ng/mL, 2885.8-8236.1) than in those below this cut-off (151.2 ng/mL, 30.4-2907.3; P = .02). There was a significant inverse association between serum 25(OH)D and CRP at 25(OH)D concentrations ≤33 ng/mL. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Serum 25(OH)D concentration was lower for dogs with IgG titers ≥1:32, indicating a potential association between semi-quantitative titers and 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with coccidioidomycosis. IgG titers ≥1:32 yielded higher odds of disseminated disease, but was inadequate as a standalone test to determine form of disease.

Preliminary study evaluating the assessment of changes in pulmonary function associated with body positioning in dogs with suspected aspiration pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the variability in arterial blood gas (ABG) assessment of pulmonary function with different body positioning in dogs with suspected aspiration pneumonia. KEY FINDINGS: The median differences in alveolar-arterial gradient, Pao2 , and Paco2 values in different recumbencies were not statistically significantly different, both within patients and across the study population. No difference was noted in ABG values in the subgroups with unilateral or bilateral disease or that were more affected on the right side versus the left side. SIGNIFICANCE: This preliminary study provides data that can be used to calculate appropriate sample sizes for subsequent studies investigating the impact of recumbency on pulmonary function in patients with aspiration pneumonia.

Multi-species outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a zoological institution, with the detection in two new families of carnivores.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a worldwide distribution in humans and many other mammalian species. In late September 2021, 12 animals maintained by the Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Zoo were observed with variable clinical signs. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in faeces and nasal swabs by qRT-PCR, including the first detection in animals from the families Procyonidae and Viverridae. Test positivity rate was 12.5% for 35 animals tested. All animals had been vaccinated with at least one dose of a recombinant vaccine designed for animals and all recovered with variable supportive treatment. Sequence analysis showed that six zoo animal strains were closely correlated with 18 human SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggestive of potential human-to-animal transmission events. This report documents the expanding host range of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.

What Is Your Diagnosis?

In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Radiology.

Mediastinal Fibrosarcoma in a Dog-Case Report.

This represents the first published case report of mediastinal fibrosarcoma in a dog. An 8-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog was presented for evaluation of lethargy and increased panting. Thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma revealed moderate pleural effusion. Thoracic radiograph findings were suggestive of a cranial mediastinal mass. Computed tomography revealed a mass within the right ventral aspect of the cranial mediastinum. On surgical exploration, a cranial mediastinal mass with an adhesion to the right cranial lung lobe was identified and removed en-bloc using a vessel sealant device and requiring a partial lung lobectomy. Histopathology results described the cranial mediastinal mass as fibrosarcoma with reactive mesothelial cells identified within the sternal lymph node. The patient was treated with systemic chemotherapy following surgical removal. To date, the dog has survived 223 days following diagnosis with recurrence noted 161 days following diagnosis and radiation therapy was initiated. Primary cranial mediastinal fibrosarcoma while a seemingly rare cause of thoracic pathology in dogs, should be considered in the differential diagnosis for a cranial mediastinal mass.

Oral Methylene Blue Treatment in A Dog with Cytochrome B5 Reductase Deficiency And 78, XX Testicular Disorder of Sex Development.

A 6-month-old mixed breed dog was referred for evaluation of a potential disorder of sex development (DSD) and lower than expected energy level. Genitourinary examination revealed ambiguous external genitalia, hypospadias, and a subtle pouch of skin that resembled an empty scrotum. Corrective surgery was planned and subsequently aborted after cyanosis was identified preoperatively and an arterial blood gas analysis by co-oximetry identified increased methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration (35%, normal <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. Ensuing investigations confirmed hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) deficiency via molecular genetic (Arg219Pro homozygous variant in CYB5R3 gene) and biochemical (cytochrome b5 reductase enzyme activity of 8% [normal, 100% activity] testing. Karyotyping and molecular analysis of sex chromosomes revealed the dog was genetically female with a normal female karyotype (78,XX), and was negative for the Y-linked SRY gene and positive for the X-linked androgen receptor gene. Methylene blue (MB, 3.3 mg/kg per os [PO] q24 h) was administered and the MetHb concentration decreased to 9% within 14 days. Urogenital revision surgery proceeded without complication and the dog was maintained on MB (3-4 mg/kg PO q24 h) long-term without adverse effects. This is the first report to describe the use of PO MB to decrease MetHb concentrations in a dog with CYB5R deficiency in preparation for anesthesia and highlights its potential as a viable alternative to the intravenous formulation for elective procedures. In addition, this report describes the clinical, molecular, imaging, surgical, and macroscopic and microscopic pathological features of a dog with SRY-negative, 78,XX testicular DSD.

Case Report: Use of PET/CT to Guide Treatment in a Cat With Presentation Consistent With Hodgkin's-Like Lymphoma.

An 8-year-old male neutered Domestic Long Hair cat was presented for a cervical swelling that was suspected to be an enlarged left retropharyngeal lymph node. In the absence of other lymphadenopathy, this was initially suspected to be Hodgkin's-like lymphoma. A positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) scan was performed using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) to assess for evidence of disease in other locations to guide treatment. Multifocal increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was identified, indicating disease in multiple organs. High-grade lymphoma was confirmed on tissue biopsy. As such, systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy was recommended instead of lymph node extirpation surgery. The cat received a modified CHOP chemotherapy protocol and attained a temporary partial remission. After 2 months of treatment, the cat stopped responding to chemotherapy and was eventually euthanized due to a relapse of disease and decreased quality of life. This case describes the utility of PET/CT to guide treatment in a cat with a presentation consistent with Hodgkin's-like lymphoma.

Conservative management of sacroiliac luxation in 17 dogs: Radiographic changes and long-term owner follow-up.

The long-term outcome of dogs with sacroiliac (SI) luxation treated conservatively was evaluated in this study. The cranial displacement of the ilial wing relative to sacral length was measured. Long-term follow-up was conducted via owner telephone interview. Short-term radiographic changes were analyzed. Seventeen dogs with a mean radiographic follow-up time of 8 weeks ± 1.9 weeks and mean survey follow-up time of 63 months ± 51 months were included. Mean ilial cranial displacement at the time of injury was 42.1% ± 21.4% (range: 9% to 86%). At recheck examination, 7/9 had no worsening of displacement. Thirteen of 17 dogs were bearing weight within 2 weeks. Fourteen dogs (82%) had complete resolution of lameness within 3 months. Fifteen owners (88%) reported an excellent recovery, indicating no current lameness. No dogs were reported to have a poor outcome. Dogs with SI luxation can have excellent long-term outcomes when managed conservatively.

Gestion conservatrice de luxation sacro-iliaque chez 17 chiens : changements radiographiques et suivi à long terme auprès des propriétaires. Le devenir à long terme de chiens avec une luxation sacro-iliaque (SI) traités de manière conservatrice fut évalué dans cette étude. Le déplacement crânial de l'aile iliaque relativement à la longueur sacrale fut mesuré. Le suivi à long terme fut mené auprès des propriétaires via une entrevue téléphonique. Les changements radiographiques à court terme furent analysés. Dix-sept chiens avec un temps moyen de suivi radiographique de 8 semaines ± 1,9 semaine et un temps moyen de suivi de 63 mois ± 51 mois furent inclus. Le déplacement crânial moyen de l'aile iliaque au moment de la blessure était de 42,1 % ± 21,4 % (écart : 9 % à 86 %). Au moment de la réévaluation, le déplacement n'avait pas empiré chez 7/9 chiens. Treize des 17 chiens mettaient du poids sur la jambe affectée en dedans d'une période de 2 semaines. Une résolution complète de la boiterie fut notée chez quatorze chiens (82 %) à l'intérieur d'une période de 3 mois. Quinze propriétaires (88 %) ont rapporté une excellente guérison, en indiquant qu'aucune boiterie n'était observée au moment de l'entrevue. Aucun des chiens ne présenta un résultat médiocre. Un excellent résultat peut être obtenu chez les chiens avec une luxation SI lorsqu'ils sont gérés de manière conservatrice.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).