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1.
Arch Virol ; 165(6): 1515, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32206917

RESUMO

Unfortunately, one of the affiliations of author "A. E. Gorbalenya" was missed in original version. The affiliation is updated here.

2.
Arch Virol ; 165(3): 793-797, 2020 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31980941

RESUMO

Enteroviruses (EVs) and rhinoviruses (RVs) are significant pathogens of humans and are the subject of intensive clinical and epidemiological research and public health measures, notably in the eradication of poliovirus and in the investigation and control of emerging pathogenic EV types worldwide. EVs and RVs are highly diverse in their antigenic properties, tissue tropism, disease associations and evolutionary relationships, but the latter often conflict with previously developed biologically defined terms, such as "coxsackieviruses", "polioviruses" and "echoviruses", which were used before their genetic interrelationships were understood. This has created widespread formatting problems and inconsistencies in the nomenclature for EV and RV types and species in the literature and public databases. As members of the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Picornaviridae Study Group, we describe the correct use of taxon names for these viruses and have produced a series of recommendations for the nomenclature of EV and RV types and their abbreviations. We believe their adoption will promote greater clarity and consistency in the terminology used in the scientific and medical literature. The recommendations will additionally provide a useful reference guide for journals, other publications and public databases seeking to use standardised terms for the growing multitude of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses described worldwide.


Assuntos
Enterovirus/classificação , Rhinovirus/classificação , Terminologia como Assunto , Humanos
3.
J Gen Virol ; 98(10): 2421-2422, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28884666

RESUMO

The family Picornaviridae comprises small non-enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 6.7 to 10.1 kb, and contains >30 genera and >75 species. Most of the known picornaviruses infect mammals and birds, but some have also been detected in reptiles, amphibians and fish. Many picornaviruses are important human and veterinary pathogens and may cause diseases of the central nervous system, heart, liver, skin, gastrointestinal tract or upper respiratory tract. Most picornaviruses are transmitted by the faecal-oral or respiratory routes. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Picornaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/picornaviridae.


Assuntos
Infecções por Picornaviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Picornaviridae/veterinária , Picornaviridae/classificação , Picornaviridae/genética , Anfíbios/virologia , Animais , Aves/virologia , Peixes/virologia , Humanos , Mamíferos/virologia , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , Répteis/virologia , Replicação Viral
4.
J Med Virol ; 85(12): 2139-40, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24037958

RESUMO

CCR5, a leukocyte chemoattractant receptor for chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, promotes innate and adaptive immune responses by mediating leukocyte trafficking within lymph nodes and to peripheral tissues and is also known as a co-receptor for HIV cell entry. Homozygous inheritance of a complete loss-of-function mutation in CCR5 (CCR5Δ32/CCR5Δ32) is associated with symptomatic neuroinflammatory disease in humans with West Nile and Tickborne Encephalitis flavivirus infections. This study sought to establish whether CCR5 deficiency could also be a determinant of clinical outcome after infection by poliovirus which results in central nervous system damage in only a small proportion of cases. We analyzed serum samples from seven patients and 79 controls, collected during the 1984-1985 polio outbreak in Finland, where CCR5Δ32 is relatively common in the general population. The results excluded CCR5 deficiency as the sole determinant of severe neurologic disease after poliovirus infection in this population.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/genética , Receptores CCR5/deficiência , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Finlândia/epidemiologia , Genótipo , História do Século XX , Humanos , Mutação , Poliomielite/história , Adulto Jovem
5.
Epidemiol Infect ; 140(1): 1-13, 2012 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21849095

RESUMO

Environmental poliovirus surveillance (ENV) means monitoring of poliovirus (PV) transmission in human populations by examining environmental specimens supposedly contaminated by human faeces. The rationale is based on the fact that PV-infected individuals, whether presenting with disease symptoms or not, shed large amounts of PV in the faeces for several weeks. As the morbidity:infection ratio of PV infection is very low, this fact contributes to the sensitivity of ENV which under optimal conditions can be better than that of the standard acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The World Health Organization has included ENV in the new Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative for years 2010-2012 to be increasingly used in PV surveillance, supplementing AFP surveillance. In this paper we review the feasibility of using ENV to monitor wild PV and vaccine-derived PV circulation in human populations, based on global experiences in defined epidemiological situations.


Assuntos
Erradicação de Doenças , Saúde Global , Poliomielite/epidemiologia , Poliomielite/prevenção & controle , Monitoramento Ambiental , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Humanos , Poliomielite/virologia , Poliovirus/isolamento & purificação , Vacinas contra Poliovirus , Vigilância da População , Esgotos/virologia
6.
Euro Surveill ; 15(19): pii/19566, 2010 May 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20483108

RESUMO

In Finland, surveillance of potential re-emergence of poliovirus transmission is mainly based on environmental surveillance, i.e. search for infectious poliovirus in sewage samples. Since December 2008, 21 genetically highly divergent, neurovirulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) have been isolated from sewage in Tampere, Finland. While the source of the VDPV is unknown, characteristics of the viruses resemble those of strains isolated from immunodeficient, persistently infected persons. No cases of suspected poliomyelitis have been reported in Finland since 1985.


Assuntos
Variação Genética/genética , Vacinas contra Poliovirus/genética , Poliovirus/genética , Poliovirus/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/virologia , Finlândia , Humanos , Vacinas contra Poliovirus/isolamento & purificação , Sorotipagem
7.
J Med Virol ; 79(7): 945-55, 2007 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17516516

RESUMO

Several enterovirus serotypes should be considered as potentially diabetogenic. The capacity of an enterovirus to kill or impair the functions of human beta-cells can vary among the strains within a given serotype as shown previously for echovirus 9 and 30 (E-30). The evolution of E-30 has also shown patterns correlating with the global increase of type 1 diabetes incidence. In the present study, antigenic properties of a set of E-30 isolates were investigated and the results correlated with the previously documented beta-cell destructive phenotype of the strains, or to genetic clustering of the strains. No simple correlation between the three properties was observed. A full-length infectious clone was constructed and sequenced from one of the isolates found to be most destructive to beta-cells (E-30/14916net87). Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this strain was closely related to the E-30 prototype strain at the capsid coding region while outside the capsid region prototype strains of several other human enterovirus B serotypes clustered more closely. This suggests that the relatively greater pathogenicity of the strain might be based on properties of the genome outside of the structural protein coding region. Neutralizing antibody assays on sera from 100 type 1 diabetic patients and 100 controls using three different E-30 strains did not reveal differences between the groups. This finding does not support a previous proposition of aberrant antibody responses to E-30 in diabetic patients. It is concluded that identification of the genetic counterparts of pathogenicity of E-30 strains requires further studies.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/etiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/virologia , Infecções por Echovirus/complicações , Infecções por Echovirus/virologia , Enterovirus Humano B/genética , Enterovirus Humano B/patogenicidade , Adolescente , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos Virais , Sequência de Bases , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Reações Cruzadas , DNA Viral/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Infecções por Echovirus/imunologia , Enterovirus Humano B/classificação , Enterovirus Humano B/imunologia , Finlândia , Variação Genética , Humanos , Lactente , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Testes de Neutralização , Fenótipo , Filogenia , Sorotipagem
8.
Bone Marrow Transplant ; 39(3): 179-88, 2007 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17211432

RESUMO

The HLA-identical sibling donors of 111 bone marrow transplantation (BMT) recipients were randomised to receive or not to receive tetanus-diphtheria (T-d), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and inactivated poliovirus (IPV) vaccines 2-10 weeks before BM harvest. Fifty-three (DV+ group) recipients received the graft from a vaccinated donor and 58 (DV- group) from an unvaccinated donor. All recipients were vaccinated with the T-d, Hib and IPV vaccines at 3, 6 and 12 months after BMT. Diphtheria and Hib antibody concentrations were consistently higher in the DV+ than in the DV- group from 6 months post transplantation onwards. The differences were significant at 6 and 13 months for diphtheria and at 12 months for Hib antibody concentrations. Tetanus, PV1, PV2 and PV3 antibody levels were similar in both groups. Patients transplanted from donors with high tetanus, diphtheria and Hib antibody concentrations had higher respective antibody concentrations after BMT than those transplanted from donors with low antibody concentrations. Especially patients whose donors have low-specific antibody concentrations may benefit from donor vaccination with protein and conjugate vaccines.


Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/métodos , Imunização , Doadores de Tecidos , Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Formação de Anticorpos , Vacina contra Difteria e Tétano , Feminino , Vacinas Anti-Haemophilus , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vacina Antipólio de Vírus Inativado , Irmãos , Fatores de Tempo , Transplante Homólogo
10.
Thorax ; 61(7): 579-84, 2006 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16517571

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Respiratory infections are well known triggers of asthma exacerbations, but their role in stable adult asthma remains unclear. METHODS: 103 asthmatics and 30 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Sputum was induced by inhalation of 3% NaCl solution. Oropharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from the posterior wall of the oropharynx. Respiratory specimens were analysed by RT-PCR for rhinovirus, enterovirus and respiratory syncytial virus and by PCR for adenovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis. RESULTS: Sputum samples from two of the 30 healthy controls (6.7%), five of 53 patients with mild asthma (9.4%), and eight of 50 with moderate asthma (16.0%) were positive for rhinovirus. Rhinovirus positive asthmatic subjects had more asthma symptoms and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) (79% predicted) than rhinovirus negative cases (93.5% predicted; p = 0.020). Chlamydia pneumoniae PCR was positive in 11 healthy controls (36.6%), 11 mild asthmatics (20.8%), and 11 moderate asthmatics (22%), and PCR positive asthmatics had lower FEV(1)/FVC than negative cases (78.2% v 80.8%, p = 0.023). Bordetella pertussis PCR was positive in 30 cases: five healthy controls (16.7%), 15 mild asthmatics (28.3%), and 10 moderate asthmatics (20%). Bordetella pertussis positive individuals had lower FEV(1)/FVC (77.1% v 80.7%, p = 0.012) and more asthma symptoms than B pertussis negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinovirus, C pneumoniae, and B pertussis are found in the sputum or pharyngeal swab specimens of asthmatic subjects without concurrent symptoms of infection or asthma exacerbation, as well as in some healthy controls. Positivity is associated with lower lung function and more frequent asthma symptoms.


Assuntos
Asma/microbiologia , Escarro/microbiologia , Adulto , Asma/virologia , Bordetella pertussis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chlamydophila pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , Escarro/virologia
11.
Diabetologia ; 48(8): 1510-22, 2005 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15991020

RESUMO

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: It is thought that enterovirus infections initiate or facilitate the pathogenetic processes leading to type 1 diabetes. Exposure of cultured human islets to cytolytic enterovirus strains kills beta cells after a protracted period, suggesting a role for secondary virus-induced factors such as cytokines. METHODS: To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in virus-induced beta cell destruction, we analysed the global pattern of gene expression in human islets. After 48 h, RNA was extracted from three independent human islet preparations infected with coxsackievirus B5 or exposed to interleukin 1beta (50 U/ml) plus interferon gamma (1,000 U/ml), and gene expression profiles were analysed using Affymetrix HG-U133A gene chips, which enable simultaneous analysis of 22,000 probe sets. RESULTS: As many as 13,077 genes were detected in control human islets, and 945 and 1293 single genes were found to be modified by exposure to viral infection and the indicated cytokines, respectively. Four hundred and eighty-four genes were similarly modified by the cytokines and viral infection. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The large number of modified genes observed emphasises the complex responses of human islet cells to agents potentially involved in insulitis. Notably, both cytokines and viral infection significantly (p<0.02) increased the expression of several chemokines, the cytokine IL-15 and the intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1, which might contribute to the homing and activation of mononuclear cells in the islets during infection and/or an early autoimmune response. The present results provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in viral- and cytokine-induced human beta cell dysfunction and death.


Assuntos
Infecções por Coxsackievirus/metabolismo , Citocinas/farmacologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Idoso , Apresentação de Antígeno/genética , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Morte Celular/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Técnicas In Vitro , Inflamação/genética , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Família Multigênica , Nitritos/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Receptores Toll-Like
13.
Diabetologia ; 47(2): 225-39, 2004 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14727023

RESUMO

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: It is thought that enterovirus infections cause beta-cell damage and contribute to the development of Type 1 diabetes by replicating in the pancreatic islets. We sought evidence for this through autopsy studies and by investigating known enterovirus receptors in cultured human islets. METHODS: Autopsy pancreases from 12 newborn infants who died of fulminant coxsackievirus infections and from 65 Type 1 diabetic patients were studied for presence of enteroviral ribonucleic acid by in situ hybridisation. Forty non-diabetic control pancreases were included in the study. The expression and role of receptor candidates in cultured human islets were investigated with receptor-specific antibodies using immunocytochemistry and functional assays. RESULTS: Enterovirus-positive islet cells were found in some of both autopsy specimen collections, but not in control pancreases. No infected cells were seen in exocrine tissue. The cell surface molecules, poliovirus receptor and integrin alphavbeta3, which act as enterovirus receptors in established cell lines, were expressed in beta cells. Antibodies to poliovirus receptor, human coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor and integrin alphavbeta3 protected islets and beta cells from adverse effects of poliovirus, coxsackie B viruses, and several of the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motifs containing enteroviruses and human parechovirus 1 respectively. No evidence was found for expression of the decay-accelerating factor which acts as a receptor for several islet-cell-replicating echoviruses in established cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The results show a definite islet-cell tropism of enteroviruses in the human pancreas. Some enteroviruses seem to use previously identified cell surface molecules as receptors in beta cells, whereas the identity of receptors used by other enteroviruses remains unknown.


Assuntos
Infecções por Enterovirus/patologia , Enterovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/virologia , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Autopsia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Proteína de Membrana Semelhante a Receptor de Coxsackie e Adenovirus , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/virologia , Echovirus 9/genética , Echovirus 9/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Enterovirus/genética , Enterovirus Humano B/genética , Enterovirus Humano B/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Hibridização In Situ , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Inflamação/patologia , Inflamação/virologia , Insulina/análise , Insulina/imunologia , Insulina/metabolismo , Secreção de Insulina , Integrina alfaVbeta3/análise , Integrina alfaVbeta3/imunologia , Integrina alfaVbeta3/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteínas de Membrana/análise , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pâncreas/química , Pâncreas/patologia , Pâncreas/virologia , Parechovirus/genética , Parechovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poliovirus/genética , Poliovirus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , RNA Viral/genética , Receptores Virais/análise , Receptores Virais/imunologia
14.
J Med Virol ; 69(4): 510-20, 2003 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12601759

RESUMO

Enteroviruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes through different mechanisms including triggering of autoimmunity. The effect of immunization with coxsackievirus B4-E2 on diabetes incidence was studied in the non-obese diabetic mice, an animal model for human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The immunization delayed the onset of diabetes in the mice, and the effect was mediated at least partially by virus immunization-activated splenocytes as demonstrated by adoptive transfer experiments. Immunization resulted in a strong humoral immune response against the immunizing virus, formalin-inactivated coxsackievirus B4-E2. Cell-mediated immune response to virus antigen was characterised by interferon gamma and interleukin 10 secretion. The immunization also resulted in increased antibody levels against several beta-cell autoantigens. By using epitope mapping we were able to show that in addition to reactivity with the known epitopes of viral proteins and tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 or heat shock protein 60, responses to some other regions of autoantigens were enhanced. In preproinsulin, the response was restricted against an antigenic region earlier identified as DR4-dependent epitope. This reactivity can not be explained by homologous amino acid sequences and it is possible that enterovirus immunization might change the autoantigen specific TH1/TH2 balance in non-obese diabetic mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that coxsackievirus immunization increased humoral immune response to beta cell autoantigens and this was associated with a less destructive pathology for spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/prevenção & controle , Enterovirus Humano B/imunologia , Imunização , Transferência Adotiva , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos Virais/química , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Autoantígenos/imunologia , Infecções por Coxsackievirus/imunologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Dados de Sequência Molecular
15.
Diabetologia ; 45(5): 693-702, 2002 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12107750

RESUMO

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Direct infection of beta cells could explain the diabetogenic effect of enteroviruses. Primary adult human beta cells are susceptible to coxsackievirus infections, which could result in impaired beta-cell function or cell death (coxsackieviruses B3, B4, B5) or both, or no apparent immediate adverse effects (coxsackievirus A9). We extended these studies to additional enterovirus serotypes including several echoviruses, some of which have been associated clinically with the development of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The patterns and consequences of enterovirus infections were investigated in cultured adult human isolated islets. Cell type-specific infection and viability were assessed by immunocytochemical methods. Beta-cell function was studied by perifusion. RESULTS: Poliovirus type 1/Mahoney, coxsackievirus A13, human parechovirus 1 and several echoviruses (serotypes 6, 7, 11) were capable of causing significant functional impairment ( p<0.05) and beta-cell death. In contrast, echovirus serotypes 9 and 30 were not destructive. However, when several different field isolates of echovirus 30 were investigated, some of them were found to be clearly more destructive than the corresponding prototype strain. This was also true for echovirus 9. A strain isolated from a 6-week-old baby suffering from acute Type I diabetes was functionally more destructive than either of the echovirus 9 prototype strains. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION: These observations indicate that the capacity of an enterovirus to kill human beta cells or impair their function is not entirely defined by the serotype, but in addition by as yet unidentified characteristics of the virus strain involved. Moreover, any serotype could potentially be diabetogenic.


Assuntos
Enterovirus Humano C/fisiologia , Enterovirus Humano C/patogenicidade , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/virologia , Adulto , Células Cultivadas , Enterovirus Humano C/classificação , Infecções por Enterovirus/patologia , Humanos , Sorotipagem , Replicação Viral
16.
J Med Virol ; 66(2): 263-8, 2002 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11782938

RESUMO

The occurrence of rhinovirus infections in a cohort of 329 children during the first 2 years of life was determined by virus detection and serological methods. Rhinovirus detection on nasopharyngeal aspirates and middle ear fluids comprised a combination of virus isolation in HeLa Ohio cells and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-hybridization assay on the inoculated cell cultures. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected when the child was referred to the study clinic because of respiratory symptoms. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and middle ear fluids were collected after clinical diagnosis of an acute otitis media. Complement-fixing antibodies to rhinovirus were determined from scheduled serum specimens collected at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age and from paired sera taken in the cases of acute otitis media. Rhinovirus infections were shown to be common in infants, 24% of the children had complement-fixing antibodies at the age of 6 months and 22% had had at least one rhinovirus episode indicated by virus detection. At the age of 2 years, 91.3% of the children had rhinovirus-specific antibodies, while 79% of the children had experienced rhinovirus infection as judged by the virus detection tests. However, the complement-fixation assay was poor as a diagnostic test. Of 458 acute otitis media episodes studied, 41% were shown to be associated with a rhinovirus by RT-PCR-hybridization, while significant fourfold rise in rhinoviral antibodies was detected only in 7% of the cases.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Infecções por Picornaviridae/virologia , Rhinovirus/imunologia , Rhinovirus/isolamento & purificação , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Resfriado Comum/virologia , Orelha Média/virologia , Exsudatos e Transudatos/virologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Lactente , Nasofaringe/virologia , Otite Média/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa
17.
J Med Virol ; 66(3): 340-50, 2002 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11793386

RESUMO

Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes is characterized by progressive destruction of insulin-producing beta cells probably by autoreactive T lymphocytes. Viral infections, especially those caused by coxsackieviruses, are postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease in humans. One mechanism by which viral infections could initiate or accelerate diabetogenic processes is "molecular mimicry," induction of antiviral immune responses cross-reacting with epitopes in the beta-cell autoantigens. Tyrosine phosphatases (IA-2, IAR) represent a major target autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Both humoral and cellular immune responses are directed to the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) part of the protein. This region has a 5-amino acid sequence identity, followed by five amino acid similarity with the conservative motif in the VP1-protein of enteroviruses (PALTAVETGA/HT), which is a highly immunogenic B- and T-cell epitope in enterovirus infection-induced immune responses. This observation prompted us to investigate potential humoral cross-reactions between immune responses induced by tyrosine phosphatases and enteroviruses. The reactivities of various peptide- and virus-induced rabbit antisera clearly demonstrated that cross-reactions do exist, and in both directions. Using epitope mapping, we were able to show that several diabetes-linked epitopes in IA-2 were also recognized by CBV-4-induced antisera. Immunization of female NOD-mice with formalin-inactivated purified strain of coxsackievirus B4 (CBV-4-E2) induced an immune response that recognized the IA-2/IAR diabetogenic peptide. The results obtained with human paired sera, collected during enterovirus infection, indicated that enterovirus infection in humans may also occasionally induce a humoral response that cross-reacts with IA-2/IAR.


Assuntos
Autoantígenos/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Capsídeo/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo , Reações Cruzadas , Enterovirus Humano A/imunologia , Enterovirus Humano B/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/sangue , Mapeamento de Epitopos , Epitopos de Linfócito B/imunologia , Feminino , Imunização , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Poliovirus/imunologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 1 , Coelhos , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatases Classe 8 Semelhantes a Receptores
18.
J Intern Med ; 252(5): 421-9, 2002 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12528760

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To study antibodies against five infectious agents for their prediction of major coronary events in men with and without evidence of coronary heart disease at baseline. DESIGN: A case-control study nested within a prospective population study. SUBJECTS: The study cases included 441 men 45-64 years old with nonfatal myocardial infarction or coronary death within a mean follow-up time of 10 years. A total of 165 men had already signs of heart disease at baseline, whilst 276 were apparently healthy at the beginning of the study. Two controls for each case were matched for age, heart disease status and place of residence. Antibodies against enterovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus and adenovirus were determined. RESULTS: Men without reported baseline heart disease, but not those with heart disease, showing the highest quartile of antibodies to enterovirus and mycoplasma or increased levels of immune complex-bound antibodies to chlamydia had a significantly higher risk of coronary events than men with lower level of antibodies. The increased risk demonstrated in men with high levels of antibodies to enterovirus and mycoplasma remained significant after adjustment for other antibodies, acute-phase reactant and conventional risk factors. Serological evidence of infection by multiple agents was also significantly associated with coronary events. CONCLUSIONS: Serological evidence for several infectious agents is associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, but only in men without baseline history of heart disease.


Assuntos
Infecções por Adenoviridae/complicações , Infecções por Chlamydia/complicações , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/complicações , Infecções por Enterovirus/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/microbiologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/complicações , Reação de Fase Aguda , Infecções por Adenoviridae/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecções por Chlamydia/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/análise , Imunoglobulinas/análise , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/imunologia , Infarto do Miocárdio/virologia , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/imunologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
19.
Epidemiol Infect ; 127(1): 101-6, 2001 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11561962

RESUMO

In order to assess the feasibility of environmental poliovirus surveillance, known amounts of poliovirus type 1, strain Sabin, were flushed into the sewage network of Helsinki. Grab specimens collected at a remote downstream location and concentrated about a 100-fold revealed infectious poliovirus on four successive days in all three separate experiments. As for concentration, a simple two-phase separation method was found to be at least as useful as a several-fold more resource-demanding polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Recovery of the introduced virus was remarkably high (more than 10%). Using the current system, it might be possible to detect poliovirus circulation in a population of 700,000 people by examining a single 400 ml sewage specimen, if 1 out of 10,000 inhabitants were excreting the virus. It is concluded that environmental surveillance is a sensitive approach to monitor silent poliovirus circulation in populations served by a sewage network.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poliovirus/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/virologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Enterovirus Humano B/classificação , Enterovirus Humano B/isolamento & purificação , Finlândia , Humanos , Camundongos , Poliovirus/classificação , Sorotipagem
20.
Cent Eur J Public Health ; 9(3): 154-7, 2001 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11505740

RESUMO

In the recent years Echovirus-30 associated outbreaks have taken place in different European countries. Aseptic meningitis caused by Echovirus-30 was the main diagnosis of a large outbreak in Belarus in Summer-Autumn, 1997, involving 460 patients. Echovirus-30 was detected in cerebrospinal fluid of the patients with aseptic meningitis. This serotype played the dominant role in the outbreak. Minor serotypes and mixtures of enteroviruses were detected in faeces and nasopharyngeal lavages. Investigation of environmental samples gave evidence of expressed viral contamination of drinking water and water sources (river and ground sources). River water sources were considerably contaminated with viruses. The incidence of virus isolation was 50%. After cleaning procedures, the incidence became two times lower, proving imperfect water purification and disinfection procedures. Sequence analysis of isolates from Belarus (isolates from water and patient's cerebrospinal fluid) showed the difference of 0.2%. The outbreak peculiarities such as high attack rate and wide-spread of the disease incidences, clinical form variability, isolation of outbreak strain from water and a good agreement between minor serotypes isolated from faeces and water samples as well as correlation in the dynamics of acute intestine infections, aseptic meningitis morbidity and bacterial water contamination can be considered as evidence of its water-borne. Echovirus-30 isolates from Belarus were very closely related to each other and to several European isolates. Sequence difference between isolates of 1994-1998 from European countries was found to be 4.3%. The data can point to the common primary source of enterovirus infection, connected to water and to the possibility of epidemic strain transmission from neighbouring states to the Republic of Belarus.


Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Enterovirus Humano B/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Enterovirus/epidemiologia , Meningite Asséptica/epidemiologia , RNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia da Água , Humanos , Meningite Asséptica/virologia , República de Belarus/epidemiologia
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