New Measurement of

Carbon and oxygen burning reactions, in particular, ^{12}C+^{12}C fusion, are important for the understanding and interpretation of the late phases of stellar evolution as well as the ignition and nucleosynthesis in cataclysmic binary systems such as type Ia supernovae and x-ray superbursts. A new measurement of this reaction has been performed at the University of Notre Dame using particle-γ coincidence techniques with SAND (a silicon detector array) at the high-intensity 5U Pelletron accelerator. New results for ^{12}C+^{12}C fusion at low energies relevant to nuclear astrophysics are reported. They show strong disagreement with a recent measurement using the indirect Trojan Horse method. The impact on the carbon burning process under astrophysical scenarios will be discussed.

Longitudinal Wobbling Motion in

The rare phenomenon of nuclear wobbling motion has been investigated in the nucleus ^{187}Au. A longitudinal wobbling-bands pair has been identified and clearly distinguished from the associated signature-partner band on the basis of angular distribution measurements. Theoretical calculations in the framework of the particle rotor model are found to agree well with the experimental observations. This is the first experimental evidence for longitudinal wobbling bands where the expected signature partner band has also been identified, and establishes this exotic collective mode as a general phenomenon over the nuclear chart.

Azithromycin versus erythromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: a cost-minimization analysis.

The costs of i.v. erythromycin versus azithromycin (in terms of medication use and treatment of adverse effects) when these drugs were used with other antimicrobials to treat community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were compared. The medical records of patients receiving i.v. azithromycin or erythromycin as part of combination antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of CAP at a 473-bed level 1 trauma center in Kentucky were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected for patients treated from December 1, 1997, through March 31, 1998. Patient data collected included occurrence of phlebitis or pain at the injection site, number of line changes due to phlebitis, and culture results. Cost data collected included drug acquisition cost, pharmacy cost of drug preparation, nursing time to administer the agent, cost of drug supplies, and cost of managing complications. Three time-and-motion studies were conducted to determine technician preparation time and pharmacist verification time. The medical records of 62 patients were identified and reviewed; 50 patients were enrolled in the study (25 in the azithromycin group and 25 in the erythromycin group). The average total days of therapy was 5.1 for the azithromycin group and 5.6 for the erythromycin group. The average total cost, including the cost of complications ($4.36 per patient in the erythromycin group), was $66.46 in the azithromycin group and $96.56 in the erythromycin group. The difference in costs between the two groups was not significant. There was no significant cost difference between azithromycin- and erythromycin-containing combination antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of CAP.

Determining the differences among cost savings, cost avoidance, and cost reduction.

Cost savings, cost avoidance, and cost reduction are important factors to measure when valuing clinical pharmacy services. Currently, there are no universally accepted definitions for these terms. The authors of this study evaluated 44 articles which claimed to measure cost savings, cost avoidance, or cost reduction associated with clinical pharmacy services, and offered recommendations for when it would be appropriate to use these terms. Based on the results of our analysis, it is evident that controversy exists in the literature when determining if services result in cost avoidance or cost reduction. Therefore, there is a need for universally accepted definitions of these terms so that future research may evaluate such factors uniformly.