RESUMO
Gel blasters are currently imported and marketed as children's toys in Australia. Gel blasters closely imitate the appearance of many genuine firearms of all types and are designed to propel small hydrated gel balls of approximately 7-8â¯mm in diameter, by means of compressed air or gas. They are considered illegal in all states of Australia except Queensland but these items aren't specifically written into most state firearms legislation. However, to be considered as children's toys, they must not exceed the recommended kinetic energy (KE) of 2500â¯J/m2 as outlined in the Australian/New Zealand Standard Safety of Toys - Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties (Safety of Toys ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019) [1]. The aim of this study was to determine if a range of gel blasters would conform to the Australian & New Zealand Standard and have projectiles with kinetic energy of less than 2500â¯J/m2. Utilising the testing procedure outlined in ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019 (Australian/New Zealand Standard Safety of Toys - Part 1: Safety Aspects related to Mechanical and Physical Properties (Safety of Toys ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019) [1]), a range of gel blasters were tested. In addition, a number of NERF™ toys and airsoft firearms were tested to provide reference between an accepted child's toy and items considered to be a firearm, such as airsoft firearms. A NERF™ toy (commonly referred to as a blaster) fires a foam projectile at very low velocities through direct spring/striker impact to the rear of the dart, battery-powered motorised flywheel, or by compressed air generated by a small piston inside a cylinder. Airsoft firearms are designed to fire hard plastic balls (typically 6â¯mm in diameter) and can achieve velocities upwards of 90â¯m/s with the potential to cause injuries to soft tissue. Results showed the KE per unit area of pellets fired from airsoft firearms significantly exceeded the recommended 2500â¯J/m2 ranging from approximately 10,620â¯J/m2 to 69,650â¯J/m2. Twenty of the twenty-four gel blasters tested (83â¯%) exceeded 2500â¯J/m2, with values ranging between 2112â¯J/m2 and 42,645â¯J/m2. NERF™ toys were found to be notably under 2500â¯J/m2, ranging from approximately 1230â¯J/m2 to 2129â¯J/m2. The results suggest that the majority of gel blasters (items of seizures) tested, currently being imported and marketed as children's toys in Australia, easily exceed 2500â¯J/m2 as outlined in the ASNZS ISO 8124.1:2019 and are not safe to be marketed and sold as children's toys. Reinforcing the position of most jurisdictions, the Australian Federal Police (AFP) in Canberra made the following statement in 2019: 'ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Policing is reminding the public that replica firearms known as gel blasters are illegal in the ACT'. Taking the results determined throughout this research and the statement by AFP into consideration, gel blasters should not be exempt from control under Firearms Legislation because they are claimed to be toy.
Assuntos
Géis , Jogos e Brinquedos , Humanos , Cinética , Austrália , Desenho de Equipamento , Qualidade de Produtos para o ConsumidorRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: In obesogenic states and after exercise, interleukin (IL)-6 elevations are established, and IL-6 is speculated to be an appetite-regulating mechanism. This study examined the role of IL-6 on exercise-induced appetite regulation in sedentary normal weight (NW) males and those with obesity (OB). METHODS: Nine NW participants and eight participants with OB completed one non-exercise control (CTRL) and one moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 60 minutes, 65% VÌO2max ) session. IL-6, acylated ghrelin, active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine3-36 , active glucagon-like peptide-1, and overall appetite perceptions were measured fasted, pre exercise, and 30, 90, and 150 minutes post exercise. RESULTS: Fasted IL-6 concentrations were elevated in OB (p = 0.005, η p 2 = 0.419); however, increases following exercise were similar between groups (p = 0.934, η p 2 = 0.000). Acylated ghrelin was lower in OB versus NW (p < 0.017, d > 0.84), and OB did not respond to MICT (p > 0.512, d < 0.44) although NW had a decrease versus CTRL (p < 0.034, d > 0.61). IL-6 did not moderate/mediate acylated ghrelin release after exercise (p > 0.251). There were no observable effects of MICT on tyrosine-tyrosine3-36 , glucagon-like peptide-1, or overall appetite (p > 0.334, η p 2 < 0.062). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IL-6 is not involved in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Despite blunted appetite-regulatory peptide responses to MICT in participants with OB, NW participants exhibited decreased acylated ghrelin; however, no differences in appetite perceptions existed between CTRL and MICT or NW and OB.
Assuntos
Regulação do Apetite , Grelina , Humanos , Masculino , Apetite/fisiologia , Regulação do Apetite/fisiologia , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Interleucina-6 , Obesidade/terapiaRESUMO
High-intensity exercise inhibits appetite, in part, via alterations in the peripheral concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). Given lactate may mediate these effects, we used sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design to investigate lactate's purported role in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Eleven males completed two identical high-intensity interval training sessions (10 × 1 min cycling bouts at ~90% heart rate maximum interspersed with 1-min recovery), where they ingested either NaHCO3 (BICARB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) as a placebo (PLACEBO) preexercise. Blood lactate, acylated ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations, as well as overall appetite were assessed preexercise and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min postexercise. Blood lactate was greater immediately (P < 0.001) and 30 min postexercise (P = 0.049) in the BICARB session with an increased (P = 0.009) area under the curve (AUC). The BICARB session had lower acylated ghrelin at 60 (P = 0.014) and 90 min postexercise (P = 0.016), with a decreased AUC (P = 0.039). The BICARB session had increased PYY (P = 0.034) with an increased AUC (P = 0.031). The BICARB session also tended (P = 0.060) to have increased GLP-1 at 30 (P = 0.003) and 60 min postexercise (P < 0.001), with an increased AUC (P = 0.030). The BICARB session tended (P = 0.059) to reduce overall appetite, although there was no difference in AUC (P = 0.149). These findings support a potential role for lactate in the high-intensity exercise-induced appetite-suppression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used sodium bicarbonate to increase lactate accumulation or sodium chloride as a placebo. Our findings further implicate lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression, given exercise-induced increases in lactate during the sodium bicarbonate session altered peripheral concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, culminating in a reduction of appetite. This supports a lactate-dependent mechanism of appetite suppression following high-intensity exercise and highlights the potential of using lactate as a means of inducing a caloric deficit.
Assuntos
Apetite , Grelina , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Ácido Láctico , Masculino , Peptídeo YYRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus (IAV) causes a wide range of extrarespiratory complications. However, the role of host factors in these complications of influenza virus infection remains to be defined. METHODS: Here, we sought to use transcriptional profiling, virology, histology, and echocardiograms to investigate the role of a high-fat diet in IAV-associated cardiac damage. RESULTS: Transcriptional profiling showed that, compared to their low-fat counterparts (LF mice), mice fed a high-fat diet (HF mice) had impairments in inflammatory signaling in the lung and heart after IAV infection. This was associated with increased viral titers in the heart, increased left ventricular mass, and thickening of the left ventricular wall in IAV-infected HF mice compared to both IAV-infected LF mice and uninfected HF mice. Retrospective analysis of clinical data revealed that cardiac complications were more common in patients with excess weight, an association which was significant in 2 out of 4 studies. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data provide the first evidence that a high-fat diet may be a risk factor for the development of IAV-associated cardiovascular damage and emphasizes the need for further clinical research in this area.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Cardiopatias/virologia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Ventrículos do Coração/patologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/complicações , Animais , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Citocinas/sangue , Citocinas/genética , Ecocardiografia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Coração/virologia , Cardiopatias/patologia , Humanos , Subunidade alfa do Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/metabolismo , Inflamação/genética , Influenza Humana/complicações , Fator Regulador 7 de Interferon/genética , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miocárdio/patologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/sangue , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Ubiquitinas/genéticaRESUMO
Sprint interval training (SIT) has demonstrated reductions in fat mass through potential alterations in postexercise metabolism. This study examined whether exercising in the fasted or fed state affects postexercise metabolism following acute SIT. Ten active males performed a bout of modified SIT (8 × 15-s sprints; 120 s recovery) in both a fasted (FAST) and fed (FED) state. Gas exchange was collected through 3 h postexercise, appetite perceptions were measured using a visual analog scale, and energy intake was recorded using dietary food logs. There was no difference in energy expenditure between conditions at any time point (p > 0.329) or in total session energy expenditure (FED: 514.8 ± 54.9 kcal, FAST: 504.0 ± 74.3 kcal; p = 0.982). Fat oxidation at 3 h after exercise was higher in FED (0.110 ± 0.04 g·min-1) versus FAST (0.069 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.013) though not different between conditions across time (p > 0.340) or in total postexercise fat oxidation (FED: 0.125 ± 0.04 g·min-1, FAST: 0.105 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.154). Appetite perceptions were lower in FED (-4815.0 ± 4098.7 mm) versus FAST (-707.5 ± 2010.4 mm, p = 0.022); however, energy intake did not differ between conditions (p = 0.429). These results demonstrate the fasted or fed state does not augment postexercise metabolism following acute SIT in a way that would favour fat loss following training. Novelty Energy expenditure was similar between conditions, while fat oxidation was significantly greater in FED at 3 h after exercise. Appetite perceptions were significantly lower in FED; however, energy intake was not different between conditions. Current findings suggest that performing SIT in the fed or fasted state would not affect fat loss following training.
Assuntos
Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Humano/métodos , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Oxirredução , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To measure the effectiveness of a wellness program in a small company using four well-being indicators designed to measure dimensions of physical health, emotional health, healthy behavior, and basic access to health-related conditions and services. METHODS: Indicator scores were obtained and compared between Lincoln Industries employees and workers in the neighboring Lincoln/Omaha community during 2009. RESULTS: Nearly all Lincoln Industries employees participated in the wellness program. Physical health, mental health, and healthy behavior were significantly greater for Lincoln Industries employees. Self-perceived access to basic needs was not significantly greater among Lincoln Industries employees. CONCLUSION: Well-being index scores provide evidence for the effectiveness of the wellness program in this small company setting with respect to better dimensions of physical health, emotional health, and healthy behavior than geographically similar workers.
Assuntos
Benchmarking , Promoção da Saúde , Empresa de Pequeno Porte , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Satisfação Pessoal , Inquéritos e Questionários , Local de Trabalho , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the level of participation and effectiveness of a worksite wellness program in a small business setting. METHODS: Three years of wellness participation and risk data from Lincoln Industries was analyzed. RESULTS: All Lincoln Industry employees participated in at least some level of wellness programming. Significant improvements in body fat, blood pressure, and flexibility were observed across time. The largest improvements in risk were seen among older employees and those with the highest baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: This small business was able to improve the health of the entire workforce population by integrating wellness deeply into their culture and operations. Replication of this program in other small business settings could have a large impact on public health since 60 million adults in the United States work in small businesses.