Revealing the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of different particle size microplastics on diethyl phthalate (DEP) in rye (Secale cereale L.).

Understanding how widely distributed microplastics (MPs) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) interact with crops remains limited, despite their significant implications for human exposure. We used physiology, transcriptomics, adsorption kinetics, and computational chemistry to assess rye's molecular response to two sizes of MPs (200 nm and 5 µm) and DEP, both individually and in combination. Findings systematically highlight potential ecological risks from MPs and DEP, with ecotoxicity ranking as follows: CK (Control Check) < LMPs < SMPs < DEP < LMPs+DEP < SMPs+DEP. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy revealed SMP's translocation ability in rye and its potential to disrupt leaf cells. DEP increased the electronegativity on MPs, which enhanced their uptake by rye. DEP adsorption by MPs in hydroponics reduced DEP bioavailability in rye (18.17-46.91 %). Molecular docking studies showed DEP interacted with chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferases proteins' active sites. Transcriptomic analysis identified significant up-regulation of genes linked to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, phytohormones, and antioxidant systems in rye exposed to MPs and DEP, correlating with physiological changes. These findings deepen the understanding of how MPs can accumulate and translocate within rye, and their adsorption to DEP raises crop safety issues of greater environmental risk.

The freeze-thaw cycle exacerbates the ecotoxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics to Secale cereale L. seedlings.

In the context of global climate change, recurrent freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) and concurrent exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) directly impact crop growth and indirectly affect resilience to abiotic stress. In January 2023, experiments at the Environmental Biology Laboratory, Jilin University, Changchun, China, exposed rye seedlings to 100 nm PSNPs at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L for seven days, followed by three FTC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that PSNPs migrated from the roots to the leaves, with FTC significantly exacerbating their accumulation within plant tissues. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that FTC disrupted normal cell division, and combined stress from NPs damaged plant organs, particularly chloroplasts, thereby substantially inhibiting photosynthesis. FTC delayed plant phenological stages. Under combined stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in plant tissues increased by 15.6%, while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content decreased. Simultaneously, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased by 34.2% and 38.6%, respectively. Molecular docking unveiled that PSNPs could bind to the active center of POD/CAT through hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions. The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) index highlighted FTC as a crucial determinant for pronounced effects. Moreover, an apparent dose-dependent effect was observed, with antioxidant enzyme activities in rye seedlings induced by low pollutant concentrations and inhibited by high concentrations. These results indicate that FTC and PSNPs can disrupt plant membrane systems and cause severe oxidative damage. Overall, this study provides compelling scientific evidence of the risks associated with NPs exposure in plants subjected to abiotic stress.

Integrated agronomic, physiological, microstructure, and whole-transcriptome analyses reveal the role of biomass accumulation and quality formation during Se biofortification in alfalfa.

Se-biofortified agricultural products receive considerable interest due to the worldwide severity of selenium (Se) deficiency. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the king of forage, has a large biomass, a high protein content, and a high level of adaptability, making it a good resource for Se biofortification. Analyses of agronomic, quality, physiological, and microstructure results indicated the mechanism of biomass increase and quality development in alfalfa during Se treatment. Se treatment effectively increased Se content, biomass accumulation, and protein levels in alfalfa. The enhancement of antioxidant capacity contributes to the maintenance of low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, in turn, serves to increase alfalfa's stress resistance and the stability of its intracellular environment. An increase in the rate of photosynthesis contributes to the accumulation of biomass in alfalfa. To conduct a more comprehensive investigation of the regulatory networks induced by Se treatment, the transcriptome sequencing of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) was employed to compare 100 mg/kg Se treatment and control groups. The analysis identified 1,414, 62, and 5 genes as DE-long non-coding RNAs (DE-lncRNA), DE-microRNAs (DE-miRNA), and DE-circular RNA (DE-circRNA), respectively. The function of miRNA-related regulatory networks during Se biofortification in alfalfa was investigated. Subsequent enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of transcription factors, DNA replication and repair mechanisms, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein processing. The antioxidant capacity and protein accumulation of alfalfa were regulated by the modulation of signal transduction, the glyoxalase pathway, proteostasis, and circRNA/lncRNA-related regulatory networks. The findings offer new perspectives on the regulatory mechanisms of Se in plant growth, biomass accumulation, and stress responses, and propose potential strategies for enhancing its utilization in the agricultural sector.

Integrated eco-physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological analyses of selenium fortification mechanism in alfalfa.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Foliar Se (IV) application at 100 mg/kg can act as a positive bio-stimulator of redox, photosynthesis, and nutrient metabolism in alfalfa via phenotypes, nutritional compositions, biochemistry, combined with transcriptome analysis. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for mammals, and plants are the primary source of dietary Se. However, Se usually has dual (beneficial/toxic) effects on the plant itself. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important forage resources in the world due to its high nutritive value. In this study, we have investigated the effects of sodium selenite (Se (IV)) (0, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg/kg) on eco-physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional mechanisms in alfalfa. The phenotypic and nutritional composition alterations revealed that lower Se (IV) (100 mg/kg) levels positively affected alfalfa; it enhanced the antioxidant activity, which may contribute to redox homeostasis and chloroplast function. At 100 mg/kg Se (IV) concentration, the H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents decreased by 36.72% and 22.62%, respectively, whereas the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased by 31.10%. Se supplementation at 100 mg/kg increased the plant pigments contents, the light-harvesting capacity of PSII (Fv/Fm) and PSI (ΔP700max), and the carbon fixation efficiency, which was demonstrated by enhanced photosynthesis (37.6%). Furthermore, alfalfa shifted carbon flux to protein synthesis to improve quality at 100 mg/kg of Se (IV) by upregulating carbohydrate and amino acid metabolic genes. On the contrary, at 500 mg/kg, Se (IV) became toxic. Higher Se (IV) disordered the plant antioxidant system, increasing H2O2 and MDA by 14.2 and 4.3%, respectively. Moreover, photosynthesis was inhibited by 20.2%, and more structural substances, such as lignin, were synthesized. These results strongly suggest that Se (IV) at a concentration of 100 mg/kg act as the positive bio-stimulator of redox metabolism, photosynthesis, and nutrient in alfalfa.

Transcriptome analysis revealed accumulation-assimilation of selenium and physio-biochemical changes in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves.

BACKGROUND: Selenium (Se) is an increasing concern for investigators predominantly because of its consumption in the human body mainly from crops. As the fourth largest plant crop globally, alfalfa is one of the most important forages. Alfalfa was fertilized with selenium(IV) (Se(IV)) under field conditions to study the accumulation and assimilation of Se(IV) and to assess the impact of Se fertilization. RESULTS: It was analyzed that the physio-biochemistry, Se species, combined with transcriptome after spraying Se(IV) at different times (0, 12, and 48 h). 9402 and 12 607 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 12 h (versus 0 h) and 48 h (versus 12 h). DEG functional enrichments proposed two time-specific biological processes: Se(IV) accumulation was the primary process at 0-12 h, and its assimilation mainly occurred during 12-48 h. This was further proved by the separation of various Se speciation at different times. It showed that Se-supplementation also affected the soluble protein, soluble sugar, pigment contents and antioxidant capacity. Selenium-biofortification could improve the stress resistance of alfalfa by enhancing antioxidant system to scavenge reactive oxygen species (e.g. hydrogen peroxide) and boosting carbohydrate metabolism. CONCLUSION: By integrating physio-biochemistry, Se-related metabolites, and transcriptome under Se(IV) treatment, this study provides data to guide further work on Se-fortification in alfalfa. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comparative proteomics analysis of the responses to selenium in selenium-enriched alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaves.

The mass of leaves and the chlorophyll and selenium content of alfalfa can be increased by the foliar spraying of selenite. To better understand the relationship between changes in the expression of specific proteins and the various metabolic and regulatory pathways affected by selenium treatment, labeling with Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) was used as a proteomics technique to compare control leaves with those enriched with Se. A total of 8,411 proteins were identified, the expression levels of 195 of which were significantly modified, 67 significantly up-regulated and 128 significantly down-regulated. Using gene functional classification and metabolic pathway annotation, selenium treatment was found to have a significant impact on metabolic processes. The energy and substances produced by the metabolic processes of a variety of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, and the metabolism of carbon may be responsible for increasing the yield of alfalfa leaves. Administration of selenium substantially influenced Se-responsive proteins, including ABC transporter G family member 36, Probable glutathione S-transferase and cysteine tRNA ligase. Selenium treatment may also enhance photosynthesis and the defense response of cells. Furthermore, protein ubiquitination also played an important role in the selenium response of alfalfa leaves. In summary, a basic analysis of the selenium response pathway in alfalfa leaves at the proteomics level was conducted, which may assist in a more detailed elucidation of selenium enrichment in alfalfa in the future.

Synthesis of a Stable Solid Acid Catalyst from Chloromethyl Polystyrene through a Simple Sulfonation for Pretreatment of Lignocellulose in Aqueous Solution.

A stable solid acid catalyst, SCPR140-1, was synthesized from chloromethyl polystyrene resin (CPR) and used for catalytic pretreatment of corncob in aqueous solution. Under the optimized pretreatment condition, 73.07 % of xylose was directly obtained, and the enzymatic digestibility of treated residue reached up to 94.65 %, indicating that the SCPR140-1 had high selectivity for xylose production and effectively deconstructed the structure of corncob. The -CH2 Cl group of CPR was substituted by -SO3 H through the sulfonation, and the -SO3 H was stably bound on the catalyst during the pretreatment process. Compared with other similar reports, the SCPR140-1 was not only synthesized through a simpler process but also had a more stable catalytic activity during multiple recycling runs.

Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Corncob by Synthesized Enzyme-Mimetic Magnetic Solid Acid Pretreatment in an Aqueous Phase.

A novel magnetic carbon-based solid acid catalyst (C350-Cl) was synthesized through a simple impregnation-carbonization process and used for the pretreatment of corncob in an aqueous medium. Under the optimized pretreatment reaction conditions, the yield of pentose reached 91.6% with a hemicellulose removal rate of 91.7%, and the subsequent enzymatic digestibility of the pretreated corncob residue reached 90.0% at 48 h. C350-Cl is a magnetic enzyme-mimetic solid acid catalyst, and its catalytic behavior is similar to those of enzymes. In addition, the catalyst is also an excellent carrier for Fe and Cl in that the Fe3+ and Cl-can be released slowly in the pretreatment to assist the hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Compared with the traditional method with other catalysts, this hydrolysis process is suitable for the effective and sustainable saccharification of lignocellulose for producing fermentable sugar.