Gestational supplementation of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus attenuates hepatic steatosis in offspring mice through promoting fatty acid ß-oxidation.

Currently, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus (BLS) are widely recognized as the crucially beneficial bacteria in the gut. Many preclinical and clinical studies have shown their protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, whether gestational BLS supplementation could alleviate NAFLD in the offspring is still unknown. Kunming mice were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks before mating. They received BLS supplementation by gavage during pregnancy. After weaning, offspring mice were fed with a regular diet up to 5 weeks old. Gestational BLS supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Actinobacteriota, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibaculum in the gut of dams exposed to HFD. In offspring mice exposed to maternal HFD, maternal BLS intake significantly decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes as well as the relative abundance of Prevotella and Streptococcus, but increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides. In offspring mice, maternal BLS supplementation significantly decreased the hepatic triglyceride content and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, maternal BLS supplementation increased the glutathione content and reduced malondialdehyde content in the liver. In addition, mRNA and protein expression levels of key rate-limiting enzymes in mitochondrial ß-oxidation (CPT1α, PPARα, and PGC1α) in the livers of offspring mice were significantly increased after gestational BLS supplementation. Thus, gestational BLS supplementation may ameliorate maternal HFD-induced steatosis and oxidative stress in the livers of offspring mice by modulating fatty acid ß-oxidation.

The Effect of Syntactic Similarity on Intra-Sentential Switching Costs: Evidence from Chinese-English Bilinguals.

In order to better understand the role of syntactic similarity in a code-switched sentence, the current study explored the effect of similar and different syntactic structures on Chinese-English bilinguals' intra-sentential switching costs. L2 proficiency and switching directions as factors that potentially intervene in bilingual performance were together explored to see if there was any interaction. We manipulated the degree of syntactic similarity by utilizing clauses in active voice (greater similarity) and passive voice (lesser similarity). The study conducted a self-paced reading paradigm as a more natural language reading processing. Results showed overall longer reading times for active sentences than passive counterparts, which supported a syntactic similarity impediment rather than facilitation. The impediment seemed to be predominant irrespective of L2 proficiency. Furthermore, syntactic similarity modulated the asymmetry of switching costs between forward (L1-L2) and backward (L2-L1) direction: word RTs for the 1st and the 2nd switched word yielded greater costs in L2-L1 condition, while greater costs in L1-L2 condition was observed in 3rd switched word RTs and average RTs. The present study observed syntactic similarity impediment rather than facilitation for Chinese-English bilinguals. Notably, syntactic similarity plays a predominant role compared to L2 proficiency, and modulates the asymmetry between switching directions.

Regulation of soldier caste differentiation by microRNAs in Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki).

The soldier caste is one of the most distinguished castes inside the termite colony. The mechanism of soldier caste differentiation has mainly been studied at the transcriptional level, but the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in soldier caste differentiation is seldom studied. In this study, the workers of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were treated with methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog which can induce workers to transform into soldiers. The miRNomes of the methoprene-treated workers and the controls were sequenced. Then, the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) were corrected with the differentially expressed genes DEGs to construct the DEmiR-DEG regulatory network. Afterwards, the DEmiR-regulated DEGs were subjected to GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis. A total of 1,324 miRNAs were identified, among which 116 miRNAs were screened as DEmiRs between the methoprene-treated group and the control group. A total of 4,433 DEmiR-DEG pairs were obtained. No GO term was recognized as significant in the cellular component, molecular function, or biological process categories. The KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEmiR-regulated DEGs showed that the ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes and circadian rhythm-fly pathways were enriched. This study demonstrates that DEmiRs and DEGs form a complex network regulating soldier caste differentiation in termites.

Lipid accumulation product is a valid predictor of hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Aims: To evaluate and compare lipid accumulation product (LAP) with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), visceral adiposity index (VAI) and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) as biomarkers for hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: LAP, ALT, AST, VAI and TyG were measured in 52 biopsy-proven NAFLD patients and 21 control subjects. Additionally, LAP was also measured in 448 ultrasound-proven NAFLD patients and 1009 control subjects. Results: LAP was positively associated with hepatic steatosis and inflammation in biopsy-proven NAFLD. The risk of NAFLD was positively related to LAP and TyG, but LAP showed a better area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatic steatosis and NAFLD. LAP also performed well in recognizing ultrasound-proven NAFLD. Conclusion: LAP is an ideal biomarker of hepatic steatosis and NAFLD.

The potential for synthesized invasive plant biochar with hydroxyapatite to mitigate allelopathy of Solidago canadensis.

Few studies tried to explore the mitigation effect and underlying mechanisms of biochar and their complex for negative allelopathy from invasive plants, which may provide a new way in the invasive plant management. Herein, an invasive plant (Solidago canadensis)-derived biochar (IBC) and its composite with hydroxyapatite (HAP/IBC) were synthesized by high temperature pyrolysis, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectrometer, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Then, both the batch adsorption and pot experiments were conducted to compare the removal effects of kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-glucoside (C21 H20 O11 , kaempf), an allelochemical from S. canadensis, on IBC and HAP/IBC, respectively. HAP/IBC showed a stronger affinity for kaempf than IBC due to its higher specific surface area, more functional groups (P-O, P-O-P, PO4 3- ), stronger crystallization [Ca3 (PO4 )2 ]. The maximum kaempf adsorption capacity on HAP/IBC was six times higher than on IBC (10.482 mg/g > 1.709 mg/g) via π-π interactions, functional groups, and metal complexation. The kaempf adsorption process could be fitted best by both pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Furthermore, HAP/IBC addition into soils could enhance and even recover the germination rate and/or seedling growth of tomato inhibited by negative allelopathy from the invasive S. canadensis. These results indicate that the composite of HAP/IBC could more effectively mitigate the allelopathy from S. canadensis than IBC, which may be a potential efficient approach to control the invasive plant and improve invaded soils.

The effect of inhibitory control and language proficiency on intra-sentential switching costs in reading comprehension.

Based on the inhibition account and activation account, inhibitory control and language proficiency play big roles on language control mechanisms underlying language switching respectively. But it is still debatable whether inhibitory control and language proficiency play roles in sentential context during bilingual language comprehension, and how and when they work if they both do. The present study examined the specific roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on modulating intra-sentential switching costs in Chinese-English bilinguals using self-paced reading task. Results indicated that language proficiency and switching direction modulated intra-sentential switching costs significantly. Switching costs were larger when switching into L1 than into L2 for the first two code-switched words due to inhibitory effect, but more costly switching into L2 than into L1 since the third code-switched words owing to the effect of relative language proficiency. During bilingual language processing, inhibition and activation of languages shaped a dynamic interplay of complementary language control processes. Specifically, inhibitory control and language proficiency work as a dynamic continuum in language switching at sentence level. Switching into L1 requires the release of inhibition to L1, but switching into L2 asks the activation and access of L2. The interaction effects of language proficiency and inhibitory control influenced the exertion and components of inhibition. This study reconciled the independent roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on language switching and constructed a new continuum based on language proficiency.

The effects of cross-linguistic similarity on phrase-level language switching: evidence from high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals.

Previous research on language switching has debated whether high-proficient bilinguals exhibit symmetrical costs and one underlying reason for which may be the potential influence of cross-linguistic characteristics. The previous conflicting findings suggest their impact on language switching needs to be further investigated. In this study, we recruited 36 high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals and investigated the effect of cross-linguistic similarity on the switching of quantifier expressions under three switch conditions. The results showed that switch costs were significantly greater when the quantifier expression was similar between Chinese and English than when it was different. Larger switch costs were found in the alternate switch condition than those in the non-switch or random switch conditions. In addition, participants exhibited larger switch costs when switching to the first language than when switching to the second language. The results suggest that the similarity of quantifier expressions between the first language and the second language would create more competition and thus induce larger switch costs in phrase-level language switching, which may be derived from the inner word recognition system of the mental lexicon. This study further improves the relevant theories on the origin of switch costs by supporting the Language Non-Specific Selection Hypothesis.

Associations between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis in the Chinese Guangxi population: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disease often accompanied by rapidly progressive renal failure, and the genetic background is still unknown. Our study was performed to test whether autophagy-related 16 like 1 (ATG16L1) rs4663402 and rs4663396 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with AAV in the Chinese Guangxi population. METHODS: One hundred seventy seven unrelated AAV patients and 216 healthy controls were included in this case-control study. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction combined with high-throughput sequencing was used for typing, and SNPStats and SHEsis were used for association analysis, pairwise linkage disequilibrium, and haplotype analysis. RESULTS: rs4663402 and rs4663396 were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in AAV and control groups. The frequencies of rs4663402 AA, AT, and TT genotypes were 82.5%, 16.9%, and 0.6%, respectively, in patients with AAV, and 83.5%, 16.2%, and 0.5%, respectively, in controls. The frequencies of rs4663396 CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 63.8%, 33.9%, and 2.3%, respectively, in patients with AAV, and 69.2%, 26.6%, and 4.2%, respectively, in controls. Haplotype analysis revealed two SNPs in a single haplotype block (D' = 1.0). Our logistic regression adjusted for sex and age showed no association between rs4663402 and rs4663396 and the risk for AAV in genetic models (p > 0.05). However, ATG16L1 rs4663396 CC and CT + TT genotypes exhibited statistically significant differences in the incidence of arthralgia (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that ATG16L1 rs4663402 and rs4663396 polymorphisms were not associated with AAV in the Chinese Guangxi population. ATG16L1 rs4663396 CT + TT genotype may be associated with arthralgia.

Pemphigus during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Infection Risk, Vaccine Responses and Management Strategies.

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune blistering disease, involving potentially life-threatening conditions often requiring immunosuppression. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a global public emergency. Vaccines are the most effective defense against COVID-19 infection. However, in clinic, there are cases of new onset or flare of pemphigus following COVID-19 vaccination, where vaccines have manifested significantly desirable risk-benefit profiles for patients. Although Rituximab, as first-line therapy, may impair humoral immunity, pemphigus may not predispose to develop COVID-19 infection compared to a healthy population. Conversely, delay or interruption of immunosuppressants probably results in unfavorable clinical outcomes for disease progression. Overall, clinicians should encourage their patients to undergo the vaccination after a comprehensive assessment. The definite association between COVID-19 vaccination and pemphigus remains to be further elucidated. Herein, we provide an overview of the published studies to date on COVID-19 and pemphigus as well as the exploration of their complicated interplay. In addition, we discuss the management strategies for pemphigus patients in this special period, in an effort to more effectively establish a standard treatment paradigm for this particular patient group.

A human antibody of potent efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques showed strong blocking activity to B.1.351.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), interacts with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) via its spike 1 protein during infection. After the virus sequence was published, we identified two potent antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) from antibody libraries using a phage-to-yeast (PtY) display platform in only 10 days. Our lead antibody JMB2002, now in a Phase 1 clinical trial (ChiCTR2100042150), showed broad-spectrum in vitro blocking activity against hACE2 binding to the RBD of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.351 that was reportedly much more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma, vaccine sera and some clinical-stage neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, JMB2002 has demonstrated complete prophylactic and potent therapeutic efficacy in a rhesus macaque disease model. Prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasure intervention of SARS-CoV-2 using JMB2002 would likely slow down the transmission of currently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants and result in more efficient control of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methoprene-Induced Genes in Workers of Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki).

Termites have a distinct polyphenism controlled by concise hormonal and molecular mechanisms. Workers undergo double molts to transform into soldiers (worker-presoldier-soldier). Juvenile hormone analogs, such as methoprene, can induce workers to transform into presoldiers. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the worker-to-presoldier transformation in Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is still not clear. We sequenced the transcriptome of workers four days after they had fed on methoprene-treated filter paper and control group workers, which fed on acetone-treated filter paper. The transcriptome of C. formosanus was assembled using the de novo assembly method. Expression levels of unigenes in the methoprene-treated group and the control group were compared. The differentially expressed genes were further analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis. Tetrapyrrole binding, oxidoreductase activity, and metal ion binding were the only three enriched GO terms. Juvenile hormone synthesis was the first ranked enriched pathway. Carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism pathways were also enriched. These three pathways may be related to fat body development, which is critical for presoldier formation. Our results have demonstrated the significance of JH synthesis pathways, and pathways related to fat body development in the artificial induction of presoldiers.

Screening of reference genes for expression analysis in the study of soldier caste differentiation of Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki.

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, is a serious pest worldwide. Juvenile hormone analog (and its analogs such as methoprene) can induce the transformation of the worker caste into soldier caste in C. formosanus. However, several factors, such as feeding substrate and colony origin, influence the proportion of solider formation. The molecular mechanism of worker to soldier transformation of C. formosanus is still not clear. RT-qPCR is a powerful tool for molecular studies. Accurate gene quantification by the relative quantification method requires a stable expressed gene as the reference gene. However, no reference genes were available for this species in the methoprene bioassay. To study the problem of gene response to methoprene by RT-qPCR we have to first screen reference genes in C. formosanus. Workers were fed with methoprene. Termites were collected during the methoprene bioassay and separated into head and thorax+abdomen. Expression profiles of 10 candidate reference genes in the two body part types were investigated using RT-qPCR. The results were analyzed by a set of established methods (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder) as well as comparative ΔCt method. Our results suggest that RPS18 is the most stably-expressed gene both in the head and thorax+abdomen for expression analysis in the methoprene bioassay of C. formosanus. The screening of suitable reference genes in C. formosanus establishes the foundation for the molecular study of soldier caste differentiation in this species.