Causal effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on structural changes in specific brain regions: a Mendelian randomization study.

This study utilized Mendelian randomization to explore the impact of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and their subtypes on brain structures, using genome-wide association study data from the FinnGen consortium for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exposure and brain structure data from the ENIGMA consortium as outcomes. The inverse-variance weighted method, along with Cochran's Q test, Mendelian randomization-Egger regression, Mendelian randomization-PRESSO global test, and the leave-one-out approach, were applied to infer causality and assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Findings indicate hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with structural brain alterations, including reduced cortical thickness in areas like the insula, isthmus cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, and transverse temporal gyrus, and an increased surface area in the superior frontal gyrus. Specific associations were found for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy subtypes: chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia increased cortical thickness in the supramarginal gyrus; preeclampsia/eclampsia led to thinner cortex in the lingual gyrus and larger hippocampal volume and superior parietal lobule surface area. Chronic hypertension was associated with reduced cortical thickness in the caudal and rostral anterior cingulate and increased surface area of the cuneus and thickness of the pars orbitalis cortex. Gestational hypertension showed no significant brain region changes. These insights clarify hypertensive disorders of pregnancies' neurological and cognitive effects by identifying affected brain regions.

Absence of causative genetic association between Helicobacter pylori infection and glaucoma: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.

Background: While clinical research has indicated a potential link between Helicobacter pylori infection and the onset of glaucoma, the causality of this association remains uncertain due to the susceptibility of observational studies to confounding factors and reverse causation. Methods: A comprehensive two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to assess the causal connection between H. pylori infection and glaucoma. Glaucoma was categorized into primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma (PEG). Various methods, including inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and mode-based estimator, were employed for effect estimation and pleiotropy testing. To enhance result robustness, a sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding proxy single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results: Genetic predisposition for H. pylori infection has no causal effect on glaucoma: (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.95-1.06, p = 0.980), (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.86-1.09, p = 0.550), and (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.90-1.08, p = 0.766) with POAG, NTG, and PEG, respectively. An inverse MR showed no causal effect of POAG, NTG, and PEG on H. pylori infection (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.97-1.05, p = 0.693), (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98-1.03, p = 0.804), and (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96-1.01, p = 0.363), respectively. Heterogeneity (p > 0.05) and pleiotropy (p > 0.05) analysis confirmed the robustness of MR results. Conclusion: These results indicated that there was no genetic evidence for a causal link between H. pylori and glaucoma, suggesting that the eradication or prevention of H. pylori infection might not benefit glaucoma and vice versa.

Decreased FGF23 inhibits placental angiogenesis via the ERK1/2-EGR-1 signaling pathway in preeclampsia.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in pregnant women with preeclampsia and elucidate its role in promoting placental angiogenesis through the ERK1/2-EGR-1 signaling pathway. METHODS: Serum FGF23 levels were measured by ELISA in healthy pregnant women and patients with preeclampsia during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Wound healing, Transwell, and tube formation assays were performed to investigate the effects of FGF23 on cell migration, invasion and tube formation. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its upstream signaling molecules, p-ERK, and EGR-1, in placental tissues was detected by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Additionally, the effect of FGF23 on VEGF-A, p-ERK, and EGR-1 expression was further explored in vitro. RESULTS: Serum FGF23 levels increased with gestational age. During the third trimester, the control group exhibited a more pronounced increase in FGF23 levels than the preeclampsia group. Administering exogenous FGF23 promoted trophoblast cell migration, invasion and enhanced tube formation in vascular endothelial cells. The expression levels of VEGF-A, p-ERK, and EGR-1 in the placental tissues were significantly lower in the preeclampsia group than in the control group. In vitro experiments confirmed that FGF23 up-regulated VEGF-A expression through the p-ERK/EGR-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The serum level of FGF23 decreased in pregnant women with preeclampsia, inhibiting the ERK1/2-EGR-1 pathway and resulting in decreased expression of VEGF-A, thereby inhibiting placental angiogenesis. This could be a potential mechanism involved in the progression of preeclampsia.

Studying financial development with low-carbon architecture development and green technological innovation: sustaining SDG-9.

In order to accomplish Sustainable Growth Goal 9, this research analyzes in detail how green technological innovation, low-carbon architectural improvement, and more significant financial growth all work together to reach the goal. This research meticulously integrates secondary data from reputable sources to examine the relationship between economic growth, technological innovation in the built environment, and environmental sustainability from 1994 to 2019. For economic insights, the World Bank's World Development Indicators is a go-to resource, while Yale University's Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a go-to for environmental metrics. Our research is based on this synthesis of multi-dimensional data, which enables an in-depth investigation of the interplay between financial development, sustainable architecture, and technical progress toward SDG-9. This research employs quantitative and qualitative methodologies to shed light on the intricate interaction between these elements, making it useful for policymakers, scholars, and stakeholders dedicated to directing sustainable development paths.

Combined with dynamic serum proteomics and clinical follow-up to screen the serum proteins to promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcer.

OBJECTIVE: Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers are a leading cause of disability and death in diabetic patients, which often results in lower limb amputation. This study aimed to investigate the impact of biomarkers on the healing of diabetic foot ulcers by utilizing dynamic serum proteomics and skin proteomic analysis, combined with clinical case follow-up studies. METHODS: To analyze dynamic serum proteomic changes in four groups, age-matched normal subjects, diabetic patients, pretreatment diabetic foot ulcer patients, and healed diabetic foot ulcer patients were selected. The differential proteins were screened in conjunction with normal and diabetic foot ulcer skin proteomics. In this study, a total of 80 patients with diabetic foot ulcers were enrolled and monitored for 3-6 months during treatment. To verify the significance of the differential proteins, age-matched diabetic patients (240 patients) and healthy controls (160 patients) were included as controls. RESULTS: Dynamic serum proteomics trend showed that the level of negative regulatory proteins related to endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and vascular development was significantly decreased after treatment of diabetic foot ulcer. GO enrichment analysis suggested that differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in protein activation cascade, immunoglobulin production, and complement activation. The researchers identified the core proteins APOA1, LPA, and APOA2 through a convergence of serum and skin proteomics screening. Clinical cases further validated that APOA1 levels are decreased in diabetic foot ulcer patients and are correlated with disease severity. In addition, animal experiments showed that APOA1 could promote wound healing in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our dynamic proteomics and clinical case studies, our bioinformatic analysis suggests that APOA1 plays a critical role in linking coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound repair, making it a key protein that promotes the healing of diabetic foot ulcers.

Mechanism of BLIMP1/TRIM66/COX2 in human decidua participates in parturition†.

The mechanism underlying the initiation of parturition remains unclear. Cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandins in decidual membrane tissue play an important role in the "parturition cascade." With the advancement of gestation, the expression of the transcriptional suppressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 in the decidual membrane gradually decreases. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, we found that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 has a binding site in the distal intergenic of PTGS2(COX2). Tripartite motif-containing protein 66 is a chromatin-binding protein that usually performs transcriptional regulatory functions by "reading" histone modification sites in chromatin. In this study, tripartite motif-containing protein 66 exhibits the same trend of expression as B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 in the decidua during gestation. Moreover, the co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that tripartite motif-containing protein 66 combined with B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1. This finding indicated that tripartite motif-containing protein 66 formed a transcription complex with B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1, which coregulated the expression of COX2. In animal experiments, we injected si-Blimp1 adenoviruses (si-Blimp1), Blimp1 overexpression plasmid (Blimp1-OE), and Trim66 overexpression plasmid (Trim66-OE) through the tail vein of mice. The results showed that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 and tripartite motif-containing protein 66 affected the initiation of parturition in mice. Therefore, the present evidence suggests that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 and tripartite motif-containing protein 66 partially participate in the initiation of labor, which may provide a new perspective for exploring the mechanism of term labor.

Destructive interference in N2+ lasing.

We report an unexpected experimental observation in rotation-resolved N2+ lasing that the R-branch lasing intensity from a single rotational state in the vicinity of 391 nm can be greatly stronger than the P-branch lasing intensity summing over the total rotational states at suitable pressures. According to a combined measurement of the dependence of the rotation-resolved lasing intensity on the pump-probe delay and the rotation-resolved polarization, we speculate that the destructive interference can be induced for the spectrally-indistinguishable P-branch lasing due to the propagation effect while the R-branch lasing is little affected due to its discrete spectral property, after precluding the role of rotational coherence. These findings shed light on the air-lasing physics, and provide a feasible route to manipulate air lasing intensity.

Fructo-oligosaccharides Ameliorate Intestinal Mechanical Barrier Injury in Piglets Induced by Soybean Antigen in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Fructose oligosaccharides (FOS) have been shown to reduce soybean antigeninduced hypersensitivity in piglets, but their effects on intestinal epithelial barrier function have not been characterized. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of FOS on intestinal barrier injury induced by soybean antigen in piglets in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: We studied the protective effects of FOS against mechanical barrier dysfunction induced using ß-conglycinin or glycinin in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), and measured the serum concentrations of diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid, and endotoxin, and the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, in piglets. RESULTS: We found that FOS concentration dependently increases cell activity, trans-epithelial electrical resistance, and TJ protein expression (P < 0.05) and reduces alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (P < 0.05) in vitro. In addition, the serum DAO, D-lactic acid, and endotoxin concentrations were reduced by FOS administration in piglets (P < 0.05). Both in vitro and in vivo, the expression levels of TJ proteins (zona occludens 1 and occludin) were increased significantly by FOS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Therefore, FOS protect against intestinal injury induced by soybean antigen in piglets, which may provide a basis for the prevention of allergy.

Aptamer-modified M cell targeting liposomes for oral delivery of macromolecules.

There is an urgent demand for non-invasive and high compliance delivery systems of macromolecules for long-term therapy. However, oral administration of macromolecules is hindered by low permeability and instability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, we developed a novel aptamer-modified liposomes (Apt-Lip) with M cell targeting for oral delivery of exenatide (EXT). Firstly, we optimized aptamers to M cells by Cell-SELEX and aptamer truncations. The selected aptamer T-M3 (Apt-T-M3) with high binding affinity (Kd = 176 ± 108 nM) and specificity was modified on the surface of liposomes for targeting M cells. Liposomes were formulated by microfluidics system and characterized in terms of morphology, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, and the efficiency of encapsulation. In comparison with non-targeting liposomes, cell uptake in M cells was significantly enhanced by Apt-Lip. Similarly, the transport efficiency of EXT was 2-fold increase using Apt-Lip in M cells. Additionally, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of M cell monolayers is significantly reduced. In ex vivo intestinal absorption study, Apt-Lip was proved to possess significantly high intestinal absorption in Peyer's patches (PPs) and M cells-specific targeting capacity. Consequently, Apt-Lip promoted the EXT transport could base not only on M cell mediated transport, but also on enhancement of paracellular permeability. In conclusion, the present study supported Apt-Lip as a promising M cell targeted delivery system for oral delivery of macromolecules.

Fabrication of hierarchical ß-Bi2O3/AuAg microspheres for sensitive, selective and rapid detection of environment pollutants by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

In this paper, we report a novel surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate based on hierarchical ß-Bi2O3/Au2Ag2 microspheres for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of environment pollutants including o-dianisidine (o-diASD) and Hg2+ in environmental samples. The sheet-like ß-Bi2O3 not only provides large specific surface areas for adsorption of molecules and AuAg, but also emerges as semiconductor matrix with chemical enhancement combined with AuAg with electromagnetic enhancement, making promising SERS activity. Particularly, the ß-Bi2O3/Au2Ag2 shows high SERS performance for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and TMB with minimum detectable concentration of 0.1 µg/L with enhancement factor of 3.1 × 107 and 6.3 × 107, respectively. The density functional theory simulations were further adopted to explain the high SERS activity and selectivity for o-diASD and TMB. Finally, the ß-Bi2O3/Au2Ag2 was applied to direct detection of o-diASD, and indirect detection of Hg2+ by TMB marking in environmental samples. The linearity range of 0.5-200.0 and 0.2-500.0 µg/L with limit of detection of 0.2 and 0.07 µg/L for o-diASD and Hg2+ ions can be achieved, respectively. This method provides a novel strategy in designing and fabricating SERS substrates with high performance for rapid, sensitive and accurate analysis of environmental pollutants.

Optical coherence tomography angiography for the characterisation of retinal microvasculature alterations in pregnant patients with anaemia: a nested case‒control study.

AIMS: To characterise retinal microvascular alterations in the eyes of pregnant patients with anaemia (PA) and to compare the alterations with those in healthy controls (HC) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: This nested case‒control study included singleton PA and HC from the Eye Health in Pregnancy Study. Fovea avascular zone (FAZ) metrics, perfusion density (PD) in the superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus and flow deficit (FD) density in the choriocapillaris (CC) were quantified using FIJI software. Linear regressions were conducted to evaluate the differences in OCTA metrics between PA and HC. Subgroup analyses were performed based on comparisons between PA diagnosed in the early or late trimester and HC. RESULTS: In total, 99 eyes of 99 PA and 184 eyes of 184 HC were analysed. PA had a significantly reduced FAZ perimeter (ß coefficient=-0.310, p<0.001), area (ß coefficient=-0.121, p=0.001) and increased circularity (ß coefficient=0.037, p<0.001) compared with HC. Furthermore, higher PD in the central (ß coefficient=0.327, p=0.001) and outer (ß coefficient=0.349, p=0.007) regions were observed in PA. PA diagnosed in the first trimester had more extensive central FD (ß coefficient=4.199, p=0.003) in the CC, indicating impaired perfusion in the CC. CONCLUSION: It was found that anaemia during pregnancy was associated with macular microvascular abnormalities, which differed in PA as pregnancy progressed. The results suggest that quantitative OCTA metrics may be useful for risk evaluation before clinical diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: 2021KYPJ098 and ChiCTR2100049850.

An Advanced Chicken Face Detection Network Based on GAN and MAE.

Achieving high-accuracy chicken face detection is a significant breakthrough for smart poultry agriculture in large-scale farming and precision management. However, the current dataset of chicken faces based on accurate data is scarce, detection models possess low accuracy and slow speed, and the related detection algorithm is ineffective for small object detection. To tackle these problems, an object detection network based on GAN-MAE (generative adversarial network-masked autoencoders) data augmentation is proposed in this paper for detecting chickens of different ages. First, the images were generated using GAN and MAE to augment the dataset. Afterward, CSPDarknet53 was used as the backbone network to enhance the receptive field in the object detection network to detect different sizes of objects in the same image. The 128×128 feature map output was added to three feature map outputs of this paper, thus changing the feature map output of eightfold downsampling to fourfold downsampling, which provided smaller object features for subsequent feature fusion. Secondly, the feature fusion module was improved based on the idea of dense connection. Then the module achieved feature reuse so that the YOLO head classifier could combine features from different levels of feature layers to capture greater classification and detection results. Ultimately, the comparison experiments' outcomes showed that the mAP (mean average Precision) of the suggested method was up to 0.84, which was 29.2% higher than other networks', and the detection speed was the same, up to 37 frames per second. Better detection accuracy can be obtained while meeting the actual scenario detection requirements. Additionally, an end-to-end web system was designed to apply the algorithm to practical applications.

Accuracy and Utility of Preoperative Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Lymph Node Biopsy for Invasive Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: With the acceleration of the pace of life and work, the incidence rate of invasive breast cancer is getting higher and higher, and early diagnosis is very important. This study screened and analyzed the published literature on ultrasound-guided biopsy of invasive breast cancer and obtained the accuracy and practicality of preoperative biopsy. Method: The four databases were screened for the literature. There was no requirement for the start date of retrieval, and the deadline was July 2, 2022. Two researchers screened the literature, respectively, and included the literature on preoperative ultrasound-guided biopsy and intraoperative and postoperative pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. The diagnostic data included in the literature were extracted and meta-analyzed with RevMan 5.4 software, and the bias risk map, forest map, and summary receiver operating characteristic curves (SROC) were drawn. Results: The included 19 studies involved about 18668 patients with invasive breast cancer. The degree of bias of the included literature is low. The distribution range of true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative in the forest map is large, which may be related to the large difference in the number of patients in each study. Most studies in the SROC curve are at the upper left, indicating that the accuracy of ultrasound-guided axillary biopsy is very high. Conclusion: For invasive breast cancer, preoperative ultrasound-guided biopsy can accurately predict staging and grading of breast cancer, which has important reference value for surgery and follow-up treatment.

Autophagy Mediates MMP-2 Expression in Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork Cells.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and starvation on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: Primary TM cells were cultured and divided into three groups. The control group was treated with a normal medium, the 3-MA group was stimulated with 3-MA, and the starvation group received nutrient depletion by replacing the normal media with Earle's balanced salt solution. Cellular mRNA and protein were measured at different 3-MA concentrations and starvation time periods. The level of autophagy was accessed by monodansylcadaverine fluorescent staining and expression of specific autophagy-related genes, light chain 3 (LC3), and Beclin1. The effects of 3-MA and starvation on cell proliferation were determined with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay kit. The mRNA and protein expression of LC3-II, Beclin1, and MMP-2 were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Results: Compared to the control group, starvation significantly upregulated LC3-II and Beclin1 in TM cells after 3 h of stimulation, which peaked at 6 h and 9 h, respectively. Increased MDC-labeled cells were also observed. Starvation downregulated the expression of MMP-2. On the contrary, 3-MA suppressed the activation of autophagy, as shown by the marked downregulation of LC3-II and Beclin1. The expressions of MMP-2 were higher in the 3-MA group compared to the control group, reaching a peak at a concentration of 5 mM. Conclusion: Autophagy may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG via regulating the expression of MMP-2 and, subsequently, the deposition of the extracellular matrix.

Effect of substrate stiffness on the mechanical properties of cervical cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer microenvironment is involved in the regulation of the behavior, morphology, and mechanical properties of the cervical cancer cells. Integrins expressed on the cell membrane combine with the factors of the microenvironment to determine cervical cancer cells' properties. The mechanical properties of integrin-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions are important for the mechanotransduction of cervical cancer cells. However, the quantified study on the adhesion force and binding probabilities between collagen and integrins on cervical cancer cells grown on different stiffness substrates have not been reported. METHODS: Polyacrylamide (PA) gel was used as substrate to mimic the mechanical microenvironment of cancer cells. ImageJ software was used to measure the perimeter and area of the cells. SiHa cells were stained with FITC phalloidine to observe the cytoskeleton. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the cell mechanical properties. RESULT: The perimeters of SiHa cells grown on different stiffness substrates were 63.4 ± 1.3, 102.8 ± 4.0, and 152.6 ± 4.1 µm, for soft, intermediate, and stiff substrates, respectively. These areas were 277.2 ± 13.3, 428.9 ± 26.0, and 1166.0 ± 63.2 µm2, for soft, intermediate, and stiff substrates, respectively. The Young's modulus of SiHa cells grown on stiff substrates (3.0 ± 0.02 kPa) was higher compared with those on soft substrates (0.6 ± 0.01 kPa) or intermediate substrates (bimodal distribution, 1.36 and 1.67 kPa). The adhesion force between the functionalized probe and SiHa cells grown on glass (55.65 ± 0.78 pN) was significantly greater than that on stiff (47.03 ± 0.85 pN), intermediate (34.07 ± 0.58 pN) and soft (27.94 ± 0.47 pN) substrates. The binding probabilities of the collagen-integrin of the four rigid substrates were significantly differed. CONCLUSION: The changes in substrate stiffness can obviously regulate SiHa cells' mechanical properties, such as the Young's modulus. The adhesion force and binding probabilities of SiHa cells both increased with increasing substrate strength.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Enzymatic Properties Reduce Cytokine Release Syndrome.

A core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle with biological enzyme functional characteristics was developed by oxidative polymerization of template protein and polydopamine on the surface of protease-copper phosphate hybrid nanoflowers by molecular imprinting technology and enzyme immobilization technology. The obtained molecularly imprinted polymer showed specific binding characteristics with the template protein. It recognized and enriched the target molecules through the surface molecularly imprinted sites of the shell structure. In addition, the bound target molecules were further degraded into fragments by nanozymes with biological enzyme characteristics in the core. In this study, molecular imprinting technology and biotechnology were combined to obtain bifunctional molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles that can not only enrich template molecules but also degrade them into fragments. Herein, we selected interleukin 6 (IL-6), the target molecule of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as a template molecule, and reported a molecularly imprinted polymer with degrading enzyme properties that can rapidly reduce IL-6 levels in vivo, including a molecularly imprinted layer that can recognize and bind IL-6 and nanozymes that can degrade IL-6 and deactivate it. It is used to clear the excessive secretion of IL-6 in CRS and reduce the level of IL-6 in the body to achieve the purpose of adjuvant treatment of CRS.

Longitudinal trends in lipid profiles during pregnancy: Association with gestational diabetes mellitus and longitudinal trends in insulin indices.

Objective: To investigate the correlation of trends in lipid profiles from first to second trimester with trends in insulin indices and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Secondary analysis of an ongoing prospective cohort study was conducted on 1234 pregnant women in a single center. Lipid profiles, glucose metabolism and insulin indices were collected in the first and second trimesters. Trends in lipid profiles were divided into four subgroups: low-to-low, high-to-high, high-to-low and low-to-high group. Insulin indices including homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were calculated to evaluate insulin resistance (IR). Trends in insulin indices were described as: no IR, persistent IR, first-trimester IR alone and second-trimester IR alone. Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the associations of lipid profiles subgroups with insulin indices and GDM. Results: First- and second-trimester total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were strongly correlated to first- and second-trimester insulin indices. Only TG had a sustained correlation with glucose metabolism indices. High-to-high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was an independent risk factor for GDM. High-to-high TG and high-to-low TG groups were independent risk factors for persistent IR. High-to-high TG and low-to-high TG groups were independent risk factors for second-trimester IR alone. Conclusion: TG has a sustained correlation with insulin indices and glucose metabolism indices. Persistently high TG is an independent risk factor for persistent IR and second-trimester IR alone. Regardless of whether pregnant women have first-trimester IR, lower TG levels help reduce the risk for persistent IR or subsequent development of IR. These results highlight the benefit of lowering TG levels in early and middle pregnancy to prevent the development of IR.