RESUMO
Repeated 24 h blood sampling, which is required for time series analyses of metabolites and/or hormones that show strong fluctuations in blood concentration over time, has a higher failure rate in older adults. We tailored existing venipuncture protocols toward use for 24 h blood sampling (sampling frequency of 10 min) in older adults. The following modifications were made: â¢Pre-sampling: evidence based risk assessment of older adults.â¢During sampling:â¢Ultrasound-guided identification and characterisation of veins.â¢Use of 20-gauge arterial catheter with guide wire for venous access.â¢Measures to prevent and/or reduce unidirectional blood flow (fluid flow into but not out of the vein) included:â¢Use of hot water bottles to dilate veins.â¢Use of small gauge syringes, shortening of the extension line, and slowing of the blood withdrawal rate to reduce pressure on veins.â¢Stimulation of movement of the arm or retraction of the IV cannula to relieve mechanical flow obstruction.â¢Post-sampling: prevention of bruising and prolonged bleeding.