Identification of Metabolomics Biomarkers in Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis.

The biochemical identification of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is still a challenge. Hence, 349 male subjects (176 normal controls and 173 stroke patients with extracranial CAS ≥ 50% diameter stenosis) were recruited. Blood samples were collected 14 days after stroke onset with no acute illness. Carotid plaque score (≥2, ≥5 and ≥8) was used to define CAS severity. Serum metabolites were analyzed using a targeted Absolute IDQ®p180 kit. Results showed hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption were more common, but levels of diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C, LDL-C, and cholesterol were lower in CAS patients than controls (p < 0.05), suggesting intensive medical treatment for CAS. PCA and PLS-DA did not demonstrate clear separation between controls and CAS patients. Decision tree and random forest showed that acylcarnitine species (C4, C14:1, C18), amino acids and biogenic amines (SDMA), and glycerophospholipids (PC aa C36:6, PC ae C34:3) contributed to the prediction of CAS. Metabolite panel analysis showed high specificity (0.923 ± 0.081, 0.906 ± 0.086 and 0.881 ± 0.109) but low sensitivity (0.230 ± 0.166, 0.240 ± 0.176 and 0.271 ± 0.169) in the detection of CAS (≥2, ≥5 and ≥8, respectively). The present study suggests that metabolomics profiles could help in differentiating between controls and CAS patients and in monitoring the progression of CAS.

Solvent effects on the retention mechanisms of an amylose-based sorbent.

The mobile phase, when used in combination with a polysaccharide-based sorbent, often contains hydrocarbons with polar modifiers. Studies have investigated the effect of solvent on the recognition mechanism of polysaccharide-based sorbents, but it remains unclear how these modifier molecules affect solute retention behavior. This study used an amylose 3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate-based sorbent to systematically investigate the retention behavior of various solutes as a function of the concentration of four polar modifiers: ethanol, isopropanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and acetone. The thermodynamic properties of adsorption for the four modifiers were thoroughly investigated using retention factor data, van't Hoff plots, and adsorption isotherms of the modifier molecules. The adsorption data of acetone and isopropanol followed the Langmuir isotherm, whereas the bi-Langmuir isotherm more accurately fit the ethanol data. For methyl tert-butyl ether, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller adsorption isotherm indicated multilayer adsorption with a low saturation capacity of the first adsorption layer. A multivalent retention model interpreted slopes of the plots of the logarithm of the retention factor versus the logarithm of the modifier concentration. Because the molecular polarity of acetone is stronger than that of methyl tert-butyl ether, the limiting absolute slope values of tetrahydrofuran at a very high acetone modifier concentration were smaller than that when methyl tert-butyl ether was used as the polar modifier. The higher absolute value of the slope for tert-butanol suggested the potential of CO groups of acetone molecules to form bifurcated H bonds on a tert-butanol molecule. When alcohol was employed as the polar modifier, the results suggested that the effect of isopropanol self-association on the retention factor was stronger than the effects of solute-IPA complexation and isopropanol adsorption. For alcohol modifiers, U-shaped retention curves were obtained for all aromatic solutes. When acetone or methyl tert-butyl ether was used, the absence of a U-shaped curve indicated the weak polarity of those modifiers.