Cobalt (II) porphyrin nanoaggregates as sacrificial templates to improve the peroxidase-like activity of light-controlled TiO2-based nanozymes for colorimetric determination of amikacin.

Although porphyrin modification can improve the peroxidase-like activity of some inorganic nanozymes, it is hardly studied that metal porphyrin self-assembled nanoaggregates as sacrificial templates to turn on the peroxidase-like activity of inorganic nanozymes under light illumination. In this work, cobalt (II) 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-carboxylpheyl)porphyrin (CoTCPP) self-assembled nanoaggregates are firstly used as soft templates to prepare TiO2-based nanozymes with the enhanced peroxidase-like activity. Interestingly, CoTCPP nanoaggregates can be changed into Co oxide nanoparticles dispersed into the nanosphere composites. Furthermore, the peroxidase-like activity of CoTCPP-TiO2 nanospheres can be controlled by light illumination. Comparatively, CoTCPP-TiO2 nanoshperes exhibit the highest peroxidase-like activity of three nanospheres (CoTCPP-TiO2, H2TCPP-TiO2 and TiO2) with similar morphology under the light illumination. Other than the existence of oxygen vacancy, the formation of heterostructure between TiO2 and a small amount of Co3O4 are ascribed to increase the catalytic activity of CoTCPP-TiO2 composites. Thus, a facile and convenient colorimetric sensing platform has been constructed and tuned by light illumination for determining H2O2 and amikacin in a good linear range of 20-100 and 50-100 µM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.04 µM and 1.88 µM, respectively. The CoTCPP-TiO2 based colorimetric sensing platform has been validated by measuring the amikacin residue in lake water.

Alternaria alternata species complex impairing solanaceous vegetables in Northern parts of India: an emerging problem in Solanum lycopersicum L.

Severe incidence of Alternaria spp. was observed in the three solanaceous vegetables viz. tomato, potato and brinjal grown in National Capital Region of Delhi and Haryana. The symptomatic plants exhibited necrotic brown lesions on the leaves initiating from the lower older leaves and extending to stem, affecting the whole plant. Subsequently, black sooty sporulation was observed in fruits of tomato and brinjal crop. During the survey, tomato crop was most susceptible with 98.99% incidence, followed by brinjal with 82.36% and potato with 61.19% incidence. The mean plant disease index varied between 9.98% and 65.99% among the three crops. Isolation and characterization of the causal agent from symptomatic plants revealed association of small-spored Alternaria spp. in all crops. Further, morphological and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing phylogenetic analysis ascertained the fungus belong to Alternaria section of Alternaria genus. As tomato was found most susceptible, host plant resistance was explored among 197 tomato germplasm/breeding lines under epiphytotic conditions. It was found that 08 accessions exhibited moderate resistance against pathogen. The findings in the study suggest that small-spored Alternaria is an emerging problem in the solanaceous vegetables and warrants attention for effective management of the disease. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04059-7.

Deciphering the defense response in tomato against Sclerotium rolfsii by Trichoderma asperellum strain A10 through gene expression analysis.

Biological control agents are preferred over chemicals for managing plant diseases, with Trichoderma species being particularly effective against soil-borne pathogens. This study examines the use of a highly antagonistic strain, Trichoderma asperellum A10, and a virulent strain, Sclerotium rolfsii Sr38, identified and confirmed through ITS, ß-tubulin (T. asperellum), TEF 1α, and RPB2 (S. rolfsii) sequences. In vitro and in planta experiments compared the antagonistic potential of A10 with other antagonistic fungi and fungicides against S. rolfsii. A10 achieved 94.66% inhibition of S. rolfsii in dual culture assays. In greenhouse trials with tomato variety Pusa Ruby, A10 showed significant pre- and post-inoculation effectiveness, with disease inhibition of 86.17 and 80.60%, respectively, outperforming T. harzianum, Propiconazole, and Carbendazim. Additionally, microbial priming with A10 was explored to enhance plant defense responses. Pre-treatment of tomato plants with T. asperellum A10 led to significant upregulation of several defense-related genes, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR5, PR12, thioredoxin peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, isochorismate synthase, laccase, prosystemin, multicystatin, WRKY31, MYC2, lipoxygenase A, lipoxygenase C, proteinase inhibitor I, proteinase inhibitor II, and ethylene response 1 associated with various signaling pathways such as salicylic acid (SA)-mediated and jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated responses. This upregulation was particularly evident at 48 h post-inoculation in A10-primed plants challenged with S. rolfsii, inducing resistance against collar rot disease. This study underscores the effectiveness of T. asperellum A10 in controlling collar rot and highlights its potential for inducing resistance in plants through microbial priming, providing valuable insights into sustainable disease management strategies. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04040-4.

Characterizing genetic diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii isolates by biomapping of mycelial compatibility groupings and multilocus sequence analysis.

Genetic diversity in Sclerotium rolfsii is useful for understanding its population structure, identifying different mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs), and developing targeted strategies for disease management in affected crops. In our study, a comprehensive genetic analysis was conducted on 50 isolates of S. rolfsii, collected from various geographic regions and host plants. Two specific genes, TEF1α and RPB2, were utilized to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among these isolates. Notably, out of 1225 pairings examined, only 154 exhibited a compatible reaction, while the majority displayed antagonistic reactions, resulting in the formation of a barrier zone. The isolates were grouped into 10 distinct MCGs. These MCGs were further characterized using genetic sequencing. TEF1α sequences distinguished the isolates into 17 distinct clusters, and RPB2 sequences classified them into 20 clusters. Some MCGs shared identical gene sequences within each gene, while others exhibited unique sequences. Intriguingly, when both TEF1α and RPB2 sequences were combined, all 10 MCGs were effectively differentiated, even those that appeared identical with single-gene analysis. This combined approach provided a comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity and relationships among the S. rolfsii isolates, allowing for precise discrimination between different MCGs. The results shed light on the population structure and genetic variability within this plant pathogenic fungus, providing valuable insights for disease management and control strategies. This study highlights the significance of comprehending the varied virulence characteristics within S. rolfsii isolates, categorizing them into specific virulence groups based on disease severity index (DSI) values. The association with MCGs provides additional insights into the genetic underpinnings of virulence in this pathogen. Furthermore, the identification of geographical patterns in virulence implies the influence of region-specific factors, with potential implications for disease control and crop protection strategies.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [G. M. Sandeep] Last name [Kumar]. Author 2 Given name: [Praveen Kumar] Last name [Singh]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.I confirm that the given names are accurate and presented in the correct sequence.

Preparation and physicochemical characterization of whitlockite/PVA/Gelatin composite for bone tissue regeneration.

This work used a straightforward solvent casting approach to synthesize bone whitlockite (WH) based PVA/Gelatin composites. WH nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the wet precipitation method, followed by their addition into the PVA/Gelatin matrix at concentrations from 1% to 10%. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared PVA/Gelatin/WH composite was carried out using ATR-FTIR, Optical profilometry, a Goniometer, a Universal tensile testing machine (UTM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of noncovalent interactions between polymeric chains and WH NPs and the incorporation of WH NPs into the polymer cavities. SEM analysis demonstrated increased surface roughness with the addition of WH NPs, supporting the results obtained through optical profilometry analysis. The mechanical properties of the prepared composite showed an increase in the tensile strength with the addition of WH filler up to 7% loading. The prepared composite has demonstrated an excellent swelling ability and surface wettability. The reported results demonstrate the exceptional potential of the prepared composite for bone tissue regeneration.

A computational model to analyze the impact of birth weight-nutritional status pair on disease development and disease recovery.

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to analyse the combined impacts of birth weight and nutritional status on development and recovery of various types of diseases. This work aims to computationally establish the facts about the effects of individual birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. Methods: This work designs a computational model to analyze the impact of birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. Our model works in two phases. The first phase finds the best machine learning model to predict birth weight from "Child Birth Weight Dataset" available at IEEE Dataport (https://dx.doi.org/10.21227/dvd4-3232). The second phase combines the predicted birth weight labels with nutritional status labels and establishes the effects using differential equations. Results: The experimental results find Gradient boosting (GB) to work the best with Information gain (IGT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) with Chi-square test (CST) for predicting the birth weights. The simulated results establish that "normal birth weight and normal nutritional status" is the best pair for resisting disease development as well as enhancing disease recovery. The results also depict that "low birth weight and malnutrition" is the worst pair for disease development while "high birth weight and malnutrition" is the worst combination for disease recovery. Conclusion: The findings computationally establish the facts about the effects of birth weight-nutritional status pairs on disease development and disease recovery. As a social implication, this study can spread awareness about the importance of birth weight and nutritional status. The outcome can be helpful for the concerned authority in making decisions on healthcare cost and expenditure.

Chitosan-Based Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Efficient Gene Delivery System to Cross Blood Brain Barrier: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations.

Significant progress has been made in the field of gene therapy, but effective treatments for brain tumors remain challenging due to their complex nature. Current treatment options have limitations, especially due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and precisely target cancer cells. Therefore options that are safer, more effective, and capable of specifically targeting cancer cells are urgently required as alternatives. This current study aimed to develop highly biocompatible natural biopolymeric chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as potential gene delivery vehicles that can cross the BBB and serve as gene or drug delivery vehicles for brain disease therapeutics. The efficiency of the CNPs was evaluated via in vitro transfection of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid in HEK293-293 and brain cancer MG-U87 cell lines, as well as within in vivo mouse models. The CNPs were prepared via a complex coacervation method, resulting in nanoparticles of approximately 260 nm in size. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis revealed that the CNPs had better cell viability (85%) in U87 cells compared to the chemical transfection reagent (CTR) (72%). Moreover, the transfection efficiency of the CNPs was also higher, as indicated by fluorescent emission microscopy (20.56% vs. 17.79%) and fluorescent-activated cell sorting (53% vs. 27%). In vivo assays using Balb/c mice revealed that the CNPs could efficiently cross the BBB, suggesting their potential as efficient gene delivery vehicles for targeted therapies against brain cancers as well as other brain diseases for which the efficient targeting of a therapeutic load to the brain cells has proven to be a real challenge.

Novel cytotoxicity study of strontium (Sr) doped iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles aided with ibuprofen for drug delivery applications.

This work is aimed at studying the drug delivery applications of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles with strontium (Sr) doping with varying molar ratios prepared by the co-precipitation route. The impact of increased strontium content on the particle size and magnetic properties was investigated. The impending of these nanoparticles for drug loading, drug release, and their respective cytotoxicity was also inspected.First, iron oxide nanoparticles were doped with various amounts of strontium, from 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75, to 1 mol using co-precipitation method. These synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, VSM, and FTIR for evaluating crystal structure, phase purity, morphology, composition, magnetic properties, and functional groups, respectively. Drug loading and drug release properties were determined using UV-vis spectroscopy, whereas MTT assay evaluated cytotoxicity. Colloidal stability was assessed using zeta potential in PBS solution.The findings confirmed the successful doping of iron oxide with strontium via XRD and EDX. SEM results confirmed spherical morphology for all and needle-like structure for 1 mol strontium doped sample. For VSM results, a single domain structure was established. It was also observed that the drug encapsulation efficiency increases with increased strontium content. Cytotoxicity results by MTT assay revealed increased cytotoxicity with increasing nanoparticle concentration, and ibuprofen-loaded nanoparticles showed higher cytotoxicity than un-loaded nanoparticles at the same concentration. Zeta potential results showed colloidal stability of iron oxide nanoparticles increased by the addition of strontium.This study provided predominantly comparison of the cytotoxicity of ibuprofen-loaded and non-loaded nanoparticles on Hep-2 cancer cells at similar concentrations for the first time for both Fe3O4 particles and Sr-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles and enclosed the impact of increasing Sr doping content on Fe3O4 nanoparticles.

Melting heat transfer analysis in magnetized bioconvection flow of sutterby nanoliquid conveying gyrotactic microorganisms.

In biotechnology and biosensors bioconvection along with microorganisms play a important role. This article communicates a theoretic numerical analysis concerning the bioconvective Sutterby nanofluid flow over a stretchable wedge surface. Bioconvection is a remarkable occurrence of undercurrents fluid that is produced owing to the turning of microbes. It is considered for hydrodynamics unsteadiness and forms classified in interruption of inclined swimming microbes. Bioconvection is perceived practically in many uses for example pharmaceutical products, bio sensing applications, biomedical, bio-micro systems, biotechnology advancements and refining of mathematical models. Additionally, unsteady parameter influences are taken into account. Furthermore, no mass flux as well as heat sink/source consequences are measured in existing analysis. The similarity transformation are established for the non-linear PDEs of microorganism's field, nanofluid concentration, energy, momentum and mass for bioconvection flow of Sutterby nanofluid. Then, altered non-linear ODEs are resolved by utilizing the bvp4c technique. Moreover, nanofluids are declining in thermal and concentration fields and the greater number of Peclet number declines the field of microorganisms. Acquired numerical data displays that temperature field of nanofluid increases for more thermophoretic and unsteady parameters.

Bilateral anterior uveitis as a presenting feature of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma in a neonate.

Purpose: To report a case of diffuse xanthogranuloma presenting as bilateral anterior uveitis in a neonate. Observations: A neonate was brought by the parents with complaints of redness, watering, and photophobia in both eyes for 10 days. Examination under anesthesia revealed the presence of bilateral hyphema, fibrinous membrane, corneal haze, and raised intraocular pressure (IOP). Ultrasound Biomicroscopy revealed diffuse bilateral iris thickening. The child was managed medically with topical glaucoma medications, topical steroids, and cycloplegics. The child responded well with the resolution of hyphema, anterior chamber inflammation, and reduction of IOP. Conclusion and importance: In neonates and infants presenting with bilateral uveitis, spontaneous hyphema, and secondary glaucoma, even in the absence of a well-defined iris lesion, diffuse juvenile xanthogranuloma should be considered as a differential diagnosis.

Evaluation of the public health empowerment program in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

Background: The Public Health Empowerment Program (PHEP) is a 3-month training program for frontline public health staff to improve surveillance quality and strengthen the early warning system capacities. Studies evaluating the program and its impact on the health systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of PHEP graduates' engagement in field epidemiology activities, assess their perceived skills and capacity to perform these activities and assess the extent to which PHEP helped the graduates to perform field epidemiology activities. Methods: A descriptive evaluation study was conducted based on levels 3 and 4 of Kirkpatrick's model for evaluating training programs to assess the change in graduates' behavior and the direct results of the program. Data were collected using two online surveys targeting PHEP graduates and programs' directors/ technical advisers. Results: A total of 162 PHEP graduates and 8 directors/ technical advisers participated in the study. The majority of PHEP graduates reported that they are often involved in activities such as responding to disease outbreaks effectively (87.7%) and monitoring surveillance data collection (75.3%). High proportions of PHEP graduates rated their skills as good in performing most of field epidemiology activities. The majority of graduates reported that the PHEP helped them much in conducting, reviewing, and monitoring surveillance data collection (92%), responding effectively to public health events and disease outbreaks (91.4%), and communicating information effectively with agency staff and with the local community (85.2%). Conclusion: PHEP appears to be an effective program for improving the public health workforce's skills and practices in epidemiological competencies in the EMR. PHEP strengthened the engagement of the graduates in most field epidemiology activities, especially during COVID-19.

Corrigendum: Temporal transcriptome of tomato elucidates the signaling pathways of induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance activated by Chaetomium globosum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1048578.].

Effect of betaine supplementation on production performance and serum antioxidant indices of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during summer.

This study aimed to determine whether feeding betaine (Bet) to lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes elevates their production performance during the hot and humid climate. Sixty lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were randomly divided into four groups: the control group received a standard concentrates basal diet without Bet, whereas in the treated group the same diet was supplemented with Bet at 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% on dry matter basis for 9 weeks. All animals received ad libitum amount of chopped green maize fodder. Milk production and its fat % were recorded twice daily, whereas for the remaining components samples were collected weekly. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. The results showed that feeding Bet to buffaloes increased (p<0.05) milk yield, production efficiency, and nutrient utilization at all three inclusion levels; however, milk composition remained unaffected. A numerical but non-significant (p>0.05) increase in performance was noticed with higher doses of Bet. Superoxide dismutase in all three treatments and glutathione peroxidase in Bet 0.2% inclusion level were higher (p<0.05) as compared to the control. However, malondialdehyde was not significantly affected. Inclusion of Bet in the concentrate ration of lactating buffalos at 0.2% level on the dry matter basis is recommended as it positively influenced the production and also improved their antioxidant status during summer.

Natural farming improves crop yield in SE India when compared to conventional or organic systems by enhancing soil quality.

Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a grassroot agrarian movement and a state backed extension in Andhra Pradesh, and has been claimed to potentially meet the twin goals of global food security and environmental conservation. However, there is a lack of statistically evaluated data to support assertions of yield benefits of ZBNF compared to organic or conventional alternatives, or to mechanistically account for them. In order to fill this gap, controlled field experiments were established in twenty-eight farms across six districts, spanning over 800 km, over three cropping seasons. In these experiments, we compared ZBNF (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, home-made inputs comprising desi cow dung and urine with mulch) to conventional (synthetic fertilisers and pesticides) and organic (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, no mulch, purchased organic inputs, e.g. farmyard manure and vermicompost) treatments, all with no tillage. Comparisons were made in terms of yield, soil pH, temperature, moisture content, nutrient content and earthworm abundance. Our data shows that yield was significantly higher in the ZBNF treatment (z score = 0.58 ± 0.08), than the organic (z= -0.34 ± 0.06) or conventional (-0.24 ± 0.07) treatment when all farm experiments were analysed together. However, the efficacy of the ZBNF treatment was context specific and varied according to district and the crop in question. The ZBNF yield benefit is likely attributed to mulching, generating a cooler soil, with a higher moisture content and a larger earthworm population. There were no significant differences between ZBNF and the conventional treatment in the majority of nutrients. This is a particularly important observation, as intensive use of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers comes with a number of associated risks to farmers' finances, human health, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution. However, long-term field and landscape scale trials are needed to corroborate these initial observations. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-023-00884-x.

Use of calcaneal plates in the treatment of posterior pelvic ring injuries and displaced iliac blade fractures- A case series.

Introduction: The operative fixation of pelvic ring injuries and associated acetabulum fractures presents a challenging scenario to most of the orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Current development of anatomically contoured reconstruction (ACR) plates gained popularity in fixing complex pelvic ring fractures. This study was done to assess the functional and radiological outcomes using of lateral wall stainless steel (LWSS) calcaneal plates in posterior pelvic ring injuries and displaced iliac blade fractures. Materials and methods: Retrospectively selected eight cases of pelvic ring injuries planned for fixing posterior pelvic instability and iliac blade fractures using LWSS plates. Mean follow-up was 18 months (Range 12-26 months). Results: Average time for radiological bony union achieved in 18 weeks (Range 13-22). Seven patients returned to their normal work. Average Majeed score was 60 (Range 50-68). Mean duration of surgery was 160 min (Range 120-200). Conclusion: This technique can be routinely used as supplementary fixation for posterior pelvic ring instability and iliac blade fractures. LWSS calcaneal plates showed no screw breakage or implant failure. Further this technique was cost effective in developing countries with limited resources.

Aptamer-Based Gold Nanoparticles-PDMS Composite Stamps as a Platform for Micro-Contact Printing.

In the present study, a functional template made up of in situ synthesised gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is prepared on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for patterning of target protein onto the desired solid substrates. Unlike previous studies in which bioreceptor probes are randomly attached to the PDMS stamp through electrostatic interactions, herein, we propose an AuNPs-PDMS stamp, which provides a surface for the attachment of thiol-modified biorecognition probes to link to the stamp surface through a dative bond with a single anchoring point based on thiol chemistry. By using this platform, we have developed the ability for microcontact printing (µCP) to selectively capture and transfer target protein onto solid surfaces for detection purposes. After µCP, we also investigated whether liquid crystals (LCs) could be used as a label-free approach for identifying transfer protein. Our reported approach provides promise for biosensing of various analytes.

Physiological race characterisation of Fusarium oxysporum strains infecting tomato employing candidate pathogenicity genes and host resistance.

Physiological races of 14 strains of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici were established by PCR profiling SIX gene expressions. No amplification of the SIX4 (Avr1) gene was observed in any of the 14 strains. Based on amplification of the SIX3 (Avr2) gene, 6 strains were distinguished as race 2. Race 2 strains are known to contain identical SIX3 sequences and differ from race 3 strains by single point mutations. Hence, based on polymorphic amplicons of the SIX3 gene detected by stringent PCR conditions, 8 strains were identified as race 3. The identity of the physiological races of the strains was validated by inoculating on three germplasm lines, EC-814916, FEB-2 and Pusa Rohini carrying I-2, I-3 and no I gene, respectively. The race 2 and race 3 strains were avirulent on EC-814916 and FEB-2 lines, respectively. All the 14 fungal strains were pathogenic on Pusa Rohini, the Fusarium wilt susceptible cultivar lacking R genes and exhibited different levels of virulence. In evaluating two other potential pathogenicity genes, Fow1 and Fow2 as markers for virulence, their expressions were observed among both the races of the Fol strains, and hence are not potential candidates for physiological race discrimination. However, strong expressions of the genes in the root tissues inoculated with the highly virulent strain, TOFU-IHBT in comparison to the uninoculated control indicated their roles in fungal pathogenicity. To understand the role of these pathogenicity genes in countering the host defence mechanisms, their expressions in response to ROS and phenolics, the earliest known defence mechanisms of host plants were assessed. In H2O2, the Fow2 gene expressed 1.4-fold greater than that of the control. On the contrary, in relation to the control, the expressions of Fow1 were strongly repressed exhibiting 0.7-to 0.8-fold lesser at 0.1 mM through 3 mM concentrations than that of the control indicating that the gene is modulated by the phenolic acid indicating the roles of Fow2 and Fow1 in alleviating oxidative stress and targeted by the phenolic acid, respectively.

Temporal transcriptome of tomato elucidates the signaling pathways of induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance activated by Chaetomium globosum.

C. globosum is an endophytic fungus, which is recorded effective against several fungal and bacterial diseases in plants. The exclusively induce defense as mechanism of biocontrol for C. globosum against phyto-pathogens is reported. Our pervious study states the effectiveness of induced defense by C. globosum (Cg), in tomato against Alternaria solani. In this study the temporal transcriptome analysis of tomato plants after treatment with C. globosum was performed for time points at 0 hpCi, 12 hpCi, 24 hpCi and 96 phCi. The temporal expression analysis of genes belonging to defense signaling pathways indicates the maximum expression of genes at 12 h post Cg inoculation. The sequential progression in JA signaling pathway is marked by upregulation of downstream genes (Solyc10g011660, Solyc01g005440) of JA signaling at 24 hpCi and continued to express at same level upto 96 hpCi. However, the NPR1 (Solyc07g040690), the key regulator of SA signaling is activated at 12 h and repressed in later stages. The sequential expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes (Solyc09g007920, Solyc12g011330, Solyc05g047530) marks the activation of pathway with course of time after Cg treatment that results in lignin formation. The plant defense signaling progresses in sequential manner with time course after Cg treatment. The results revealed the involvement of signaling pathways of ISR and SAR in systemic resistance induced by Cg in tomato, but with temporal variation.

Recent progress in the design, synthesis and applications of chiral metal-organic frameworks.

Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks (CMOFs) are unique crystalline and porous class of materials which is composed of organic linkers and metal ions. CMOFs surpass traditional organic and inorganic porous materials because of their tunable shape, size, functional diversity, and selectivity. Specific applications of CMOFs may be exploited by introducing desired functional groups. CMOFs have chiral recognition abilities, making them unique for chiral compound synthesis and separation. The CMOFs can be synthesized through different approaches. Two main approaches have been discussed, i.e., direct and indirect synthesis. Synthetic strategies play an essential role in getting desired properties in MOFs. CMOFs find potential applications in adsorption, asymmetric catalysis, luminescence, degradation, and enantioselective separation. The MOFs' porosity, stability, and reusability make them an attractive material for these applications. The plethora of applications of CMOFs have motivated chemists to synthesize novel MOFs and number of MOFs have been ever-escalating. Herein, the synthetic methods of CMOFs and their various applications have been discussed.