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Key Clinical Message: Prompt identification and management of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in young patients with acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits are crucial. Timely immunomodulatory therapy is essential for positive outcomes and minimizing long-term complications. High suspicion for this rare disorder is necessary for timely diagnosis and optimal care. Abstract: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is characterized by the presence of antibodies against the NMDA receptor, a crucial component of synaptic signaling. This autoimmune disorder often manifests with psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and neurological deficits. Early diagnosis is essential, as delayed treatment can result in severe complications. In this case, the patient received corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), leading to a successful recovery with no lingering neurological abnormalities. The prompt initiation of treatment highlights the importance of recognizing this condition early. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder that presents with a range of neurological symptoms. In this case report, we highlight the significance of early recognition and treatment by discussing the emergency room visit of a 23-year-old woman who presented with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. A 23-year-old woman, presented to the emergency room with acute-onset agitation, disorientation, and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans revealed temporal lobe signal alterations and electroencephalogram (EEG) showed widespread activity slowing. Importantly, anti-NMDA receptor antibodies were detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, confirming the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. This case report underscores the significance of understanding the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Timely recognition and intervention are crucial for achieving favorable outcomes in patients with this rare but clinically important autoimmune disorder. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals is essential to ensure early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment strategies.
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Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a condition that affects movement and is usually seen in those over the age of 50. It is caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons, particularly in the substantia nigra. PD has shifted from being perceived as an uncommon condition to a significant neurological illness, mostly due to the increasing number of elderly individuals and the impact of environmental factors. Parkinson's plus syndromes, such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and vascular Parkinsonism (VaP), provide difficulties in distinguishing them clinically from PD since they have similar characteristics. Methodology: A thorough examination was performed utilizing the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search utilized specific keywords like "Parkinson's disease," "Parkinson's plus syndrome," "Lewy body dementia," "Alzheimer's dementia," "progressive supranuclear palsy," and "multiple system atrophy." The selection criteria were aimed at English-language literature, with a particular focus on examining the connection between PD and associated disorders or dementias. Results and Discussion: Parkinson's plus syndromes, such as PSP, MSA, CBD, and VaP, exhibit unique clinical characteristics, imaging results, and diverse reactions to levodopa. This makes it difficult to distinguish them from PD. LBD is characterized by Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein, which leads to both motor and cognitive deficits. PD and Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit a complex interaction, including common pathogenic processes, genetic predispositions, and clinical characteristics of dementia. Conclusion: The interrelatedness of PD, Parkinson's plus syndromes, LBD, and AD highlights the significance of comprehending shared disease-causing processes. Aberrant protein clumping, impaired functioning of mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain are common factors which can be addressed for specific treatments. More research is essential for understanding complicated connections and developing effective therapies for these sophisticated neurological illnesses.
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Background: Scleroderma, also referred to as systemic sclerosis, is a multifaceted autoimmune condition characterized by abnormal fibrosis and impaired vascular function. Pathologically, it encompasses the persistent presence of inflammation, abnormal collagen buildup, and restructuring of blood vessels in various organs, resulting in a wide range of clinical symptoms. This review incorporates the most recent scientific literature on scleroderma, with a particular emphasis on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. Methodology: A comprehensive investigation was carried out on numerous databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to collect pertinent studies covering diverse facets of scleroderma research. Results: Scleroderma presents with a range of systemic manifestations, such as interstitial lung disease, gastrointestinal dysmotility, Raynaud's phenomenon, pulmonary arterial hypertension, renal complications, neurological symptoms, and cardiac abnormalities. Serological markers, such as antinuclear antibodies, anti-centromere antibodies, and anti-topoisomerase antibodies, are important for classifying diseases and predicting their outcomes. Discussion: The precise identification of scleroderma is crucial for promptly and correctly implementing effective treatment plans. Treatment approaches aim to improve symptoms, reduce complications, and slow down the progression of the disease. An integrated approach that combines pharmacological agents, including immunosuppressants, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostanoids, with nonpharmacological interventions such as physical and occupational therapy is essential for maximizing patient care. Conclusion: Through the clarification of existing gaps in knowledge and identification of emerging trends, our goal is to improve the accuracy of diagnosis, enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and ultimately enhance the overall quality of life for individuals suffering from scleroderma. Ongoing cooperation and creative research are necessary to advance the field and achieve improved patient outcomes and new therapeutic discoveries.
