Factors predictive of severe thrombocytopenia and its impact on poor outcomes in Latin American patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from a multiethnic Latin American cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the predictors of the occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia and its impact on damage accrual and mortality in SLE patients. METHODS: Factors associated with time to severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count ≤20,000/mm3) occurring from the onset of SLE symptoms were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regressions. The association of severe thrombocytopenia with mortality was evaluated by logistic regression analyses while its impact on damage was by negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Of 1,217 patients, 33 (2.7%) developed severe thrombocytopenia over a mean (SD) follow-up time of 5.9 (3.6) years. The median time from the onset of SLE symptoms to severe thrombocytopenia occurrence was 22 months (IQR 8.7-62.0). Mestizo (60.6%) was the predominant ethnic group, followed by Caucasian (27.3%), while African Latin American exhibited the lowest frequency (12.1%). By multivariable analysis, Mestizo ethnicity (HR 2.67, 95% CI 1.12-6.37, p = 0.027), and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) at baseline (HR 3.99; 95% CI 1.05-15.19, p = 0.042) were associated with a shorter time to the occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia while middle/high socioeconomic status (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.08-0.69, p = 0.008) was associated with a longer time. Severe thrombocytopenia contributed neither to damage nor to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Severe thrombocytopenia occurs during the early course of SLE. Mestizo ethnicity and AIHA at baseline emerged as independent predictors of a shorter time to severe thrombocytopenia occurrence while a middle/high socioeconomic status seems to be protective against its occurrence. Damage and mortality did not seem to be impacted by the occurrence of severe thrombocytopenia.

Predictors of severe hemolytic anemia and its impact on major outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from a multiethnic Latin American cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of the occurrence of severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and its impact on damage accrual and mortality in SLE patients. METHODS: Factors associated with time to severe AIHA (hemoglobin level ≤7 g/dL) occurring from the onset of SLE symptoms were examined by Cox proportional hazards regressions. The association of severe AIHA with mortality was examined by logistic regression analyses while its impact on damage was by negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Of 1,349 patients, 49 (3.6%) developed severe AIHA over a mean (SD) follow-up time of 5.4 (3.8) years. The median time from the first clinical manifestation to severe AIHA was 111 days (IQR 43-450). By multivariable analysis, male sex (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.02-4.75, p = 0.044), and higher disease activity at diagnosis (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.08, p = 0.025) were associated with a shorter time to severe AIHA occurrence. Of the SLEDAI descriptors, only hematologic (leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia) showed a certain trend toward significance in the multivariable analysis (HR 2.36, 95% CI 0.91-6.13, p = 0.0772). Severe AIHA contributed neither to damage nor to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Severe AIHA occurs during the early course of SLE. Male sex and higher disease activity at diagnosis emerged as independent predictors of a shorter time to severe AIHA occurrence. Although not statistically significant, hematological abnormalities at SLE diagnosis could predict the occurrence of severe AIHA in a shorter time. Damage and mortality did not seem to be impacted by the occurrence of severe AIHA.

Myositis-Specific Antibodies and Myositis-Associated Antibodies in Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies From the PANLAR Myositis Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) are forms of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), which are associated with the production of autoantibodies that are useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs), myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs), and myositis-associated autoantibodies (MAAs) in 6 Latin American countries. METHODS: Two hundred ten patients with IIM were included in this cross-sectional study from 2014 to 2017: 112 from Mexico, 46 from Colombia, 20 from Peru, 16 from the Dominican Republic, 10 from Argentina, and 6 from Guatemala. Antinuclear autoantibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells. MSAs and MAAs were tested by a line immunoassay method. Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 210 IIM patients, 139 (66.2%) had DM, 59 (28%) PM, and 12 (5.7%) juvenile DM. The mean age was 43.5 (6-79 years); 158 (75.2%) were female, and 52 (24.8%) were male. The overall frequency of ANA was 60%. The most frequent patterns were fine speckled (AC-4) (78.3%) and cytoplasmic (AC-19) (6.45%). The most frequent MSA were anti-Mi-2 (38.5%) and anti-Jo-1 (11.9%). Anti-Mi-2 was more frequent in patients from Colombia (40.1%). The MAA more frequent were anti-Ro-52/TRIM21 (17.6%) and anti-PM-Scl75 (7.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of ANA, MSA, and MAA in patients from 6 countries from the Panamerican League against Rheumatism myositis study group. We observed a general prevalence of 60% of ANA. In relation to MSA and MAA, anti-Mi-2 was the more frequent (38.5%).

Niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D y su relación con síndrome metabólico en una población de hombres jóvenes no diabéticos / Serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and their relationship to metabolic syndrome in a population of young nondiabetic men

Resumen Introducción: los niveles no suficientes de vitamina D (VD) se han asociado a varias patologías no osteomusculares; sin embargo, es motivo de controversia si éstos se asocian a mayor prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (SM). Objetivo: determinar y comparar la frecuencia de insuficiencia y deficiencia de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D) entre hombres jóvenes obesos no diabéticos y controles con peso normal, y su correlación con el estado de SM. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, que incluyó 62 individuos con peso normal y 47 en obesidad, se determinaron los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D y se midieron parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos para establecer criterios de SM. Resultados: de los 47 sujetos con obesidad, 25 tenían SM, mientas que ninguno de los sujetos de peso normal cumplía con dichos criterios. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a la presencia de síndrome en correlación con los niveles de vitamina D (p=0.94). La media de los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D para la población total fue 30.6±8.3 ng/ mL; en sujetos normopeso 30.8±8.5 ng/mL y entre los obesos con SM fue 30.1±9.2 ng/mL y sin SM de 30.6±7.5 ng/mL. Por otro lado no hubo una correlación significativa entre los parámetros individuales de síndrome metabólico y los niveles séricos de VD, tanto de manera global, como en el análisis por subgrupos. Conclusión: no hubo una correlación significativa entre los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D con el estado de SM, tampoco se identificó ningún tipo de correlación significativa entre éstos y los parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos estudiados.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1323).

Abstract Introduction: insufficient levels of vitamin D (VD) have been associated with several non-musculoskeletal diseases. However, whether they are associated with a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is a matter of controversy. Objective: to determine and compare the frequency of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency and deficiency in young, obese nondiabetic men and normal weight controls, and its correlation with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study which included 62 normal weight and 47 obese individuals. Serum levels of 25(OH)D were ascertained and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured to establish MS criteria. Results: of the 47 obese subjects, 25 had MS, while none of the normal weight subjects met the criteria. There were no statistically significant differences in the presence of the syndrome related to the vitamin D levels (p=0.94). The mean serum 25(OH)D level for the total population was 30.6±8.3 ng/mL; in normal weight subjects it was 30.8±8.5 ng/mL, in obese subjects with MS it was 30.1±9.2 ng/mL, and in obese subjects without MS it was 30.6±7.5 ng/mL. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between the individual MS parameters and serum VD, either globally or on subgroup analysis. Conclusion: there was no significant correlation between serum 25(OH)D levels and MS, nor was any significant correlation found between these and the anthropometric and biochemical parameters studied.(Acta Med Colomb 2020; 45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2020.1323).

Clinical features, damage accrual, and survival in patients with familial systemic lupus erythematosus: data from a multi-ethnic, multinational Latin American lupus cohort.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the clinical features, damage accrual, and survival of patients with familial and sporadic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: A multi-ethnic, multinational Latin American SLE cohort was studied. Familial lupus was defined as patients with a first-degree SLE relative; these relatives were interviewed in person or by telephone. Clinical variables, disease activity, damage, and mortality were compared. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard adjusted for potential confounders for time to damage and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 66 (5.6%) patients had familial lupus, and 1110 (94.4%) had sporadic lupus. Both groups were predominantly female, of comparable age, and of similar ethnic distribution. Discoid lupus (OR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.08-3.60) and neurologic disorder (OR = 1.65; 95% CI 1.00-2.73) were significantly associated with familial SLE; pericarditis was negatively associated (OR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.14-0.87). The SLE Disease Activity Index and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) were similar in both groups, although the neuropsychiatric (45.4% vs. 33.5%; p = 0.04) and musculoskeletal (6.1% vs. 1.9%; p = 0.02) domains of the SDI were more frequent in familial lupus. They were not retained in the Cox models (by domains). Familial lupus was not significantly associated with damage accrual (HR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.30-1.55) or mortality (HR = 1.23; 95% CI 0.26-4.81). CONCLUSION: Familial SLE is not characterized by a more severe form of disease than sporadic lupus. We also observed that familial SLE has a higher frequency of discoid lupus and neurologic manifestations and a lower frequency of pericarditis.

Predictors of Remission and Low Disease Activity State in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Data from a Multiethnic, Multinational Latin American Cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of remission and low disease activity state (LDAS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Three disease activity states were defined: Remission = SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) = 0 and prednisone ≤ 5 mg/day and/or immunosuppressants (maintenance dose); LDAS = SLEDAI ≤ 4, prednisone ≤ 7.5 mg/day and/or immunosuppressants (maintenance dose); and non-optimally controlled state = SLEDAI > 4 and/or prednisone > 7.5 mg/day and/or immunosuppressants (induction dose). Antimalarials were allowed in all groups. Patients with at least 2 SLEDAI reported and not optimally controlled at entry were included in these analyses. Outcomes were remission and LDAS. Multivariable Cox regression models (stepwise selection procedure) were performed for remission and for LDAS. RESULTS: Of 1480 patients, 902 were non-optimally controlled at entry; among them, 196 patients achieved remission (21.7%) and 314 achieved LDAS (34.8%). Variables predictive of a higher probability of remission were the absence of mucocutaneous manifestations (HR 1.571, 95% CI 1.064-2.320), absence of renal involvement (HR 1.487, 95% CI 1.067-2.073), and absence of hematologic involvement (HR 1.354, 95% CI 1.005-1.825); the use of immunosuppressive drugs before the baseline visit (HR 1.468, 95% CI 1.025-2.105); and a lower SLEDAI score at entry (HR 1.028, 95% CI 1.006-1.051 per 1-unit decrease). These variables were predictive of LDAS: older age at entry, per 5-year increase (HR 1.050, 95% CI 1.004-1.098); absence of mucocutaneous manifestations (HR 1.401, 95% CI 1.016-1.930) and renal involvement (HR 1.344, 95% CI 1.049-1.721); and lower SLEDAI score at entry (HR 1.025, 95% CI 1.009-1.042). CONCLUSION: Absence of mucocutaneous, renal, and hematologic involvement, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and lower disease activity early in the course of the disease were predictive of remission in patients with SLE; older age was predictive of LDAS.

Efecto de los antimaláricos sobre los diferentes dominios del índice de daño SLICC en pacientes de la cohorte GLADEL / Effect of antimalarials on the different domains of the SLICC damage index in patients of the GLADEL cohort

Objetivos: Estimar el efecto de los antimaláricos (AM) sobre los diferentes dominios del índice de daño SLICC (SDI). Métodos: Se estudiaron pacientes con diagnóstico clínico reciente (≤2 años) de lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) de la cohorte GLADEL. Variable de estudio: aumento en los dominios del SDI desde el ingreso a la cohorte. Variables independientes: características sociodemográficas, clínicas, laboratorio y tratamientos. El efecto de los AM, como variable dependiente del tiempo, sobre los dominios más frecuentes del SDI (ajustado por factores de confusión) fue examinado con un modelo de regresión de Cox multivariado. Resultados: De 1466 pacientes estudiados, 1049 (72%) recibieron AM con un tiempo medio de exposición de 30 meses (Q1-Q3: 11-57) y 665 pacientes (45%) presentaron daño durante un seguimiento medio de 24 meses (Q1-Q3: 8-55); 301 eventos fueron cutáneos, 208 renales, 149 neuropsiquiátricos, 98 musculoesqueléticos, 88 cardiovasculares y 230 otros. Después de ajustar por factores de confusión, el uso de AM se asoció a un menor riesgo de daño renal (HR 0,652; IC 95%: 0,472-0,901) y en el límite de la significancia estadística (HR 0,701, IC 95%: 0,481-1,024) para el dominio neuropsiquiátrico. Conclusión: En GLADEL, el uso de AM se asoció independientemente a un menor riesgo de daño acumulado renal.

Objective: To assess the effects of antimalarials (AM) over the items of the SLICC Damage Index (SDI). Methods: Patients with recent (≤2 years) diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from the GLADEL cohort were studied. End-point: increase in items SDI since cohort entry. Independent variables (socio-demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment) were included. The effect of AM as a time dependent variable on most frequent SDI items (adjusting for potential confounders) was examined with a multivariable Cox regression model. Results: Of the 1466 patients included in this analysis, 1049 (72%) received AM with a median exposure time of 30 months (Q1-Q3: 11-57). Damage occurred in 665 (45%) patients during a median follow-up time of 24 months (Q1-Q3: 8-55). There were 301 integument, 208 renal, 149 neuropsychiatric, 98 musculoskeletal, 88 cardiovascular and 230 others less frequently represented damages. After adjusting for potential confounders at any time during follow-up, a lower risk of renal damage (HR 0.652; 95% CI: 0.472-0.901) and borderline for neuropsychiatric damage (HR 0.701, 95% CI: 0.481-1.024) was found. Conclusion: In the GLADEL cohort, after adjustment for possible confounding factors, AM were independently associated with a reduced risk of renal damage accrual.

First Latin American clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: Latin American Group for the Study of Lupus (GLADEL, Grupo Latino Americano de Estudio del Lupus)-Pan-American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR).

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease, represents a significant challenge for both diagnosis and treatment. Patients with SLE in Latin America face special problems that should be considered when therapeutic guidelines are developed. The objective of the study is to develop clinical practice guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus. Two independent teams (rheumatologists with experience in lupus management and methodologists) had an initial meeting in Panama City, Panama, in April 2016. They selected a list of questions for the clinical problems most commonly seen in Latin American patients with SLE. These were addressed with the best available evidence and summarised in a standardised format following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. All preliminary findings were discussed in a second face-to-face meeting in Washington, DC, in November 2016. As a result, nine organ/system sections are presented with the main findings; an 'overarching' treatment approach was added. Special emphasis was made on regional implementation issues. Best pharmacologic options were examined for musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, kidney, cardiac, pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, haematological manifestations and the antiphospholipid syndrome. The roles of main therapeutic options (ie, glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosuppressant agents, therapeutic plasma exchange, belimumab, rituximab, abatacept, low-dose aspirin and anticoagulants) were summarised in each section. In all cases, benefits and harms, certainty of the evidence, values and preferences, feasibility, acceptability and equity issues were considered to produce a recommendation with special focus on ethnic and socioeconomic aspects. Guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus have been developed and could be used in similar settings.

The impact of smoking on disease activity, disability, and radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis: is cigarette protective?

The ojective of this study is to assess the effect of tobacco smoking on disease activity, functional ability, and joint damage in a cohort of patients with early onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA). 129 EORA patients attending the Rheumatology Unit of the School of Medicine of the "Universidad Nacional de Colombia" and the "Clínica de Artritis y Rehabilitación" in Bogota, Colombia, were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study with 3-year follow-up. Clinical, biological, immunogenetics, and radiographic data were analyzed. Active disease was defined as DAS28 > 2.6. Smoking status was assessed by self-report as "never smokers" and "ever smokers". Patient groups with different smoking status were compared for RA measures. Status as "never smokers" and "ever smokers" was reported by 81.3 and 18.7%. Ever smokers had less risk of disability (HAQ-DI ≥ 0.5) at 36 month (Ever smokers vs. Never smokers OR for HAQ ≥ 0.5 0.25, 95% CI 0.06-0.97, p = 0.04). When former smokers were excluded in analysis, we found that current smoking was also associated with less disability and less risk of active disease. The percentage of erosive disease, radiographic progression, and SvdH score were similar in all smoking categories. In Colombian patients with EORA, smoking was associated with less disease activity and disability. Radiographic joint damage progressed at an equivalent rate in smokers and non-smokers. These data suggest a more benign, or at least not deleterious clinical course in smokers with RA.

Factors predictive of high disease activity early in the course of SLE in patients from a Latin-American cohort.

AIMS: To determine the factors predictive of disease activity early in the course of SLE (baseline visit). METHODS: Patients from GLADEL, a multi-national, multi-ethnic, Latin-American lupus cohort were included. Disease activity was evaluated at baseline with the SLEDAI score. Demographic characteristics (age at diagnosis, gender, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, medical coverage and socioeconomic status) were assessed. Disease duration was defined as the time between the fourth ACR criterion and baseline. Time to criteria accrual was defined as the interval between the first and fourth ACR criterion. Use of glucocorticoids was recorded as the highest dose received before the baseline visit. Antimalarials and immunosuppressive drugs were recorded as use or not use. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed. Model selection was based on backward elimination. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred sixty-eight patients were included; 1136 (89.6%) of them were female. Mean age at diagnosis was 29.2 (SD: 12.3) years. Five hundred sixty-five (44.6%) were Mestizo, 539 (42.5%) were Caucasians and 164 (12.9%) were African-Latin-Americans. The mean SLEDAI at baseline was 10.9 (SD: 8.4). Longer time between first and fourth ACR criterion, medical coverage, a dose of prednisone between 15 and 60mg/d, and the use of antimalarials were factors protective of disease activity, while Mestizo and African-Latin-American ethnicities were predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: Mestizo and African-Latin-American ethnicities were predictive whereas antimalarial use, medical coverage, and longer time to criteria accrual were protective of higher disease activity early in the disease course.

The Role of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D as a Predictor of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to compare the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with early-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) versus a healthy control group and to assess the association of 25(OH)D deficiency and the BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene with clinical, radiological, and laboratory parameters. METHODS: Early-onset RA Colombian patients were enrolled in a 3-year follow-up study. Vitamin D deficiency was diagnosed for 25(OH)D levels of less than 20 ng/mL. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess data. RESULTS: Seventy patients and 70 matched healthy subjects were included. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was lower in the EORA group (27.13 [SD, 13.4] ng/mL vs. 33.74 [SD, 16.7] ng/mL; P = 0.01); 31.4% of EORA patients were vitamin D deficient. Remission was higher in subjects without 25(OH)D deficiency (22.7% vs. 47.9%; P = 0.04). Patients with 25(OH)D deficiency at baseline had higher Health Assessment Questionnaire and Physician Global Disease Activity Assessment scores, fatigue levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and morning stiffness after 3 years. At disease onset, only a relationship between 25(OH)D deficiency with fatigue and morning stiffness was found. Neither radiographic progression nor Sharp van der-Heidje score was associated to hypovitaminosis D after 36-month follow-up. The bb genotype was less frequent in patients with vitamin D deficiency (0% vs. 16.6%; P = 0.04). Patients with BB-Bb genotype had lower 25(OH)D and a propensity to more severe disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide further support for a role of vitamin D as a clinical biomarker for RA. Baseline 25(OH)D could have potential as a predictor of disease severity in EORA.

Features associated with hematologic abnormalities and their impact in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from a multiethnic Latin American cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To examine hematological manifestations' correlates and their impact on damage accrual and mortality in SLE patients from the multiethnic, Latin American, GLADEL cohort. METHODS: In patients with recent SLE diagnosis (≤2 years), the association between follow-up hematological manifestations (per ACR criteria) and socio-demographic and clinical variables was examined by univariable and multivariable logistic regressions; their impact on damage accrual and mortality was examined by Poisson and Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses, respectively. RESULTS: Of 1437 patients, 948 (66.0%) developed ≥1 hematological manifestation [5.5% hemolytic anemia (AHA), 16.3% thrombocytopenia, and 56.4% lymphopenia] over 4.3 (3.3) follow-up years. Younger age, Mestizo ethnicity, hematologic disorder (at/or before SLE diagnosis), and first damage recorded were associated with hematological manifestations while antimalarials were negatively associated. AHA (at/or before SLE diagnosis), anti-Sm, and anti-RNP antibodies were associated with subsequent AHA occurrence while musculoskeletal involvement was negatively associated. Thrombocytopenia (at/or before SLE diagnosis), AHA, anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPLs), anti-SSA/Ro, anti-SSB/La antibodies, and first damage recorded were associated with later thrombocytopenia occurrence. Lymphopenia (at/or before SLE diagnosis), younger age at diagnosis, Mestizo ethnicity, having medical insurance, and first damage recorded were associated with subsequent lymphopenia occurrence while antimalarials and azathioprine treatment were negatively associated. AHA was associated with damage accrual and mortality after adjusting for variables known to affect these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Mestizo ethnicity and early hematological manifestations are risk factors for their subsequent occurrence while antimalarials have a protective effect. The associations between AHA and aPLs and thrombocytopenia were corroborated. AHA contributes independently to damage accrual and diminished survival.

Defectos en la expresión de cadena zeta en un grupo de pacientes con lupus, escleroderma y artritis de inicio tardío, Colombia 2014 / Defects in the Zeta Chain Expression in a Group of Patients with SLE, Scleroderma and Late-onset Arthritis, Colombia 2014 / Defeitos na expressão de cadeia zeta em um grupo de pacientes com Lúpus, Esclerodermia e artrite de início tardio, Colômbia 2014

Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), la escleroderma y la artritis de inicio tardío son enfermedades inflamatorias autoinmunes (EIA) caracterizadas por la producción de autoanticuerpos y presencia de células T anormales, las cuales generan respuesta inmune defectuosa. La expresión anormal de moléculas clave en señalización y la función defectuosa de los linfocitos T cumplen un papel significativo en la patogénesis de la enfermedad autoinmune. Las células T muestran numerosas anormalidades en la señalización del complejo receptor de célula T cadena zeta (TCRζ) estas aberraciones resultan en la alteración de la expresión de citoquinas y algunos eventos bioquímicos involucrados en la expresión de moléculas de superficie. Los defectos en el complejo TCRζpueden estar asociados al uso de corticoides, utilizados en pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune, debido a su potente actividad antiinflamatoria y propiedades inmunosupresoras. Los corticoides sintéticos como la dexametasona inhiben la actividad trascripcional de algunos factores como NFkB y AP-1 los cuales regulan la síntesis de algunas citoquinas y podrían estar involucrados en la síntesis de TCRζ. Objetivos: Evaluar la asociación de los defectos de la expresión de cadena zeta (ζ), en células T de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune sin tratamiento con corticoides. Los defectos en la expresión defectuosa de zeta, proteína asociada al receptor TCR, altera la activación normal del linfocito T. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de casos y controles, con una relación 1:1 (13:13). Los casos fueron pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune activa (6 pacientes con LES, 5 pacientes con escleroderma y 2 pacientes con artritis de inicio tardío), y que no hubieran iniciado tratamiento con corticoides, los controles fueron pacientes sin diagnóstico de enfermedad autoinmune. El diagnóstico se hizo a través de los criterios establecidos por el Colegio Americano de Reumatología para pacientes con LES, escleroderma y artritis de inicio tardío. Se realizó venopunción extrayendo 10ml de sangre total, se extrajo RNA total y se hizo RT PCR, se amplificó utilizando un juego de primers que flanquean una región de 138 pares de bases que involucraban los exones 2, 3 y 4 de cadena ζ. Resultados: En los valores de amplificación de cadena Z se encontraron diferencias significativas en pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune (0,8214±0,1787, med=0,7368) comparada con el grupo control (0,9225±0,1272, med=0,9830) (p=0,045, Test no-paramétrico, exacto de Mann Whitney a una cola). Conclusión: La expresión de cadena Z se encontró disminuida en células T de pacientes con enfermedad autoinmune, sin uso de corticoides, la disminución o una falta de expresión de la cadena Z puede causar alteraciones en la respuesta inmune.

Introduction: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Scleroderma and late-onset arthritis are autoimmune inflammatory diseases (EIA) characterized by autoantibody production and presence of abnormal T cells which generate defective immune response. The abnormal expression of key signaling molecules in the defective function of T-lymphocytes plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The T-cells exhibit numerous abnormalities TCRζ1 signaling complex, these aberrations result in altered expression of cytokines and some biochemical events involved in the expression of surface molecules. Defects in the complex may be associated TCR ζ to steroids used in autoimmune disease patients due to their powerful anti- inflammatory activity and immunosuppressive properties. The synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone inhibit the transcriptional activity of some factors such as NFKB and AP-1, which regulate the synthesis of certain cytokines and could be involved in the TCRζ synthesis. Material and Methods: A case-control study, with a 1:1 ratio of cases and controls (13:13). Cases were patients with active autoimmune disease (6 patients with SLE, 5 patients with scleroderma and 2 patients with lateonset arthritis), who have not started treatment with corticosteroids. Controls were patients with no autoimmune disease. The diagnosis was made by the criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology for patients with SLE, scleroderma and late-onset arthritis. A 10 mL sample was obtained by venipuncture whole blood. Total RNA was extracted and RT-PCR was performed using a set of primers flanking a region of 138 base pairs involving exons 2, 3 and 4 of the ζchain. Results: The values of Z chain amplification showed significant differences in patients with autoimmune disease (0.8214 ± 0.1787, med = 0.7368) compared with the control group (0.9225 ± 0.1272, med = 0.9830) (p = 0.045, Mann-Withney non-parametric one tailed exact test). Conclusion: We observed a reduced level of in the zeta chain expression in T cells in patients with autoimmune disease without use of corticosteroids.

Introdução: O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES), Esclerodermia e Artite de início tardio são doenças inflamatórias autoimunes caracterizadas por produção de autoanticorpos e presença de células T anormais as quais geram resposta imune defeituosa. A expressão anormal de moléculas chave em sinalização e a função defeituosa dos linfócitos T cumprem um papel significativo na patogênese da doença autoimune. As células T mostram numerosas anormalidades na sinalização do Complexo Receptor de célula T cadeia zeta (TCRζ)1, estas aberrações resultam na alteração da expressão de citocinas e alguns eventos bioquímicos envolvidos na expressão de moléculas de superfície. Os defeitos no complexo TCRζ podem estar associados ao uso de corticoides, utilizados em pacientes com doença autoimune devido a seu potente atividade auto-inflamatória e propriedades imunossupressoras. Os corticoides sintéticos como a dexametasona inibem a atividade transcricional de alguns fatores como NFkB e AP-1 os quais regulam a síntese de algumas citocinas e poderiam estar envolvidas na síntese de TCRζ2, 3. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação dos defeitos da expressão de cadeia zeta (ζ), em células T de pacientes com doença autoimune sem tratamento com corticoides. Os defeitos na expressão defeituosa de zeta, proteína associada ao receptor TCR altera a ativação normal do linfócito T. Materiais e métodos: Estudo analítico de casos e controles, com uma relação 1:1 (13:13). Os casos foram pacientes com doença autoimune ativa (6 pacientes com LES, 5 pacientes com esclerodermia e 2 pacientes com artrite de início tardio), e que não tenham iniciado tratamento com corticoides e os controles foram pacientes sem diagnóstico de doença autoimune. O diagnóstico se fez através dos critérios estabelecidos pelo Colegio Americano de Reumatología para pacientes com LES, esclerodermia e artrite de início tardio. Se realizou venopunção extraindo 10mls de sangue total, se extraiu RNA total e se fez RT PCR, se amplificou utilizando um jogo de primers que flanqueiam uma região de 138 pares de bases que envolviam os exões 2, 3 e 4 de cadeia ζ. Resultados: Nos valores de amplificação de cadeia Z se encontraram diferenças significativas em pacientes com doença autoimune (0.8214±0.1787, med=0.7368) comparada com o grupo controle (0.9225±0.1272, med=0.9830) (p=0.045, Teste não paramétrico, exato de Mann Whitney) Conclusão: A expressão de cadeia Z encontrou-se diminuída em células T de pacientes com doença autoimune, sem uso de corticoides, a diminuição ou uma falta de expressão da cadeia Z pode causar alterações na resposta imune.

Fibrosis retroperitoneal asociada a una hiperostosis corticalgeneralizada: presentación de un caso / Retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with a generalized cortical hyperostosis: presentation of a case

La fibrosis retroperitoneal es una entidad clínica, de presentación poco frecuente,caracterizada por un trastorno fibroso e inflamatorio crónico, que rodea estructurasabdominales, principalmente los aspectos peri vasculares de las mismas, y que esexplicada por diferentes etiologías, siendo las más importantes la fibrosis retroperitonealidiopática y la fibrosis secundaria a trastornos relacionados con la subclase de IgG4. Por suparte, la hiperostosis cortical generalizada pertenece a un grupo de enfermedades raras depatologías metabólicas óseas osteocondensantes. En este caso, se presenta una pacientede 45 años de edad con fibrosis retroperitoneal, de etiología no establecida, asociada ahiperostosis cortical generalizada. La asociación de estas dos patologías, no reportadaanteriormente en la literatura, parece ser una relación espuria, sin embargo, existenalgunos mecanismos patogénicos entrelazados.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare clinical condition, characterized by a fibro-inflammatory disorder that surrounds abdominal structures, principally at perivascular level, and that is explained by different etiologies like idiopathic fibrosis and IgG4 related disorders. Generalized cortical hyperostosis belongs to a group of rare metabolic bone condensation diseases.The case is presented of a 45 year old female patient with a retroperitoneal fibrosis of unknown origin associated with generalized cortical hyperostosis. The association of these two conditions has not previously reported in the literature. This appears to be a spurious relationship, although some pathogenic mechanisms are intertwined.

Vasculitis urticarial hipocomplementémica: aclaraciónhistórica / Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: Clarification of a historical fact

El síndrome de vasculitis urticarial hipocomplementémica ha recibido enorme interés enla literatura médica, a partir de la publicación original en 1973, en Mayo Clinic Proceedings.El caso índice fue identificado en 1968, como entidad clínica distintiva, por uno de loscoautores de la primera publicación y de la revisión actual (JEM), que cierra un ciclo demás de 45 años. Las características clínicas diferenciales del síndrome vasculitis urticarialhipocomplementémica determinaron que el Consenso 2012 sobre Nomenclatura de lasVasculitis de la American Association of Rheumatology le asignara un lugar propio dentro delas enfermedades vasculares inflamatorias. En los últimos años y, sobre todo, en los últimosmeses, se ha reconocido el síndrome de vasculitis urticarial hipocomplementémica comouna forma monogénica de lupus eritematoso, lo cual completa la secuencia histórica de laenfermedad y la coloca dentro del espectro de trastornos del complemento.E l énfasis de la publicación está centrado en los aspectos históricos iniciales del proceso,que tienen el singular mérito de ser relatados por el principal autor y testigo, y que nohabían sido publicados hasta ahora, aunque sí conocidos de manera personal o privada porreconocidos reumatólogos e inmunológos.L a revisión histórica de la evolución del síndrome se ha fundamentado en la revisión dela literatura y en la concatenación de las observaciones ulteriores hasta finales de 2013,cuando se reconoció como una entidad específica y como una forma monogénica del lupuseritematoso.

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis has received extraordinary interest in the medical literature since the original publication in 1973 in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. The index case was identified in 1968 as a distinct clinical entity, by one of the co-authors of the first publication and of the current review, which closes a cycle of more than 45 years. The differential clinical characteristics of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome determined that the 2012 consensus on nomenclature of Vasculitis of the american rheumatology association, designated the syndrome as a separate entity with its own place among the inflammatory vascular diseases. In the last few years, and particularly in the last few months, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome has been recognized as a monogenic form of lupus erythematosus, an observation that completes the historical sequence of the disease, and places it among the spectrum of complement disorders.The emphasis of the article is centered on the initial historical aspects of the process, that have the unique merit of being recorded by the principal author and witness, and not previously published, albeit privately known by prominent rheumatologists and immunologists.The historical review of the evolution of the syndrome is based on a review of the literature, relating subsequent observations until the end of 2013, when the syndrome was recognized as a monogenic form of lupus erythematosus.

Are anti-CCP antibodies in psoriatic arthritis patients a biomarker of erosive disease?

To determine the frequency of anticyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies in a cohort of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients and to compare clinical, serological and radiological characteristics between PsA patients with and without anti-CCP antibodies. Patients with PsA, according to classification criteria for PsA, were consecutively recruited from an outpatient rheumatology clinic. Demographic and clinical data were collected in all cases. Serum samples from all patients were analyzed for rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies. Radiographs of hands and feet were obtained and the presence of erosions was recorded. The study included 81 patients; 43 (53 %) were men, with a median age of 45.7 years (interquartile range (IQR) 39-72) and median disease duration of 9.4 years (IQR 2-14). Anti-CCP antibodies were found in 11 patients (13.5 %), median titer 174.9 U/ml. Polyarticular involvement (72.7 vs. 17.1 %), frequency of erosive disease (72.7 vs. 37.1 %) and use of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (54.5 vs. 28.5 %) were significantly higher in PsA patients with anti-CCP positivity. Anti-CCP negative PsA patients had predominantly more oligoarticular (62.8 vs. 27.2 %) and nail (81.4 vs. 36.3 %) involvement. Presence of enthesitis, dactylitis and Psoriasis Area Severity Index scores were similar in both groups. Anti-CCP antibodies were found in a subset of PsA patients, and their presence was associated with more severe disease phenotype. Further studies in a larger population are needed to define the role of anti-CCP as a biomarker of erosive disease in PsA.

Historia del compromiso cutáneo de la esclerosis sistémica / History of skin commitment in systemic sclerosis

Resumen La esclerosis sistémica (escleroderma) es una enfermedad autoinmune del tejido conectivo cuya causa no ha sido definida, con gran morbilidad y mortalidad, dadas sus múltiples complicaciones tanto cutáneas como sistémicas. A pesar de ser reconocida desde hace siglos, aún no se cuenta con intervenciones óptimas para controlar definitivamente su progresión y evitar la aparición de lesiones en órganos diferentes a la piel. Teniendo como características clínicas sobresalientes el fenómeno de Raynaud y los cambios fibróticos cutáneos, el objetivo de esta investigación histórica es presentar las descripciones clínicas y patológicas históricas, mostrando la evolución en el enfoque y manejo de estos pacientes, desde siglos atrás hasta la actualidad. Objetivos: Hacer una aproximación a las primeras descripciones históricas de los aspectos clínicos relacionados con las manifestaciones cutáneas y de anexos de la esclerosis sistémica progresiva, resaltando a los individuos que por siglos han aportado al entendimiento de la enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Investigación de corte histórico, con revisión de la literatura desde el siglo xvii hasta el año 2013, en especial, de textos que impactan en el entendimiento de la evolución clínica de los aspectos cutáneos de la enfermedad. Se realiza una búsqueda sistémica de la información disponible en medios virtuales y físicos, en bibliotecas de América y Europa, teniendo acceso a textos originales en diferentes idiomas y realizando la traducción de los mismos, con miras a enmarcar los resultados de las descripciones en una línea de tiempo.

Abstract Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is a connective tissue autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology, with a wide range of skin and cutaneous complications wich explains the morbility and mortality of this entity. Recognized since centuries, there are not optimal interventions yet to control its progression and avoid lesions in different organs besides skin. The most characteristic clinical pictures are Raynaud phenomenon and cutaneous fibrosis, this is why the first objective of this historical investigation is to present the clinical and pathological historical descriptions of these disease, showing the evolution in the approach and management of patients with this malady in an historical view. Objectives: To make an approximation to the first historical descriptions of the clinical aspects related with de cutaneous commitment in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis, highlighting some persons who have made seminal contributions to the understanding of this disease. Material and methods: Historical investigation with an extensive literature review from century xvii to xxi, we include electronic and physical information from different libraries from America and Europe. We describe all the information in a time line.