Perfil lipídico en mujeres embarazadas sanas de tres regiones de Chile / Lipid profile in healthy pregnant women in three regions of Chile

Antecedentes: Los lípidos plasmáticos maternos durante el embarazo pueden influir en el crecimiento fetal, particularmente en pacientes con diabetes gestacional; estos lípidos cambian su concentración plasmática materna a lo largo de la gestación. Objetivo: Calcular tablas y curvas de lípidos normales según edad gestacional en una población de embarazadas chilenas. Método: Se midió el colesterol total (CT), colesterol LDL (LDL-C) triglicéridos (TG), Colesterol-HDL (HDL-C), y ácidos grasos no esterificados (NEFA), en 94 embarazadas sanas y jóvenes (<33 años, edad media de 27,6 +/- 6,2 años), con peso pregestacional normal (Índice de Masa Corporal entre 20 y 24,9 Kg/m2 y medio de 23,3 +/- 2,0 Kg/m2). Las pacientes provenían de: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo, Santiago (n=55), Hospital de Talca (n=2); Hospital del Profesor, Santiago (n=18); Hospital Regional de Concepción (n=9) y Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (n=10). Resultados: Calculamos, para cada uno de los cuatro lípidos, las curvas de percentil 50, percentil 90 y percentil 10, en mg/dL y mmol/l. Los NEFA solo fueron expresados en mmol/l. Incluimos las funciones matemáticas de las curvas de regresión polinomial de los cuatro lípidos con el fin que sean fácilmente reproducibles en otros tamaños. Conclusiones: Calculamos las tablas y curvas de lípidos maternos normales a lo largo del embarazo, que sean aplicables a la población de embarazadas chilenas.

Background: In normal human pregnancy, maternal lipids can modify the rate of fetal growth, particularly in pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). These lipids change continuously their serum concentration in the mother along the pregnancy. Aim: To calculate tables and curves of normal serum lipids, according to gestational age, in healthy Chilean pregnant women. Methods: We measured total cholesterol (CT), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) in 94 young and healthy pregnant women (< 33 years, mean age 27.6 +/- 6.2 years), with normal pregestational Body Mass Index (BMI, 20.0-24.9 Kg/m2 , mean value= 23.3 +/- 2.0 Kg/m2). The women of the study were patients of 5 hospitals: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo, Santiago (n=55), Hospital de Talca (n=2); Hospital del Profesor, Santiago (n=18); Hospital Regional de Concepción (n=9) and Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (n=10). Results: For each one of the lipids, we calculated curves of 50th, 90th and 10th percentiles, both in mg/dL and mmol/L (the NEFA were expressed only in mmol/L). The mathematical functions of the curves of polynomial regression of all lipids were included in the manuscript, in order to facilitate their reproduction. Conclusions: We calculated tables and curves of normal maternal serum lipids in relation to gestational, in order to make these available for use in the care of Chilean pregnant women.

Embarazo triple monocorial triamniótico: experiencia de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Triamniótico triple monochorionic pregnancy: experience of two cases and literature review

Los embarazos múltiples se consideran una entidad de alto riesgo obstétrico. Su incidencia ha ido en aumento debido a la utilización de técnicas de reproducción asistida y el aumento de la edad materna. Se presentan 2 casos de embarazos triples monocoriales triamnióticos, de sexo femenino y masculino. En ambos embarazos se manifestaron complicaciones, principalmente fetales y neonatales, atribuidas a embarazos múltiples descritas en la literatura.

Multiple pregnancies are considered a high-risk obstetric entity. Their incidence has been increasing due to the use of assisted reproductive techniques and increased maternal age. Here, we describe two cases of triamniotic monochorionic triplet pregnancies, female and male respectively. Both pregnancies demonstrated complications, mainly fetal and neonatal, attributed to multiple pregnancies reported in the literature.

Evaluación de la función cardiovascular en fetos con restricción de crecimiento / Cardiac function in fetus with growth restriction

Objective: To evaluate longitudinal changes in the cardiac function parameters in relation to the hemodynamic worsening in growth restricted (IUGR) fetuses. Methods: The cardiac function was serially studied in a cohort of 46 IUGR fetuses below 32 weeks of gestation by 2-D and Doppler ultrasound parameters. IUGR was defined as an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile with a Doppler pulsatility index (PI) in the umbilical artery (UA) above 2 standard deviations of the mean. Longitudinal changes, perinatal deaths and survivors were evaluated. Results: All cardiac parameters were significantly different in IUGR fetuses. Aortic isthmus blood flow index (IFI) and Modified myocardial performance index (Mod-MPI) showed the clearest longitudinal changes and temporal deterioration. Conclusions: IFI and Mod-MPI showed consistent longitudinal changes in IUGR fetuses. These 2 markers could be added to the DV to evaluate the fetal deterioration and indicate the optimal time of delivery.

Objetivo: Evaluar cambios longitudinales de los parámetros de función cardíaca en relación al agravamiento hemodinámico en fetos con restricción del crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Métodos: La función cardíaca fue estudiada en una cohorte de 46 fetos RCIU con menos de 32 semanas de gestación con parámetros 2-D y ultrasonografía Doppler. Se definió RCIU como un peso fetal estimado bajo el percentil 10 asociado a un índice de pulsatilidad (IP) al Doppler de la arteria umbilical (AU) por debajo de dos desviaciones estándar del promedio. Se evaluaron cambios longitudinales, mortalidad y sobrevida perinatal. Resultados: Todos los parámetros tuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en fetos RCIU. El índice de velocidad de flujo del istmo aórtico (IFI) y el índice de función miocárdico modificado (IFM-mod) mostraron los más evidentes cambios longitudinales y deterioro en el tiempo. Conclusiones: El IFI y el IFM-mod mostraron consistentes cambios longitudinales en fetos RCIU. Estos dos marcadores podrían ser usados junto a la medición del ductus venoso para evaluar el deterioro fetal y la indicación óptima del momento del parto.

Determinación del sexo fetal mediante ADN libre fetal en plasma materno / Fetal sex determination by cell free fetal DNA (ffDNA) in maternal plasma

Objetivo: Establecer la validez diagnóstica de la identificación del sexo fetal en plasma de mujeres embarazadas durante la primera mitad del embarazo mediante medición de ADN libre fetal (ffDNA) en sangre materna. Método: Se extrajo 20 mi de sangre periférica a 25 pacientes entre las 5 y 15 semanas de gestación, previo consentimiento informado. Se separó el plasma mediante centrifugación obteniéndose ADN genómico total (materno y fetal), y se analizó por triplicado mediante PCR en tiempo real (q-PCR), con partidores específicos para secuencia del cromosoma Y (DYS14). El sexo fetal se confirmó mediante ecografía realizada entre las 20 y 25 semanas. Resultados: 12 pacientes presentaron amplificación para DYS14, siendo diagnosticados como fetos masculinos. La menor edad gestacional de diagnóstico fue 6+4 semanas. En 9 pacientes no se generó señal, estableciéndose el sexo fetal como femenino. Hubo 4 casos en donde no se cumplieron los criterios para definir el sexo fetal, estableciéndose estos como indeterminados (todos ellos antes de las 8+3 semanas). La probabilidad de diagnosticar el sexo a partir del test fue de 84 por ciento (21 de 25 pacientes). Considerando solo los 21 casos donde se pudo realizar un diagnóstico, la ecografía confirmó el sexo en todos ellos, obteniéndose una correlación del 100 por ciento. Conclusión: Es posible diagnosticar el sexo fetal en sangre materna utilizando ffDNA durante la primera mitad del embarazo.

Objective: To validate the use of cell free fetal DNA (ffDNA) in maternal plasma to predict fetal sex in the first half of pregnancy. Method: A prospective observational cohort study of 25 pregnancies between 5 and 15 weeks of gestation was studied (median gestational age of 9+1 weeks). Maternal blood was taken and q-PCR was carried out to detect the multi-copy Y chromosome associated DSY14 gene. The end point was gender as assessed by ultrasound at 20-25 weeks. Results: A Y signal was obtained in 12 patients, so a male fetus was predicted. The earliest signal was at 6+4 weeks. In 9 patients we didn't have any signal, so a female fetus was diagnosed. There were 4 cases where the criterion to define fetal sex was not fulfilled and were classified as equivocal (all of them before 8+3 weeks). The probability to predict fetal sex from the test was 84 percent (21 of 25 patients). However, when the diagnosis of fetal sex is made, there is a 100 percent correlation between the ultrasound and Q-PCR. Conclusion: Free fetal DNA in maternal plasma allows prediction of fetal sex in the first half of pregnancy.

¿Mejora el uso de ácido ursodeoxicólico el pronóstico perinatal en mujeres embarazadas con colestasia intrahepática del embarazo? / Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

La colestasia intrahepática del embarazo (CIÉ) es un cuadro clínico caracterizado por prurito palmo plantar de predominio nocturno y elevación de ácidos biliares conjugados séricos en el tercer trimestre del embarazo. Esta patología puede asociarse a ictericia y complicaciones como la muerte fetal. Aunque el manejo obstétrico de la CIÉ es eminentemente clínico, el ácido ursodeoxicólico (UDCA) ha sido utilizado efectivamente en el tratamiento sintomático de esta patología y en la corrección de los marcadores bioquímicos de la enfermedad. Además se ha sugerido que su uso estaría asociado a una disminución de las complicaciones fetales. Esta revisión tiene por objeto verificar la validez del uso de UDCA para mejorar el pronóstico fetal. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda detallada de la bibliografía médica en diferentes bases de datos. Aplicando distintos criterios se seleccionaron finalmente 4 artículos que constituyen la base de esta revisión. Fundamentados en la evidencia, se concluye que no existen datos suficientes en la literatura que apoyen el uso de UDCA para mejorar en forma efectiva los resultados perinatales. A pesar de que algunos estudios evaluados proponen un mejor desenlace fetal en pacientes tratados con UDCA, éstos no cuentan con la validez y el poder estadístico necesario para modificar la conducta actual frente a esta patología.

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a disease of the third trimester of pregnancy involving pruritus and elevated bile acid levels. Once thought to be benign for both mother and fetus, ICP has been associated with maternal jaundice and increased rates of fetal morbidity and mortality. However ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has proved to be effective and safe in patients with ICP, attenuating pruritus and correcting some biochemical abnormalities in the mothers. The fetal outcome has also been suggested to improve in patients receiving UDCA. This review intends to verify the validity of the UDCA uses to reduce fetal morbidity and mortality. For this a detailed search of the medical bibliography was done in different data bases. Applying different criteria, 4 articles were finally selected and this constitutes the base of our review. Based on the research, one concludes that there is not enough evidence in the literature to support the use of UDCA to improve perinatal outcome. Although some studies propose an improved fetal outcome in patient using UDCA, these do not count with the validity and the statistical power to modify the present management of ICP.

[Use of Gated-SPECT with with 99mTC-MIBI in the evaluation of the prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias during a stress test]. / Empleo del GATED-SPECT con MIBI-Tc99m en la estimación del significado pronóstico de las arritmias ventriculares durante la prueba de esfuerzo.

UNLABELLED: The presence of ventricular complex cardiac arrhythmias in coronary patients, both at rest or during physical exercise, is considered a risk factor for future coronary events or sudden death during long time follow up. The meaning of ventricular complex arrhythmias (VCA) in patients with normal ventricular function and without myocardium ischemia has still not been explained. This study aimed to evaluate if patients with normal ventricular function and no evidence of cardiac ischemia (determined by means of Gated SPECT) who developed VCA during stress test show an increase in cardiac events on later monitoring. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients were studied by means of an ergometric exercise test using a standard Bruce protocol and Gated SPECT with Methoxyisobutyl Isonitrile-99mTechnetium (99mTC-MIBI). Sixty-seven (67) patients with normal ventricular function and no evidence of cardiac ischemia were included. RESULTS: 13 patients had VCA and 54 had no ventricular arrhythmias during stress test. During the follow up of 681.3 +/- 469 days, none of the 13 patients had sudden death, angina pectoris or myocardium infarction. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, the appearance of VCA during stress test in patients without myocardium ischemia and normal ventricular function was not associated with an increase of cardiac events during the monitoring which was carried out.

[Occult breast cancer. Detection and radioguided surgery with 99mTc-MIBI]. / Carcinoma oculto de mama. Detección y cirugía radioguiada con 99mTc-MIBI.

We include those patients who present with an isolated metastasis of axillary adenopathy in the occult primary breast cancer group. Presumably, the primary tumor is a primitive breast carcinoma, unsuspected until this moment and not clinically demonstrable by mammography or ultrasonography. When no method succeeds in confirming the primary breast lesion, the patients are usually treated assuming the existing of breast cancer. Several diagnostic methods have been used to find the primary breast lesion. Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI), Positron Emission (PET) and Doppler sonography have been used in this way and several papers present the results reached with them. Our group incorporates detection and radioguided surgery with 99mTechnetium (99mTc) methoxyisobutil isonitrile into the study of these patients. We perform a planar scintimammography and SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) with 99mTc-MIBI. If the radioisotopic method shows a functional image compatible with a carcinoma, a gamma detecting probe is then used to locate the lesion and guide its surgical removal. In this paper, we present the application of the technique in 5 cases and describe the technique and its possibilities. Its advantages are explained in comparison with other methods. The dosimetric values found in the performance of the technique are reported. We consider that detection and radioguided surgery with 99mTc-MIBI in the diagnosis and treatment of occult breast cancer adds an effective tool and means progress in the approach to this disease.

[Sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Multidisciplinary approach; critical analysis of the learning curve; results obtained with a radiopharmaceutical not previously utilized]. / Ganglio centinela en cáncer de mama. Abordaje multidisciplinario; análisis crítico de la curva de aprendizaje; resultados obtenidos con un radiofármaco no utilizado anteriormente.

Detection of the sentinel node is slowly becoming a new and promising procedure to stage patients suffering from breast cancer. Various articles have attempted to analyze objectively the predictive value of the histopathological examination to reveal the presence of metastatic cells in the axillary node without having to carry out an axillary dissection. In this paper, 60 patients with breast cancer (T up to 3 cm, clinically negative axilla) have been studied. A colloid bound to 99m Technetium was injected. Intra-surgical radioguided detection of the sentinel lymph node was performed and this was excised and its pathology was analyzed. After a complete axillary dissection was performed. With this technique it was possible to predict the condition ot the axilla in 96.5% of the cases and the sensitivity of the method was 92%. A training program on this technique has been developed and its application is suggested. The results of the use of a radiopharmaceutical which has not been previously documented in the published literature is discussed.

LH receptor in testosterone-producing ovarian tumor. In vivo and in vitro HCG-stimulated testosterone production.

The aim of the present work is to report in vivo and in vitro hormonal studies performed on a 71 year old virilized woman due to a Leydig cell tumor of the ovary. Testosterone (T), Cortisol, DHEA(s) and ACTH concentrations were determined in blood samples taken every 4 h throughout 24 h previous to surgery. T average concentration from the 6 samples was 3.3 ng/ml (range: 2.5-4.2 ng/ml). DHEA(s) was normal; Cortisol and ACTH levels were normal and their circadian rhythms were present. T value obtained during Dexamethasone administration (2 mg daily/3 days) was 2.4 ng/ml. This value was significantly higher than those obtained from postcorticoid normal women (0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml), suggesting an extraadrenal source. T concentration was 5.4, 6.0 and 6.6 ng/ml at 24, 48 and 72 h after hCG injection (5000 IU). After tumor removal, T values decreased progressively up to 6.0 ng/ml values, 5 days later, and remained steady on the following days. The studies performed in vitro were: determination of T in the tumor cytosol, specific binding of LH to ovarian tumor cell membrane fraction and T production in tissue culture in both with and without added hCG conditions. Normal ovarian tissue from the same patient under similar experimental conditions was used as control. The T concentration expressed as ng/mg of protein in the tumor and normal ovarian cytosol was 9.1 and 1.1, respectively. Scatchard analysis of specific 125I-hCG binding to tumor and normal ovarian cells indicated 53 pg and 28 pg of labeled hCG bound/mg of membrane protein, respectively, suggesting that this Leydig cell tumor of the ovary contained LH (hCG) receptors. The amounts of T, expressed as ng/mg of tissue/6 days, generated by tumoral and normal tissue ere 4.1 and 0.3, respectively. The addition of hCG elicited a response of 6.3 and 0.6 ng/mg protein/6 days in both preparation, respectively. These results demonstrate in vivo and in vitro hCG-stimulated T production in this particularly masculinizing ovarian tumor and suggest tumoral LH dependence.

[Triatoma infestans as a vector of hepatitis B virus]. / El Triatoma infestans como vector del virus B de la hepatitis.

Mosquitoes and bed bugs may play a role in the transmission of hepatitis B virus (H.B.V.). We investigated this possibility with the Triatoma Infestans, which is a hematophagous insect widely prevalent in the Argentine Republic. Triatoma Infestans fed with serum or blood contaminated with H.B.V. were studied at 7, 14, and 21 days after contamination. Stool and insect homogenates were positive for HBsAg at each time checked. Considering the domestic habits and hematophagous condition of Triatoma Infestans, we feel that this insect could also play a role in the transmission of H.B.V. through their bites or dejections.

El Triatoma infestans como vector del virus B de la hepatitis. / Triatoma infestans as a vector of hepatitis B virus

Dada la capacidad de mosquitos y chinches de actuar como posibles transmisores del virus de la hepatitis B, nos intereso estudiar lo que sucede con la vinchuca (Triatoma infestans), ya que se trata de un insecto hematofago muy difundido en todo el territorio de la Republica Argentina. Con tal objeto se procesaron 130 Triatoma infestans, de los que se seleccionaron dos lotes de 25 triatominos cada uno, alimentados con suero o sangre entera contaminados con virus de hepatitis B.En las heces y homogenatos de los insectos se investigo la presencia de HBSAg por radioinmunoensayo, hallandose resultados positivos en las muestras correspondientes a los 7, 14 y 21 dias posteriores a la ingesta contaminante. Considerando los habitos domesticos de la vinchuca y su condicion de insecto hematofago, se plantea la posibilidad de que actue como transmisora del virus B ya sea por picadura directa o a traves de sus deyecciones.Destacamos la trascendencia epidemiologica de este hallazgo. A su vez mencionamos dos lineas de investigacion programadas para continuar este descubrimiento, y tratar de clarificar otros interesantes aspectos del problema