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This research investigated spatial inequalities in transportation accessibility to social infrastructures (SIs) in South Korea, using a multi-dimensional methodological approach, including descriptive/bivariate analysis, explanatory factor analysis (EFA), K-Mean cluster analysis, and multinomial logit model (MNL). Our study confirmed pronounced spatial disparities in transportation accessibility to SIs, highlighting significantly lower access in rural and remote regions compared to urban centers and densely populated areas, consistent with existing literature. Building on prior findings, several additional findings were identified. First, we uncovered significant positive correlations among accessibility to different types of SIs in four critical categories: green and recreation spaces, health and aged care facilities, educational institutions, and justice and emergency services, revealing prevalent spatial inequality patterns. Second, we identified three distinct accessibility clusters (High, Middle, and Low) across the critical SI categories. Specifically, residents within the High cluster benefited from the closest average network distances to all SIs, while those in the Low cluster faced significant accessibility burdens (e.g., 22.9 km for welfare facilities, 20.1 km for hospitals, and 19.2 km for elderly care facilities). Third, MNL identified factors such as population density and housing prices as pivotal in spatial stratification of accessibility. Specifically, areas with lower SI accessibility tended to have a higher proportion of elderly residents. Also, decreased accessibility correlated with diminished traffic volumes across all transportation modes, particularly public transportation. This research contributes to enhancing our understanding of spatial inequalities in transportation accessibility to SIs and offers insights crucial for transportation and urban planning.
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Fatores Socioeconômicos , Meios de Transporte , República da Coreia , Humanos , Análise por Conglomerados , População Rural , Análise EspacialRESUMO
South Korea has legislated "2050 carbon neutrality" in 2021 and is currently implementing it, and debate is brewing over which to focus on as the main means of achieving it in the power generation sector: renewable energy (RE) or nuclear power (NP). This article aims to collect and analyze data on the public preference for RE versus NP. In a national survey of 1000 people, respondents were first asked which was preferred, RE or NP, and then asked to indicate the preference intensity along a 5-point scale. Of all the respondents, 60.3% preferred RE and 27.7% preferred NP. The preference for the former was about 2.2 times more than that for the latter. However, the intensity of the preference for NP was 1.3 times more than that for RE. Both the two-limit Tobit model and ordered probit model have been applied to analyzing the factors influencing the preference. The effects of some variables on the preference for RE over NP are explained, and implications from this are discussed. The findings can be used as a reference to determine the main means of implementation of carbon neutrality or to increase the public acceptance of the specified means.
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Fontes Geradoras de Energia , Energia Renovável , Humanos , Condições Sociais , República da Coreia , Carbono , Dióxido de Carbono , Desenvolvimento EconômicoRESUMO
An Extended Line Map (ELM)-based precise vehicle localization method is proposed in this paper, and is implemented using 3D Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR). A binary occupancy grid map in which grids for road marking or vertical structures have a value of 1 and the rest have a value of 0 was created using the reflectivity and distance data of the 3D LIDAR. From the map, lines were detected using a Hough transform. After the detected lines were converted into the node and link forms, they were stored as a map. This map is called an extended line map, of which data size is extremely small (134 KB/km). The ELM-based localization is performed through correlation matching. The ELM is converted back into an occupancy grid map and matched to the map generated using the current 3D LIDAR. In this instance, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied as the correlation matching method, and the matching time was approximately 78 ms (based on MATLAB). The experiment was carried out in the Gangnam area of Seoul, South Korea. The traveling distance was approximately 4.2 km, and the maximum traveling speed was approximately 80 km/h. As a result of localization, the root mean square (RMS) position errors for the lateral and longitudinal directions were 0.136 m and 0.223 m, respectively.
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Pressure-dependent structural and chemical changes of the zeolitic imidazolate framework compound ZIF-8 have been investigated using different pressure transmitting media (PTM) up to 4 GPa. The unit cell of ZIF-8 expands and contracts under hydrostatic pressure depending on the solvent molecules used as PTM. When pressurized in water up to 2.2(1) GPa, the unit cell of ZIF-8 reveals a gradual contraction. In contrast, when alcohols are used as PTM, the ZIF-8 unit cell volume initially expands by 1.2% up to 0.3(1) GPa in methanol, and by 1.7% up to 0.6(1) GPa in ethanol. Further pressure increase then leads to a discontinuous second volume expansion by 1.9% at 1.4(1) GPa in methanol and by 0.3% at 2.3(1) GPa in ethanol. The continuous uptake of molecules under pressure, modeled by the residual electron density derived from Rietveld refinements of X-ray powder diffraction, reveals a saturation pressure near 2 GPa. In non-penetrating PTM (silicone oil), ZIF-8 becomes amorphous at 0.9(1) GPa. The structural changes observed in the ZIF-8-PTM system under pressure point to distinct molecular interactions within the pores.
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Tall buildings are concentrated in urban areas. The outer walls of buildings are vertically erected to the ground and almost flat. Therefore, the vertical corners that meet the vertical planes are present everywhere in urban areas. These corners act as convenient landmarks, which can be extracted by using the light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor. A vertical corner feature based precise vehicle localization method is proposed in this paper and implemented using 3D LIDAR (Velodyne HDL-32E). The vehicle motion is predicted by accumulating the pose increment output from the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm based on the geometric relations between the scan data of the 3D LIDAR. The vertical corner is extracted using the proposed corner extraction method. The vehicle position is then corrected by matching the prebuilt corner map with the extracted corner. The experiment was carried out in the Gangnam area of Seoul, South Korea. In the experimental results, the maximum horizontal position error is about 0.46 m and the 2D Root Mean Square (RMS) horizontal error is about 0.138 m.
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We report on high-pressure and high-temperature chemical transformations of Pb(2+)-exchanged natrolite (Pb-NAT, Pb8Al16Si24O80·16H2O) using a combination of in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and ex situ HAADF-STEM real space imaging. Three high-pressure polymorphs of natrolites (Pb-NAT-I, II, III) are observed via step-wise pressure-induced hydrations (PIH) up to 4.5 GPa, during which the number of H2O molecules located inside the natrolite channel increases from 16 to 40 H2O per unit-cell. At 4.5 GPa after heating the high-pressure Pb-NAT-III phase at 200 °C a reconstructive phase transits into a lawsonite phase (Pb-LAW, Pb4Al8Si8O28(OH)8·4H2O) with an orthorhombic space group Pbnm and a = 5.8216(9), b = 9.114(1) and c = 13.320(1) Å is observed. The structure of the recovered Pb-LAW phase was characterized using Rietveld refinement of the in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and HAADF-STEM real space imaging. In the recovered Pb-LAW phase the Pb(2+) content is close to 42 wt% and as bond valence approximations reveal the Pb(2+) cations are more tightly coordinated to the framework oxygen atoms than originally in the natrolite phase.
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Autonomous vehicles require highly reliable navigation capabilities. For example, a lane-following method cannot be applied in an intersection without lanes, and since typical lane detection is performed using a straight-line model, errors can occur when the lateral distance is estimated in curved sections due to a model mismatch. Therefore, this paper proposes a localization method that uses GPS/DR error estimation based on a lane detection method with curved lane models, stop line detection, and curve matching in order to improve the performance during waypoint following procedures. The advantage of using the proposed method is that position information can be provided for autonomous driving through intersections, in sections with sharp curves, and in curved sections following a straight section. The proposed method was applied in autonomous vehicles at an experimental site to evaluate its performance, and the results indicate that the positioning achieved accuracy at the sub-meter level.
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We report here a pressure-driven metathesis reaction where Ag-exchanged natrolite (Ag16Al16Si24O80·16H2O, Ag-NAT) is pressurized in an aqueous CsI solution, resulting in the exchange of Ag(+) by Cs(+) in the natrolite framework forming Cs16Al16Si24O80·16H2O (Cs-NAT-I) and, above 0.5 GPa, its high-pressure polymorph (Cs-NAT-II). During the initial cation exchange, the precipitation of AgI occurs. Additional pressure and heat at 2 GPa and 160 °C transforms Cs-NAT-II to a pollucite-related, highly dense, and water-free triclinic phase with nominal composition CsAlSi2O6. At ambient temperature after pressure release, the Cs remains sequestered in a now monoclinic pollucite phase at close to 40 wt % and a favorably low Cs leaching rate under back-exchange conditions. This process thus efficiently combines the pressure-driven separation of Cs and I at ambient temperature with the subsequent sequestration of Cs under moderate pressures and temperatures in its preferred waste form suitable for long-term storage at ambient conditions. The zeolite pollucite CsAlSi2O6·H2O has been identified as a potential host material for nuclear waste remediation of anthropogenic (137)Cs due to its chemical and thermal stability, low leaching rate, and the large amount of Cs it can contain. The new water-free pollucite phase we characterize during our process will not display radiolysis of water during longterm storage while maintaining the Cs content and low leaching rate.