Investigating the link between temperamental and motor development: a longitudinal study of infants aged 6-42 months.

BACKGROUND: Since the 1920s, motor development has been a strong research theme, focusing on infants' acquisition of motor skills, such as turning over and crawling. In the 1980s, a dynamic systems approach began emphasizing children's own motivation, which helped explain individual differences in the emergence of motor skills. However, few studies have examined factors contributing to individual differences in early motor development. In response, we investigated directional associations between temperament and motor development in children aged 6 months to 3 years. METHOD: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS-A) recruited mothers between January 2011 and March 2014. 2,639 mothers were sent a questionnaire at 6 months, and responses were received from 1,657 of them, with full data for children aged 6 months, 2 years, and 3 years, including from three mothers of twins, were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Question items regarding fine and gross motor activities at each age were selected by pediatric neurologists specializing in developmental disorders. The Japanese version of the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire was administered at 42 months. Temperament was assessed through the parent-reported Behavior Questionnaire (short version) for infants, toddlers, and children. In all three measures, Surgency and Negative Affectivity were extracted, and Effortful Control, a major form of self-regulation, was found from toddlerhood onward, as in previous studies. RESULTS: A path diagram reveals that at 6 months, Surgency and Orienting/Regulation interacted positively with the motor function (respectively, r = .57; r = 40, ps < .001). Up to about 3 years, Effortful Control plays a role in facilitating the motor function, resulting in positive effects on Control During Movement (CDM), General Coordination (GC), and Fine Motor Movement (FMM) (ß = 14; ß = 30; ß = 37, ps < .001). Surgency had a positive effect on CDM and GC (ß = 18; ß = 06, ps < .001), whereas Negative Affect had a negative influence on FMM and GC (ß = -.08; ß = -.08, ps < .001). CONCLUSION: While Surgency may be a key reactive factor in early motor development, Effortful Control and Movement develop in an interactive manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN000030786. Scientific Title: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Date of disclosure of the study: 2018/01/15. Only questionnaires were administered in the study.

Impact of School Closures due to COVID-19 on Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Japan.

In March 2020, many schools were closed to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Japan, and it is predicted that many children, especially those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), will be affected emotionally and behaviorally. Here, we examined the impact of school closures due to COVID-19 on school-aged children with NDDs using the Child Behavior Checklist. Totally, data on 121 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and/or intellectual disorder were analyzed and it was found that externalizing and aggressive behavior increased in all NDDs, regardless of the type of diagnosis. A clear prospect is important for children with NDDs children to lead a stable life, and more generous supports for children with NDDs and their families are needed.

Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Non-syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder in Clinical Settings.

Although genetic factors are involved in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the significance of genetic analysis in clinical settings is unclear. Forty-nine subjects diagnosed with non-syndromic ASD were analyzed by microarray comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis, whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis, and panel sequencing analysis for 52 common causative genes of ASD to detect inherited rare variants. Genetic analysis by microarray CGH and WES analyses showed conclusive results in about 10% of patients, however, many inherited variants detected by panel sequencing analysis were difficult to interpret and apply in clinical practice in the majority of patients. Further improvement of interpretation of many variants detected would be necessary for combined genetic tests to be used in clinical settings.

Concordance of DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR classifications for autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was published in May 2013. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been structured for the three subtypes of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), but the number of impairment in social and communication dimension is not stated. METHODS: The subjects were 68 children who visited the Department of Psychology and Development at Nagoya City University Hospital for the first time between the ages of 6 and 15 years old. We retrospectively re-examined the subjects using DSM-IV-TR criteria and DSM-5 criteria with two rules (two of three and one of three on the social and communication dimension) and examined the concordance rate. RESULTS: Forty subjects were diagnosed with PDD, and 28 were not. The mean PDD subject age was 9.4 years, and mean IQ was 84.0 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III or 62.7 on the Tanaka-Binet test. Twenty-seven (68%) of the PDD subjects were classified with ASD using DSM-5 criteria when the two of three rule was applied, while 32 (80%) were classified with ASD when the one of three rule was applied. All subjects without PDD were not diagnosed with ASD on DSM-5 criteria. CONCLUSION: DSM-5 criteria may exclude high functioning and older subjects from ASD because they tend to be atypical. The diagnostic procedure for DSM-5 criteria is ambiguous, especially in high functioning subjects and those diagnosed at an older age.

A failure to confirm the effectiveness of a brief group psychoeducational program for mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group psychoeducation to relieve the psychological distress of mothers of children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders (HFPDD) and to improve the behaviors of the children. METHODS: Seventy-two mothers of preschool outpatients with HFPDD were randomly assigned to a four-session brief group psychoeducational program (GP). The sessions were held every second week in addition to the usual treatment (GP + treatment as usual [TAU] group), or to a TAU-alone group. The primary outcome was self-reported symptoms of maternal mental health as assessed using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) at 21 weeks post-randomization (week 21). The GHQ-28 at the end of the intervention (week 7), Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) for the behavior of the children, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were carried out at weeks 7 and 21. We tested the group effects with the interaction between the intervention and the evaluation points. RESULTS: The GHQ-28 score at week 21 was significantly higher in the GP + TAU group as compared to that in the TAU-alone group, indicating a greater improvement in the TAU-alone group. There was no evidence that GP + TAU led to a greater improvement of maternal mental health than TAU-alone at week 7. Similarly, no evidence was obtained to indicate that GP + TAU led to a reduction in the ABC or ZBI scores by week 7 or 21. The adjusted scores for the RF (role emotional) and MH (mental health) subscales of the SF-36 at week 21 were also significantly lower in the GP + TAU group, indicating a similar tendency to that of the change of the GHQ-28 score at week 21. CONCLUSION: The psychoeducational program did not alleviate maternal distress, aberrant behaviors of the children, or caregiver burden.

Genetic influences on the broad spectrum of autism: study of proband-ascertained twins.

An investigation of genetic structures underlying autistic traits was performed with samples from twins for which at least one proband had been ascertained as having autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in our catchment area. In order to adjust for recent concepts of autism, we employed criteria for the broad spectrum of disease and the childhood autism rating scale (CARS) for quantitative assessment. The CARS test was performed on 45 twin pairs (19 monozygotic, 26 dizygotic) detected with a regional routine screening system. The obtained CARS scores were subjected to structural equation modeling (SEM), incorporating sex differences for each causal influence ascertainment correction, using the Mx software. A best fitting model of causal influences on autistic traits measured continuously, incorporating additive genetic (A) and non-shared environmental influences (E), was generated. With this AE model, the estimated heritability was 0.73 for males and 0.87 for females, based on the continuous CARS scores. There was no evidence for the existence of sex-specific genetic influences. Autistic traits were highly heritable in twins with even broad spectrum of autism, corresponding to the results of early studies based on classical autism. Additive genetic factors were more influential in females than males.

Urinary uracil in female patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Female patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) show a wide range of clinical severity, from asymptomatic to lethal hyperammonemia. It is important to establish a simple method to distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic patients. METHODS: Uracil and orotic acid concentrations were analyzed in three female patients with OTCD at both the hyperammonemia-attack and interval stages. These concentrations were compared with those in asymptomatic female patients reported previously. RESULTS: Uracil concentrations in symptomatic female patients were uniformly higher than those in asymptomatic female patients at both the hyperammonemia-attack and interval stages. CONCLUSION: Uracil may present a useful index for detecting OTCD female patients who are destined to suffer from hyperammonemia attack. Further data on uracil concentrations are necessary to establish the threshold for distinguishing symptomatic from asymptomatic subjects.