Reopening of ductus arteriosus in idiopathic premature constriction or closure of ductus arteriosus: A case series.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on managing pregnancy when the fetus is diagnosed with idiopathic premature constriction or closure of the ductus arteriosus (PCDA). Knowing whether the ductus reopens is valuable information for managing idiopathic PCDA. We conducted a case-series study to investigate the natural perinatal course of idiopathic PCDA and examined factors associated with ductal reopening. METHODS: We retrospectively collected information about the perinatal course and echocardiographic findings at our institution, which, on principle, does not determine delivery timing based on fetal echocardiographic results. We also examined perinatal factors related to the reopening of the ductus arteriosus. RESULTS: Thirteen cases of idiopathic PCDA were included in the analysis. The ductus reopened in 38% of cases. Among cases diagnosed in < 37 weeks of gestation, 71% reopened, which was confirmed seven days after diagnosis (interquartile range 4-7). Diagnosis earlier in gestation was associated with ductal reopening (p = 0.006). Two cases (15%) developed persistent pulmonary hypertension. No fetal hydrops or death occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The ductus is likely to reopen when prenatally diagnosed before 37 weeks gestation. There were no complications due to our pregnancy management policy. In idiopathic PCDA, especially if the prenatal diagnosis is made before 37 weeks of gestational age, continuing the pregnancy with careful monitoring of the fetus's well-being is recommended.

Dietary salt with nitric oxide deficiency induces nocturnal polyuria in mice via hyperactivation of intrarenal angiotensin II-SPAK-NCC pathway.

Nocturnal polyuria is the most frequent cause of nocturia, a common disease associated with a compromised quality of life and increased mortality. Its pathogenesis is complex, and the detailed underlying mechanism remains unknown. Herein, we report that concomitant intake of a high-salt diet and reduced nitric oxide (NO) production achieved through Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) administration in mice resulted in nocturnal polyuria recapitulating the clinical features in humans. High salt intake under reduced NO production overactivated the angiotensin II-SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase)-NCC (sodium chloride co-transporter) pathway in the kidney, resulting in the insufficient excretion of sodium during the day and its excessive excretion at night. Excessive Na excretion at night in turn leads to nocturnal polyuria due to osmotic diuresis. Our study identified a central role for the intrarenal angiotensin II-SPAK-NCC pathway in the pathophysiology of nocturnal polyuria, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic target.

Fermionic order by disorder in a van der Waals antiferromagnet.

CeTe3 is a unique platform to investigate the itinerant magnetism in a van der Waals (vdW) coupled metal. Despite chemical pressure being a promising route to boost quantum fluctuation in this system, a systematic study on the chemical pressure effect on Ce3+(4f1) states is absent. Here, we report on the successful growth of a series of Se doped single crystals of CeTe3. We found a fluctuation driven exotic magnetic rotation from the usual easy-axis ordering to an unusual hard-axis ordering. Unlike in localized magnetic systems, near-critical magnetism can increase itinerancy hand-in-hand with enhancing fluctuation of magnetism. Thus, seemingly unstable hard-axis ordering emerges through kinetic energy gain, with the self-consistent observation of enhanced magnetic fluctuation (disorder). As far as we recognize, this order-by-disorder process in fermionic system is observed for the first time within vdW materials. Our finding opens a unique experimental platform for direct visualization of the rich quasiparticle Fermi surface deformation associated with the Fermionic order-by-disorder process. Also, the search for emergent exotic phases by further tuning of quantum fluctuation is suggested as a promising future challenge.

Correlation of histological and microbiological findings in septic and aseptic knee implant failure.

INTRODUCTION: The Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) has defined specific clinical and laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). In this study we assessed the diagnostic utility of MSIS microbiological and histological criteria for PJI in 138 cases of septic and aseptic knee implant failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intra-operative samples from 60 cases of knee septic implant failure (SIF) and 78 cases of aseptic implant failure (AIF), defined on the basis of clinical, laboratory and operative findings/surgical management, were analysed microbiologically and histologically. Findings were correlated with the final clinical diagnosis and the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive value of MSIS microbiological and histological criteria for knee PJI were assessed. RESULTS: 80% of SIF cases showed culture of the same organism from two or more samples (ie MSIS microbiological criteria for definite PJI); 8.3% grew an organism from one sample, and 11.7% showed no growth from any sample. 23.1% of AIF cases grew an organism from one sample and 76.9% showed no growth from any sample. MSIS histological criteria for PJI identified 96.7% of SIF cases. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative predictive value of MSIS histological criteria for PJI were 96.7%, 100%, 98.6%, 100% and 97.5%, respectively. MSIS microbiological and histological criteria identified all AIF cases. CONCLUSIONS: Knee PJI is more often identified by current MSIS histological than microbiological criteria. A significant proportion of SIF cases show either no growth or growth of an organism from only one sample. AIF is identified by both MSIS microbiological and histological criteria. Correlation of clinical, radiological and laboratory findings is required for the diagnosis of knee PJI.

Cluster-Based Haldane State in an Edge-Shared Tetrahedral Spin-Cluster Chain: Fedotovite K_{2}Cu_{3}O(SO_{4})_{3}.

Fedotovite K_{2}Cu_{3}O(SO_{4})_{3} is a candidate of new quantum spin systems, in which the edge-shared tetrahedral (EST) spin clusters consisting of Cu^{2+} are connected by weak intercluster couplings forming a one-dimensional array. Comprehensive experimental studies by magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, heat capacity, and inelastic neutron scattering measurements reveal the presence of an effective S=1 Haldane state below T≅4 K. Rigorous theoretical studies provide an insight into the magnetic state of K_{2}Cu_{3}O(SO_{4})_{3}: an EST cluster makes a triplet in the ground state and a one-dimensional chain of the EST induces a cluster-based Haldane state. We predict that the cluster-based Haldane state emerges whenever the number of tetrahedra in the EST is even.

Advanced glycation end-products increase IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression via RAGE, MAPK and NF-κB pathways in human gingival fibroblasts.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for periodontal diseases and may exacerbate the progression of the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) cause DM complications relative to levels of glycemic control and larger amounts accumulate in the periodontal tissues of patients with periodontitis and DM. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AGEs on the expression of inflammation-related factors in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) to elucidate the impact of AGEs on DM-associated periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: HGFs were cultured with or without AGEs. Cell viability was examined, and RNA and protein fractions were isolated from AGE-treated cells. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) was investigated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reactive oxygen species activity was measured using a kit with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Human monocytic cells (THP-1) labeled with a fluorescent reagent were co-cultured with HGFs treated with AGEs and IL-6 siRNA, and the adhesive activity of THP-1 cells to HGFs was assessed. The expression of IL-6 and ICAM-1 was examined when HGFs were pretreated with recombinant human IL-6, the siRNAs of RAGE and IL-6, and inhibitors of MAPK and NF-κB, and then cultured with and without AGEs. The phosphorylation of MAPK and NF-κB was assessed using western blotting. RESULTS: AGEs increased the mRNA and protein expressions of RAGE, IL-6, ICAM-1 and reactive oxygen species activity in HGFs, and promoted the adhesion of THP-1 cells to HGFs, but had no effect on cell viability until 72 hours. Recombinant human IL-6 increased ICAM-1 expression in HGFs, while the siRNAs of RAGE and IL-6 inhibited AGE-induced IL6 and ICAM1 mRNA expression, and IL-6 siRNA depressed AGE-induced THP-1 cell adhesion. AGEs increased the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK MAPKs, p65 NF-κB and IκBα, while inhibitors of p38, ERK MAPKs and NF-κB significantly decreased AGE-induced IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression. CONCLUSION: AGEs increase IL-6 and ICAM-1 expression via the RAGE, MAPK and NF-κB pathways in HGFs and may exacerbate the progression of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Analysis of the influence of collagen fibres in the dermis on skin optical reflectance by Monte Carlo simulation in a nine-layered skin model.

BACKGROUND: Collagen fibres in the dermis play an important structural role in the skin. Age-related changes to these fibres cause wrinkles and slackness of facial skin. However, it is not clear how dermal collagen fibres affect skin colour. The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of altered collagen fibres on skin colour, using both experimental measurement of fibre density and Monte Carlo simulations in an optical model of skin. METHODS: Reflection spectra were measured from the cheeks of 12 Japanese women (22-65 years old) by spectral colorimeter. Two-dimensional autocorrelation functions were calculated from second harmonics generation (SHG) images acquired from the same locations and used to calculate collagen density indices. Monte Carlo simulations of light reflectance by skin were performed using a nine-layered model that precisely imitates skin structure. The relationship between dermal collagen fibre density and skin reflection spectra was analysed. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between collagen density and skin brightness, as measured by the colour value, L* (using the L*a*b* colour space). In addition, collagen density showed a strong inverse correlation with age and with the optical absorption of dermis. The Monte Carlo simulations showed that the reflection spectrum of skin changes when the scattering coefficient of the dermis is altered. These changes were the same for simulated and experimentally measured reflection spectra. CONCLUSION: When collagen fibre density in the upper dermis is decreased with age, skin colour becomes less bright because light scattering in the skin is decreased.

PKR regulates LPS-induced osteoclast formation and bone destruction in vitro and in vivo.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to clarify the precise mechanism underlying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclastogenesis in periodontal disease with a special reference to double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We dissected the role of PKR in LPS-induced osteoclast differentiation and function using primary mouse bone marrow cells and RAW264.7 pre-osteoclastic cell line. We used a rat experimental periodontitis (PD) model induced by ligature placement with a Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS injection (PD rat) and analyzed the therapeutic effects of C16, a PKR inhibitor, on bone loss in PD rats. RESULTS: Protein kinase is strongly upregulated and phosphorylated by LPS in the osteoclasts. The inhibition of PKR suppressed LPS-stimulated osteoclast formation and activation. PKR inhibition also suppressed the LPS-mediated activation of NF-κB and MAPK, which are critical pathways for osteoclastogenesis. High expressions of PKR were detected in osteoclasts of PD rats, and the treatment with C16 effectively prevented alveolar bone destruction in PD rats. CONCLUSIONS: PKR plays a pivotal role in LPS-induced bone loss in PD and, thus, has potential as a therapeutic target for PD.

Dendritic and mast cell involvement in the inflammatory response to primary malignant bone tumours.

BACKGROUND: A chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate is commonly seen in response to primary malignant tumours of bone. This is known to contain tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and lymphocytes; dendritic cells (DCs) and mast cells (MCs) have also been identified but whether these and other inflammatory cells are seen commonly in specific types of bone sarcoma is uncertain. METHODS: In this study we determined the nature of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in 56 primary bone sarcomas. Immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies was employed to assess semiquantitatively CD45+ leukocyte infiltration and the extent of the DC, MC, TAM and T and B lymphocyte infiltrate. RESULTS: The extent of the inflammatory infiltrate in individual sarcomas was very variable. A moderate or heavy leukocyte infiltrate was more commonly seen in conventional high-grade osteosarcoma, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB) than in Ewing sarcoma, chordoma and chondrosarcoma. CD14+/CD68+ TAMs and CD3+ T lymphocytes were the major components of the inflammatory cell response but (DC-SIGN/CD11c+) DCs were also commonly noted when there was a significant TAM and T lymphocyte infiltrate. MCs were identified mainly at the periphery of sarcomas, including the osteolytic tumour-bone interface. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that, although variable, some malignant bone tumours (e.g. osteosarcoma, GCTB) are more commonly associated with a pronounced inflammatory cell infiltrate than others (e.g. chondrosarcoma. Ewing sarcoma); the infiltrate is composed mainly of TAMs but includes a significant DC, T lymphocyte and MC infiltrate. CONCLUSION: Tumours that contain a heavy inflammatory cell response, which includes DCs, TAMs and T lymphocytes, may be more amenable to immunomodulatory therapy. MCs are present mainly at the tumour edge and are likely to contribute to osteolysis and tumour invasion.

Primary intraosseous meningioma: an osteosclerotic bone tumour mimicking malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Sclerotic tumours of the calvarial bones are rare and may be due to primary and secondary bone tumours as well as extradural tumours of meningeal origin. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of primary intraosseous meningioma (PIM) which arose in the frontal bone of a 63 year old woman who complained of progressive pain and thickening of the right skull. Radiology showed a large osteosclerotic lesion in the right frontal bone. Histology showed an intraosseous lesion containing dense fibrous tissue in which there were scattered cells that expressed epithelial membrane antigen and progesterone receptor. The tumour was partially resected and 3 years after operation has not recurred. CONCLUSIONS: PIM is a rare tumour which needs to be distinguished from primary/secondary osteosclerotic calvarial bone tumours.

Primary synovial chondromatosis: a reassessment of malignant potential in 155 cases.

OBJECTIVE: Primary synovial chondromatosis (PSC) is a rare disorder characterised by cartilage formation in synovium-lined joints, tendon sheaths and bursae. It is thought that PSC cartilage arises from the proliferation of mesenchymal cells, which exhibit cartilaginous metaplasia in subintimal connective tissue. There are reports of transformation of PSC to chondrosarcoma, although the precise incidence and nature of this complication is uncertain. In this study we carried out a retrospective review PSC to determine the incidence of sarcomatous change in this condition, in addition to the clinical, radiological and pathological features that characterise this complication MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed 155 cases of PSC and identified 4 cases (3 in the hip joint; 1 in the elbow joint) of aggressive behaviour and chondrosarcoma-like histology. RESULTS: Radiologically, these cases were all reported as showing features consistent with PSC and aggressive extra-articular soft tissue/bone involvement. Histologically, in addition to typical features of PSC, there was morphological evidence of peri-articular soft tissue and, in 2 cases, bone involvement by an infiltrating cartilaginous tumour. These tumours all behaved as locally aggressive neoplasms and did not give rise to metastasis. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that chondrosarcoma arises infrequently in PSC (approximately 2.5 %), and that this complication occurs most commonly in the hip joint (approximately 11 % of cases of hip PSC). These tumours behaved mainly as low-grade, locally aggressive tumours analogous to atypical cartilaginous tumour of bone/grade 1 chondrosarcoma of bone.

Carvedilol Suppresses Apoptosis and Ion Channel Remodelling of HL-1 Cardiac Myocytes Expressing E334K cMyBPC.

BACKGROUND: Besides its antiarrhythmic action, carvedilol has an activity to suppress cardiac tissue damage. However, it is unknown whether it has any effect on cellular apoptosis and ion channel remodelling. PURPOSE: To know whether carvedilol has any effect on apoptosis and ion channel remodeling of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC, and comparing it with bisoprolol. METHOD: We examined effects of carvedilol and bisoprolol on the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and ion channels as well as apoptosis of HL-1 cells transfected with E334K MyBPC using Western blot and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Carvedilol decreased the protein levels of p53, Bax and cytochrome c and increased that of Bcl-2 in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. Bisoprolol failed to affect the protein levels. Both carvedilol and bisoprolol increased the protein levels of Cav1.2 but not that of Nav1.5. Carvedilol was stronger than bisoprolol at decreasing the number of annexin-V positive cells in HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC. CONCLUSION: Carvedilol suppressed apoptosis of HL-1 cells expressing E334K MyBPC through modification of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose was associated with an increase of Cav 1.2 protein expression.

Inhibitory effects of advanced glycation end-products and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide on the expression of osteoblastic markers of rat bone marrow cells in culture.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diabetes is a major risk factor for periodontitis and there is a close relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and the severity of periodontitis. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) accumulate in various tissues under diabetic conditions. AGEs in the periodontal tissues probably play a role in upregulating periodontal inflammation; however, the association of AGEs with the severity of periodontitis has not been fully clarified. Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (P-LPS) is a potent pathogenic factor in periodontitis. Although the independent effect of AGE or P-LPS on osteoblastic cells has been reported in vitro, the effect of adding both has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, to explore factors aggravating diabetic periodontitis, we investigated the effects of AGE and P-LPS on the expression of osteoblastic markers and the expression of inflammation-related markers in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rat bone marrow cells were cultured, and alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation were evaluated as osteoblastic markers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the mRNA expression of molecules associated with bone and inflammation. Protein levels of osteocalcin and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: AGEs and P-LPS independently reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation. The addition of both AGE and P-LPS (AGE+P-LPS) further decreased these markers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AGE+P-LPS markedly decreased the mRNA expression of osteoblast-related molecules such as type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and Cbfa1, and markedly increased that of inflammation-related molecules such as IL1ß and S100A8. AGE and P-LPS decreased the protein level of osteocalcin and increased that of IL-1ß, and a further increase of IL-1ß was detected for AGE+P-LPS. CONCLUSION: AGEs and P-LPS inhibited the expression of osteoblastic markers and increased the levels of inflammatory markers in rat bone marrow cells, suggesting that both AGE and P-LPS may be important factors associated with the aggravation of diabetic periodontitis.

YKL-40 level in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: YKL-40 is a chitin-binding glycoprotein, the level of which increases in inflammatory diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases, and tumors. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contains many proteins and markers of periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate YKL-40 level in GCF from patients with periodontitis and DM and the association between YKL-40 level and chronic periodontitis (CP) or DM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects were 121 patients with DM, CP, DM and periodontitis (DM-P), and healthy subjects (H). GCF was collected using paper strips after the sites for GCF collection were clinically evaluated for probing depth (PD), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BOP). YKL-40 in GCF was identified by Western blotting, and its level was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: YKL-40 was contained in GCF samples from H, DM, CP, and DM-P sites, and its levels (amount and concentration) in CP and DM-P were significantly higher than those in H and DM. GCF YKL-40 level significantly correlated with PD and GI, and its level in BOP-positive sites was significantly higher than that in BOP-negative ones. CONCLUSIONS: GCF YKL-40 level was elevated in periodontitis, but not DM. YKL-40 in GCF may be an inflammatory marker for periodontitis.

Use of chloroacetate esterase staining for the histological diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.

A heavy neutrophil polymorph infiltrate [>5 per high-power field (HPF) after examination of at least 5 HPF by Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria] is characteristically seen in peri-implant tissues of infected prosthetic hip and knee joints. We determined whether chloroacetate esterase (CAE) staining facilitated the identification of neutrophil polymorphs in peri-implant tissues in cases of hip and knee arthroplasty infection and reassessed MSIS criteria in the light of our findings. Frozen and paraffin sections of peri-prosthetic tissues of 76 cases of failed hip and knee arthroplasties classified as septic or aseptic loosening microbiologically were analysed histologically by both haematoxylin-eosin and CAE staining. The extent of the neutrophil polymorph infiltrate was determined semiquantitatively and correlated with the microbiological and clinical diagnosis. CAE staining facilitated identification of neutrophil polymorphs in arthroplasty tissues. All cases of aseptic loosening contained fewer than two neutrophil polymorphs per HPF. CAE staining showed that in some cases of septic loosening, fewer than five neutrophil polymorphs per HPF (on average) are present in peri-prosthetic tissues. The histological criterion of more than two neutrophil polymorphs per HPF showed increased sensitivity and accuracy for the diagnosis of septic loosening. CAE is a useful stain that facilitates the identification of neutrophil polymorphs in both frozen and paraffin sections of peri-implant tissues. CAE staining shows that some microbiologically confirmed cases of septic loosening contain relatively few neutrophil polymorphs, indicating that the MSIS histological criterion of more than five neutrophil polymorphs per HPF is too high an index figure for the diagnosis of all cases of hip and knee arthroplasty infection.

Dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) is a marker of bone formation and mineralisation in soft tissue tumours.

Dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP-1) is a non-collagenous matrix protein found in dentine and bone. It is highly expressed by osteocytes and has been identified in primary benign and malignant osteogenic bone tumours. Bone formation and matrix mineralisation are seen in a variety of benign and malignant soft tissue tumours and tumour-like lesions, and in this study, we analysed immunohistochemically the DMP-1 expression in a wide range of soft tissue lesions (n = 254) in order to assess whether DMP-1 expression is useful in the histological diagnosis of soft tissue tumours. Matrix staining of DMP-1 was seen in all cases of myositis ossificans, fibro-osseous tumour of the digits, extraskeletal soft tissue osteosarcoma and in most cases of ossifying fibromyxoid tumour. DMP-1 was also noted in dense collagenous connective tissue of mineralising soft tissue lesions such as tumoural calcinosis, dermatomyositis and calcific tendinitis. DMP-1 was expressed in areas of focal ossification and calcification in synovial sarcoma and other soft tissue tumours. With few exceptions, DMP-1 was not expressed in other benign and malignant soft tissue tumours. Our findings indicate that DMP-1 is a matrix marker of bone formation and mineralisation in soft tissue tumours. DMP-1 expression should be particularly useful in distinguishing extraskeletal osteosarcoma and ossifying fibromyxoid tumour from other sarcomas and in identifying areas of osteoid/bone formation and mineralisation in soft tissue tumours.

Advanced glycation end products increase expression of S100A8 and A9 via RAGE-MAPK in rat dental pulp cells.

OBJECTIVE: Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are involved in the progression of diabetic complications. Although our previous reports show that AGE increased dental pulp calcification, AGE accumulation is also associated with inflammation. This study examined AGE effect on the expression of inflammation factors using rat dental pulp tissues and cell cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Receptor for AGE (RAGE), S100A8, S100A9, and interleukin (IL)-1ß were selected as inflammation parameters. Rat dental pulp cells were cultured and treated with AGE, and the effects were determined by real-time PCR. An anti-RAGE antibody or MAPK pathway inhibitors (PD98059, SB203580, and SP60012) were used to investigate AGE signaling pathway. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of RAGE, S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1ß were higher in diabetic pulp tissues. AGE increased mRNA expressions of S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1ß in cultured dental pulp cells. In the presence of anti-RAGE antibody, AGE did not increase in S100A8 or S100A9 expressions. The AGE-induced increases in S100A8 and S100A9 were inhibited by PD98059 and SB203580, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced glycation end products increased mRNA expression of S100A8, S100A9, and IL-1ß under diabetic pulp conditions, and AGE-induced increases in S100A8 and S100A9 expressions may be associated with the RAGE-MAPK signaling pathway.

Flavonoids as potential anti-hepatocellular carcinoma agents: recent approaches using HepG2 cell line.

Numerous studies have documented that in cancer therapy flavonoids extracted from traditional Chinese medicine have anti-tumor activity or can enhance efficiency of chemotherapy in combination with chemotherapeutics. Thus, an awareness of flavonoids is needed by physicians and medical researchers. This review provides evidence about anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity of flavonoids. First, as a common employed in vitro model, profile of HepG2 is shown. Second, the intracellular signaling pathways induced by flavonoids which inhibit the HepG2 cell line are summarized. Third, study situation of anti-HBV/HCV activity of flavonoids is shown. Our review is aimed at providing an understanding of anti-HBV/HCV activity and anti-HCC mechanisms of flavonoids, and an outlook on flavonoids application on cancer therapy.