RESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The ageing population is a global public health issue and we can expect to encounter more and more older patients requiring anaesthetic care. Age itself is no longer the sole reason for declining a patient for anaesthesia and surgery. Undoubtedly, managing patients at the extremities of age is challenging and demanding, not only because of multiple comorbidities, but also the poorer functional status, frailty and decline in general well being that must be managed during the perioperative journey. In this article, we will focus on three important aspects of anaesthetic care for this patient group, namely, comorbidity, frailty and perioperative cognitive dysfunction; and give recommendations on how anaesthetists should tackle these aspects for the 'older old' and the 'oldest old', based on current best evidence. RECENT FINDINGS: The 'oldest old' (nonagerians and centenarians) are the fastest-growing geriatric population worldwide. Evidence has demonstrated that an enhanced care programme designed for elderly patients is safe, feasible and could diminish both complications and length of stay after surgery. Studies are emerging on frailty measurement and the association with outcomes of anaesthesia and surgery and have resulted in new recommendations on best practices for postoperative brain health and nomenclature of perioperative neurocognitive disorder. SUMMARY: Comorbidity, frailty and perioperative cognitive dysfunction are significant perioperative concerns specific to elderly patients and clearly associated with adverse outcomes after surgery. These anaesthetic concerns should be anticipated and properly managed through the perioperative pathway so that their potential complications can be mitigated.