RESUMO
Introduction: Ever since the world came into being different factors and circumstances contributed in a deteriorating fashion to mental health, and depression is the commonest of mental disturbance and incapability. We aimed to identify the risk factors for perinatal outcomes of maternal depression. Methods: Data extracted was from two important cities of Pakistan i.e Islamabad and Karachi, and the numbers are 500,000 and 800,000 respectively. The timeline of the information was from 2010 to 2020 to signify a decade. Women with active pregnancy and depression were included. Chisquare analysis was run to predict which factors had a significant impact on depression. Odds ratio was separately run on the significant factors. Regression analysis was done to describe the relationships between independent variables and each other. Results: The most preferred procedure of delivery was cesarean section in Islamabad and more than 500,000 in Karachi. Low-income women in Karachi had a mean depression score of 12.4 while men with the same socioeconomic class had a score of 23.4. 15.7 females in Islamabad reported medications taken during pregnancy & 34.9 females from major depression group. Mean of 87.9 individuals from Islamabad reported living with husband from no serious depression during pregnancy. In Population of Islamabad, Previous pregnancies and birth weight in comparison with depression is significant having p value 0.00. Maternal age, fetal sex & gestational age are also significant indicators of whether a woman is depressed or not. Apgar scores & violence in relation to depression are significant in Karachi Population having p values of 0.049 and 0.028. Conclusion: Female health and neonatal care should be a serious concern, but unfortunately in spite of progression in the field of medicine the low income or third world countries don't have sufficient awareness and due to that Pakistan still reports high maternal and neonatal mortality rates.
RESUMO
Obesity in recent years has become an epidemic. A high body mass index (BMI) is one of today's most crucial population health indicators. BMI does not directly quantify body fat but correlates well with easier body fat measurements. Like smoking, obesity impacts multiple organ systems and is a major modifiable risk factor for countless diseases. Despite this, reports have emerged that obesity positively impacts the prognosis of patients with chronic illnesses such as chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a phenomenon known as the Obesity Paradox. This article attempts to explain and summarize this phenomenon. As it stands, two theories explain this paradox. The muscle mass hypothesis states that obese patients are better adapted to tide through acute exacerbations due to increased reserve because of greater muscle mass. The other theory focuses on brown adipose tissue and its anti-inflammatory effects on the body. We performed a literature review on research articles published in English from 1983 to the present in the following databases - PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used: "Obesity," "Heart Failure," "COPD," and "Cardio-Respiratory Fitness." In this review, we looked at the obesity paradox in Heart Failure and COPD. We summarized the current literature on the Obesity Paradox and reviewed its relationship with Cardio-Respiratory Fitness.