[Study of surface-active properties antivirials compound 1-boraadamantane for model monomoleculars phosphlipids layers].

The surface-active properties of 1-boraadamantane have been studied using model phospholipid monolayers. Results suggest that the increase in 1-boraadamantane concentrations from 10(-7) to 10(-6) M is accompanied by the increase of the area per phospholipid molecule. This decreases to frequency of lateral diffusion of phospholipids molecules, the potential difference and the angle of the phospholipid monolayer arrangement. These phenomena may lead to impossibility of interaction between the virus and cell membranes.

[The study of structural changes in influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) after interaction with liposomes by the fluorescence method].

Using the method of self fluorescence quenching influence of phospholipids on conformational state of HA has been studied. Interactions of HA with model phospholipids membranes are accompanied by changes of structure-dynamic protein organization. This method could be used for controlling the structure organization of proteins after receiving by virus the influenzal virusomal vaccine.

[Study of interaction of polystirolsulphonate with polymerization degree of 8 and polyallylamin with bilayer lipids membranes].

Interaction of polystirolsulphonate with polymerization degree of 8 (PSS-8) and polyallylamin PAA (molecular mass 60 kilodaltons) with viruses from bloodline of paramixo- and orthomixoviruses by the example of measles virus, parotitis and flu leads to the decreasing of infective activity. The possible mechanism of viral inhibitive action of these chemical compounds is damaging of interfacial antigenic proteins of paramixo- and orthomixoviruses. In this study it was detected the change of surface tension of bilayer lipid membrane in the presence of PSS-8 and PAA. The change of surface tension leads to disorder in viral proteins adsorption in bilayer lipid membrane. This process could lead to disorder of juncture and self-assembly of virions.

[Influence of polyelectrolytes on measles virus infectivity].

AIM: Mechanism of virus inhibiting action against measles virus of polyelectrolytes (PE) polystyrolsulfonate (PSS) of various polymerization degree and 60 kDa molecular weight polyallylamine (PAA) was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measles virus Leningrad-16 strain was used for the study. Virus infectious titer reduction kinetics after interaction with PSS with the degree of polymerization of 8 (PSS 8), 31, 77, 170, 360, 430 and PAA were determined by titration method with cytopathogenic effect detection in Vero continuous cell line. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of viral proteins were obtained by using Zenith 200st spectrophotometer (Russian Federation) and Jasco J-810 dichrograph (Japan). RESULTS: A significant decrease of measles virus infectious titers after interaction with PSS with the degree of polymerization of 8 and PAA in concentration of 30 mM was detected. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra and protein fluorescence allowed to determine the mechanism of interaction of the indicated PE with measles virus surface proteins. The secondary structure of viral proteins is damaged by hydrophobic polar frame of these PE, polyanion PSS 8 also interacts with positive charges of protein groups that leads to the formation of loops and tails that disrupt alpha-spirals. CONCLUSION: The studied PE could be considered as potential antiviral preparations, and methods of circular dichroism and protein fluorescence could be used to detect damage of viral protein secondary structure by agents of different kinds.

[New method for measurement of size and concentration of lyposomes].

AIM: To develop new method of determination of size and concentration of lyposomes based on measurement of opacity in dispersed media. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dispersions of lyposomes from dipalmitoylposphatidylcholine were the object of the study. Opacity spectrum of lyposome suspension was measured with Zenyth 200st spectrophotometer. Mean values of diameter of lyposomes determined by opacity spectrum were compared with the same values measured by electron microscopy (JEM 100-CX, JEOL, Japan) with magnification 58,000 - 100,000. Refraction index was measured with refractometer RPL-3 (Russia). RESULTS: Sizes of lyposomes measured by the new method and by electron microscopy did not differ significantly. Determination of sizes and concentration of lyposomes by the new method did not depend from effect of secondary multiple scattering of light. CONCLUSION: Obtained data allowed to conclude that developed method could be used in practice. Advantages of the new method are usage of common spectrophotometers and photoelectrocolorimeters for deriving of liposomes suspension opacity curve as well as its high validity, which are confirmed by data obtained with electron microscopy.

[Enhancement of measles-mumps divaccine using myelopeptide 2 in experiment].

Combined application of mumps and measles vaccine strains in equal doses results in significant decrease of immune response to the former component in humans. It is possible that this phenomenon is related with well-known immunodepressive effect of measles virus, which was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. It was previously shown that myelopeptide-2 (MP-2) partially neutralizes suppressive effect of measles vaccine on blast transformation of activated human lymphocytes in vitro. Partial supression of immune response to mumps vaccine by live measles vaccine was reproduced in laboratory animals. It was shown that in experiment MP-2 partially neutralized suppressive effect of measles vaccine.

[Issues related to rubella, measles and epidemic parotiditis in the Russian Federation]. / Problemy kori, krasnukhi i épidemicheskogo parotita v Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

Measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis are classified as controllable infections with vaccination of children being the key method of preventing them. Live mono-vaccines and combined vaccines against measles and epidemic parotitis have been developed and successfully used in our country; research work on creating preparations against rubella has been underway. The vaccine-based prevention of the above viral infections is shown to be a most active, safe, effective and cost-saving method preventing them. There is also described in the paper an analysis of the morbidity rate due to measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis in the territory of the Russian Federation and elucidated the resolved and yet unsettled issues related with the vaccine-based prevention of the above widespread and highly contagious infections of today.

[Effect of myelopeptide 2 on the immunization of guinea pigs with live measles vaccine]. / Vliianie mielopeptida 2 na rezul'taty immunizatsii morskikh svinok zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

A model is suggested to study the effects the myelopeptide 2 (MP2) immunomodulator on the results of live measles rash immunized by vaccine. Guinea pigs were found to respond to live measles vaccine L-16 the way man does, i.e. the antibodies' level in their sera was increasing until days 28-56 after a single intramuscular vaccine injection. An intramuscular injection of the MP2 immunomodular, made alongside with vaccination, was demonstrated to enhance the immune response to the measles vaccine and to induce its action. Finally, it was for the first time, that the possibility was proven to enhance the action of the live measles vaccine by an immunomodulator.

[Intranasal vaccination with live measles vaccines within the framework of measles eradication strategy]. / Intranazal'naia vaktsinatsiia zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi v obshchei strategii likvidatsii korevoi infektsii.

The authors discuss the possibility of intranasal revaccination with live measles vaccine. Intranasal vaccination is no less effective than subcutaneous. It induces generalized immune response and formation of anti-measles IgA in the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Immunomodulating side effects of intranasal vaccination are less pronounced than those of subcutaneous one. The intranasal method of vaccination is safer than the inhalation method, which involves exposure of the bronchial mucosa to the live measles virus. The efficiency of mucosal measles vaccine can be increased by adding this or that adjuvant to the vaccine.

[Efficiency of revaccination against epidemic parotitis and immunological safety]. / Effektivnost' revaktsinatsii protiv épidemicheskogo parotita i immunologicheskaia bezopastost'.

Seventy-eight children aged 6-7 years were subcutaneously revaccinated with L-3 live mumps vaccine. The vaccine is slightly reactogenic and completely safe. The level of antibodies increased on day 10 postvaccination in 80% of children with initially low antibody titers. Subcutaneous revaccination resulted in appearance of anti-parotitis antibodies in nasal secretions of 60% and in the saliva of 20% children, this indicating sufficiently high immunogenic activity of the vaccine.

[Intranasal revaccination of children with live measles vaccine: development of local immunity]. / Intranazal'naia revaktsinatsiia detei zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi: razvitie mestnogo immuniteta.

Thirty-eight children aged 6-7 years were intranasally revaccinated against measles. Children without antimeasles antibodies in the serum responded to revaccination by their appearance in protective titers. In children with antibodies their titers increased (in 60%) on day 30 after intranasal revaccination. The efficacy of subcutaneous revaccination was the same. Intranasal, but not subcutaneous, revaccination resulted in appearance of nasopharyngeal anti-measles IgA. Intranasal method of revaccination against measles is convenient and safe and is recommended for clinical trials on a wide scale and for introduction into practice.

[Immunizing and immunomodulating activity of wild measles virus at the focus of measles infection]. / Immuniziruiushchaia i immunomoduliruiushchaia aktivnost' dikogo virusa kori v ochage korevoi infektsii.

The effect of a wild measles virus circulating in a childhood collective body on the immune status of 80 children has been studied over time. Only using enzyme immunoassay was it possible to fully record and assess the degree of booster effect of the virus on children in case of infection transmission. In 25% cases the increment of antibodies was at the expense of specific IgM antibodies appearing in the sera of children. By the end of the first month 60% of children developed a relative measles immunodepression. Analysis of the index of cell stimulation with phytohemagglutinin in the presence of suppressors enabled us to single out a group of children (30%) with weakly expressed suppressive factor. The observed phenomenon with a high degree of reliability may be used as an index of immune response development.

[Use of a latex-agglutination test for determining anti-measles antibody titer]. / Ispol'zovanie testa lateks-aggliutinatsii dlia opredeleniia titrov protivokorevykh antitel.

A new diagnostic agent for microtitration of antimeasles antibodies, making use of polyacrolein microspheres conjugated with purified measles virus has been developed. Parallel titration of blood sera of children and adults in latex agglutination test and in routine test (hemagglutination inhibition, passive hemagglutination, immunofluorescent tests) demonstrated a sufficient specificity of the new test, sensitivity compatible to that of hemagglutination inhibition, and correlation of the results of all tests.

[Immunizing and immunomodulating activity of a wild epidemic parotitis virus at a parotitis infection focus]. / Immuniziruiushchaia i immunomoduliruiushchaia aktivnost' dikogo virusa épidemicheskogo parotita v ochage parotitnoi infektsii.

The immune status of 18 children previously vaccinated or not with live parotitis vaccine and living in a focus of parotitis was tested over time. Specific antibodies were found in the blood sera or nasal secretion of 88.9% children by follow-up days 10-20, and memory antigen-reactive cells were forming in 55.6%. Functional temporary T-immunodeficiency was observed at the same period in 66.7% children. Although there were no cases of clinically apparent epidemic parotitis, immunologic studies confirmed the circulation of wild type virus. Immunologic studies detected 2 cases of inapparent course of epidemic parotitis.

[An intranasal method of revaccination against mumps]. / Intranazal'nyi sposob revaktsinatsii protiv épidemicheskogo parotita.

The effectiveness of revaccination against mumps was studied using different routes for administration of a live mumps vaccine from L-3 strain. Poor reactogenicity of the vaccine was observed after intranasal administration. The highest rise in titres of virus-neutralizing antibody was demonstrated in volunteers given the vaccine by the intranasal route. Revaccination of adults by both intranasal and subcutaneous routes induced production of antigen-specific memory cells. The results of the study attest to the usefulness of the intranasal route of vaccine administration in revaccinations against epidemic parotitis.

[The immunological indices in the intranasal method of revaccination with a live measles vaccine]. / Immunologicheskie pokazateli pri intranazal'nom sposobe revaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

Immunological parameters of the blood were studied in intranasal revaccination with a live measles vaccine (LMV) from the strain L-16. Alongside with specific immune response, LMV was shown to produce nonspecific changes in the system of immunocompetent cells the amount and duration of which were vaccine dose-dependent. The immunomodulating activity of LMV administered by different routes was different. Especially marked was the difference in the degree of side effect of the vaccine on T-lymphocytes. A dose of 10,000 TCD50 in 0.5 ml of LMV produced sufficient antigenic stimulation by the intranasal route of revaccination being quite satisfactory from the point of view of immunological safety of measles vaccine.

[The specific activity and immunological safety of the intranasal method of revaccination with a live measles vaccine made from the Leningrad-16 strain]. / Spetsificheskaia aktivnost' i immunologicheskaia bezopasnost' intranazal'nogo sposoba revaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi iz shtamma Leningrad-16.

The search for alternative routes for administration of live measles vaccine is associated both with the threat of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and with the development of a more physiological, natural and less traumatic mode of vaccine administration. The influence of the intranasal administration on the general condition of the immune system, its immunomodulating effect (the emergence of inducer suppressors, cell response to the inactivated virus), was studied as well as the level and intensity of secretory and general humoral immunity. The studies confirmed the immunological effectiveness and safety of the intranasal administration of a live measles vaccine and suggested its advantages for revaccination against measles.