[Age-related features of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. 3. Age-related dynamics of liver lipid composition during cataractogenesis]. / Vozrastnye osobennosti kararaktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi.III. Vozrastnaia dinamika lipidnogo sostava pecheni pri kataraktogeneze.

When studying the cataract pathogenesis in salmon fry, we found changes in the content of individual; phospholipid fractions and fatty acid composition in the liver of diseased and healthy fish. The age-related changes correlated with the increased antioxidant activity and decreased liver content of malondialdehyde.

[Biochemical properties of the the lipoproteins lipid composition in fishes of the different ecology: trout Salmo irideus L. and whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L]. / Biokhimicheskie osobennosti lipidnogo sostava lipoproteidov u ryb raznoi ékologii: foreli Salmo irideus L. i siga Coregonus lavaretus L.

We studied lipid composition of low- and high-density lipoproteins from serum of female rainbow trout Salmo irideus L. and whitefish Coregonus lavaretus L. Phospholipids are main lipids in all fractions and phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid. Species specificity of lipid fractions are due to ecological conditions typical for the studied fish species, a nearly domesticated rainbow trout and whitefish, a component of natural ichthyofauna. Serum of the studied fish species contains lipoprotein groups specific for other animals; however, high-density lipoproteins predominate in fish.

[Age-related characteristics of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. II. Biochemical characteristics of eye lens during cataractogenesis]. / Vosrastnye osobennosti kataraktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi. II. Biokhimicheskie osobennosti khrustalika pri kataraktogeneze.

We studied biochemical features of the lipid and phospholipid composition and patter of fatty acid spectra in lenses of one and two year old salmons bearing cataracts. The lipid complex of lenses of diseased fish underwent significant changes. Cataractogenesis was accompanied by enhanced free radical oxidation and accumulation of malone dialdehyde in lenses of salmons of various age. The intensification of oxidative processes was synchronized with the decreased level of antioxidant protection (reduced glutathione, vitamins A and E). The activity of Ca(2+)-dependent proteolytic enzymes in lenses was determined and its decrease in the case of cataract was shown.

[Age-related features of cataractogenesis in salmon fry. I. Lipid composition of the lens in normal development]. / Vozrastnye osobennosti kataraktogeneza v mal'kovom periode razvitiia semgi. I. Lipidnyi sostav khrustalikov v normal'nom razvitii.

This papers opens a series of publications on the mechanisms of cataractogenesis in the salmon fry. Biochemical features of normal lens development and cataractogenesis in fry of different age and age-related dynamics of the liver lipid composition during upon cataractogenesis will be dealt with, since lipids are most intensely synthesized in the liver, from where they are transported in the lens. Here, we describe the dynamics of lens lipid composition in the salmon fry, including the total lipid content and dynamics of individual classes. The data are analyzed on the fatty acid spectrum of the salmon fry lens, as compared to the human lens.

[Regularity of biochemical differentiation in ontogenesis]. / Zakonomernosti biokhimicheskoi differentsirovki v ontogeneze.

Here we review original data on biochemical differentiation mechanisms. The patterns of the preprogrammed metabolism of the embryo are studied by comparing biochemical mechanisms in undifferentiated embryonic tissues in the course of differentiation and during the terminal establishment of a specialized tissue. This review is composed of three main sections corresponding to the specificity of biochemical differentiation. The first section covers the material on time-related isozyme pattern during skeletal muscle differentiation in a loach (a teleostean fish). The second section presents the data on "incorporated activation", i.e., the appearance of a functional relationship between contractile proteins biosynthesis and the systems of glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis during the development of chick embryo muscle. The third section covers the data on liver differentiation, the formation of the glycogen organelle with embedded enzymes of glycogen synthesis, and degradation during the development of chick and rat embryos.

[Cytochrome p-450-dependent monooxygenase in fish tissues]. / Tsitokhrom p-450-zavisimaia monooksigenaza v tkaniakh ryb.

Data about enzymes involved in metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics in fish are summarized. Special attention is given to the comparison of monooxygenase systems of fish and mammals. 3-Methylcholanthrone, benzo-pyrene, benzo-naphthoflavone, and various technogenic pollutants present in water are examined as inducers of fish monooxygenase systems. The induction of cytochrome P-450 isozymes is specially reviewed, and we discuss their difference from similar isozymes of other vertebrates classes. We also discuss the relationship between the activity of the monooxygenase system in fish and temperature conditions of water bodies, as well as sex-related differences in the activity of this system. Perspective in the use of the monooxygenase system for biological monitoring are reviewed.

[The effect of macromolecular adhesion factors isolated from the blood serum and liver of mammals on the intensity of protein synthesis and the ATP content in hepatocytes in vitro]. / Issledovanie vliianiia makromolekuliarnykh adgezionnykh faktorov, vydelennykh iz syvorotki krovi i pecheni mlekopitaiushchikh, na intensivnost' sinteza belka i soderzhaniia ATF v gepatotsitakh in vitro.

The influence of the extra-low dozes of the macromolecular adhesive factors (MAF) on the protein synthesis and on the ATP contents in the rat hepatocytes on different models in vitro has been investigated. The protein synthesis intensity, the cell penetrability for labelled 3H-leucine and the intracell ATP contents in the experiments with the hepatocyte monolayer in control cells has been showed to be the same as those in the cells treated by MAF-1 and MAF-2. In the liver cells the protein synthesis intensity was depressed essentially under the action of MAF-1 and MAF-2 with respect to the control cells. The penetrability of the liver cells has increased in 50% of experiments after MAF-1 and MAF-2 treatment. The data obtained show the necessity of preservation of morphological structure of organs for the realization of the biological activity of appropriate MAF.

[The periodicity of the metabolic activity of hepatocytes in culture]. / Periodichnost' metabolicheskoi aktivnosti gepatotsitov v kul'ture.

Synchronous changes were found in the intracellular ATP content and in the ratio of "dark" and "light" cells in the monolayer culture of hepatocytes. An attempt has been made to change these ratios by the effect of hormones. The rhythmical processes in the culture are interpreted as a universal cell property.

[Protein synthesis in a hepatocyte culture in the presence of exogenous adenylic and guanyl nucleotides]. / Sintez belka v kul'ture gepatotsitov v prisutstvii ékzogennykh adenilovykh i guanilovykh nukleotidov.

Circahoral opposite-in phase fluctuations of protein syntheses and intracellular ATP content have been observed in monolayer hepatocyte cell culture. Peculiarities of protein synthesis in hepatocytes have been studied in vitro in presence of adenylic and guanylic nucleotides. Addition of exogenous ATP leads to the decrease in the level of protein synthesis and smoothing off of the fluctuations. The presence of exogenous ADP leads to the increase in protein synthesis and retaining of the amplitude of fluctuations of this process. Effect of exogenous GTP is similar to that of ATP. Different aspects of action of exogenous NTPs on the rhythms of protein synthesis have been considered.

[The possible connection of adenylic nucleotides to the rhythm of protein synthesis in hepatocytes in vitro]. / Vozmozhnaia sviaz' adenilovykh nukleotidov s ritmom sinteza belka v gepatotsitakh in vitro.

Circahoral protein synthesis rhythms observed in hepatocytes in vitro differ in phase from the oscillations of intracellular amount of ATP. ATP added to culture medium interferes with the rhythms of protein synthesis and intracellular DNA content. Addition of ADP increases both the incorporation level of hepatocytes and ATP content. The data obtained has been discussed.

[Pyruvate dehydrogenase activation in the skeletal muscles of the chick embryo during electrostimulation]. / Aktivatsiia piruvatdegidrogenazy v skeletnykh myshtsakh kurinogo zarodysheva pri élektrostimuliatsii.

The pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the skeletal muscle during chicken embryo-genesis and early postnatal life amounts to 550 +/- 50 mU per g tissue, on the average; electrostimulation (1 Hz) induced a two-fold increase in its activity starting from the 15th day of incubation.

[Activation of glycogenolysis during electrostimulation of the skeletal muscles in the chick embryo under aerobic conditions]. / Aktivatsiia glikogenoliza pri élektrostimuliatsii skeletnykh myshts kruinogo zarodysha v aérobnykh usloviiakh.

A cooperative activation of glycogenolysis was found in the chick embryo skeletal muscles (upon electrostimulation) on the 13th day of incubation (stage 39 after Hamburger, Hamilton, 1951).

[Glycogen phosphorylase isozymes from chicken tissues and changes in the isozyme ratio during ontogenesis]. / Izozimy glikogenfosforilazy tkanei kuritsy i izmeneniia sootnocheniia izozimov v ontogeneze.

The isolation of isozymes Ib, IIIb and Lb of glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) from chicken tissue is described. Isozymes Ib and IIIb have the same value of Km(G-1-P), i.e. 6.2 mM at 2 mM AMP but differ in A0.5(AMP). Isozyme Lb is characterized by S0.5(G-1-P) of 15 mM at 2 mM AMP and A0.5(AMP) of 600 muM at 20 mM G-1-P; for isozyme La these parameters are 3.7 mM and 20 muM, respectively. All the three isozymes reveal distinct immunochemical differences. In embryonic skeletal muscle the enzyme is represented by isozymes L and III up to the 15th way of embryogenesis; after the 17th day--only by isozyme III. In chicken liver the enzyme is represented only by isozyme L beginning with the 9th day of embryogenesis. At the beginning of tissue differentiation stage (4th day of embryogenesis) fetal tissues were found to contain isozymes L and IL.

[Changes in the glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme spectrum in the rat liver and skeletal muscles in ontogeny]. / Izmeneniia izofermentnogo spektra glikogen fosforilazy v pecheni i skeletnykh myshtsakh krysy v ontogeneze.

Changes in the isozyme patterns of glycogen phosphorylase in the rat liver and skeletal muscles were studied during ontogenesis. The presence of a minor component both in the muscles and the liver during embryogenesis was shown by means of immunochemical titration and disc-electrophoresis. The possible nature of this component, its identity with the "embryonic" phosphorylase isozyme [1] and the hybrid form of IL enzyme [2,3].

[Glycogen metabolic enzymes in the skeletal muscles of the developing chick embryo]. / Fermenty obmena glikogena v skeletnykh myshtsakh razvivaiushchegosia zarodysha kuritsy.

In the skeletal muscles of the chick embryo from the 10th till the 15th day of embryogenesis, phosphorylase (EC. 2.4.1.1) is represented by two isozymes one of which corresponds, by electrophoretic mobility, to the liver phosphorylase and another to phosphorylase of the skeletal muscles of the adult rat. From the 17th day of embryogenesis on only one isozyme of phosphorylase is found in the skeletal muscles which is identical with that of the skeletal muscles of the adult bird. The isozyme spectrum of phosphorylase of the whole 4 days old embryo contains, besides phosphorylase L, a special "embryonic" isozyme which differs from that of the skeletal muscles by immunochemical characteristics and electrophoretic mobility. From the 10th day of embryogenesis till hatching, the activity of phosphorylase of the skeletal muscles increases more than 50 times and that of glycogen synthetase (EC. 2.4.1.11) only 4 times.

[Changes in the glycogen synthetase isoenzyme makeup and the formation of glycogen organelles in the liver of the developing rat embryo]. / Izmeneniia izofermentnogo sostava glikogen sintetazy i formirovanie glikogenovoi organelly v pecheni razvivaiushchegosia zarodysha krysy.

Glycogen synthetase of the rat embryo liver is represented until the 14th day of embryogenesis by the enzyme of "embryonic" (or so called muscle) type. This type is gradually replaced for an isozyme (isozymes) characteristic of the rat adult liver from the 15th till the 18th days of embryogenesis. The formation of glycogen organelles (glucosomes) in the embryonic liver occurs during the 18--19th day of development, i. e. after the full replacement of "embryonic" glycogen synthetase.

[Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzymatic makeup changes in the liver of birds and mammals in ontogeny]. / Izmeneniia izofermentnogo sostava glikogen fosforilazy v pecheni ptits i mlekopitaiushchikh v ontogeneze.

It was established by means of immunochemical titration that phosphorylase of the chickliver, beginning from the 8th day of embryogenesis, was represented by an isozyme, immunochemically identical or closely related to mammalian phosphorylase L. At the early stage of development (4th day) the chick embryo contained both isozyme L (ca. 60%) and isozyme, closely related to mammalian isozyme I. In the liver of 15 days old rat embryos the ratio of isozymes I and L equaled 1 : 2. It is suggested that the ratio of L and IL is close to 1 : 1. The isozyme IL is replaced for the isozyme L completely during the second ten day period of postnatal development.