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This meta-analysis estimates sexually transmitted disease (STI) and HIV rates in male monkeypox patients during the 2022 outbreak. The study examines contextual factors that increase monkeypox risk. A systematic review of PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to find observational studies on monkeypox patients' demographics and medical characteristics from the 2022 outbreak. This review's meta-analysis followed the System for the Unified Management, Assessment, and Review of Information - Joanna Briggs Institute (SUMARI JBI) guidelines. All HIV and STI prevalence data for male monkeypox patients was exported into the SUMARI JBI. For point prevalence of HIV and STIs, we used the Freeman-Tukey-type arcsine square root transformation to stabilize raw proportion variances. A fixed-effects model weighted and pooled all estimates by inverse variance. We then used a random model to account for sampling variation and reported fixed-effect model effect size heterogeneity across studies. Study heterogeneity was measured using the I2 test statistic and P-values. I2 test results were interpreted as low (25%), moderate (50%), and high (75%). Six Spanish and English studies qualified. These studies included 541 male monkeypox patients, 214 of whom had HIV and 255 with other STIs. HIV prevalence was estimated at 40% (95% CI = 0.31%, 0.50%; ᵡ2=15) and STIs at 43% (95% CI = 25%, 61%; ᵡ2=118). Overall, analyses showed moderate to high heterogeneity. Four in ten male monkeypox patients in 2022 had HIV or other STIs. To prevent HIV and other STIs, public health measures should target male and female monkeypox patients.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Influenza, with its potential for widespread transmission and significant health repercussions for individuals and populations, demands the immediate implementation of effective preventive measures. Vaccination stands as a long-standing evidence-based strategic approach to bolster immunity, especially for healthcare providers at heightened risk due to repeated exposure. Nevertheless, studies indicate a variance in adherence to recommended vaccination protocols and a notable prevalence of hesitancy and negative attitudes toward influenza vaccination among this critical group globally. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of attitudes is essential for the development of targeted interventions and strategies tailored to address the specific concerns and motivations of healthcare providers. To this end, this study synthesized the evidence gathered from an exhaustive systematic review of studies on healthcare providers' uptake of and perceptions and attitudes toward influenza vaccination. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted across the databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines, using Covidence for screening. The process involved 4970 references, with 2684 screened after duplicate removals and 1891 excluded, leaving 793 full texts evaluated, resulting in a final 368 selected references for analysis. Due to the considerable heterogeneity observed among the studies, a narrative synthesis method was employed. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the systematic review's analysis, offering a multifaceted perspective on healthcare providers' attitudes toward influenza vaccination: (1) fostering positive views: factors promoting attitudes toward influenza vaccines; (2) navigating hesitancy: barriers and challenges to attitudes on influenza vaccines; (3) empowering change: interventions and their impact on healthcare providers' attitudes; (4) pandemic overlap: intersecting attitudes toward influenza and COVID-19 vaccines; and (5) twin challenges: the impact of mandatory policy on attitudes and influenza vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers' attitudes toward influenza vaccination are complex and influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, barriers, demographics, organizational factors, interventions, pandemic contexts, and policy considerations. Effective strategies for promoting influenza vaccination should be multifaceted, adaptable, and tailored to address these interconnected aspects, ultimately contributing to improved vaccination rates and public health outcomes.
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Background: The review aimed at examining patient factors that were associated with the worldwide geographic variation in number of monkeypox cases during the 2022 outbreak. Methods: A systematic search was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed/MEDLINE, to identify studies published in the year 2022 until 30 September on the 2022 monkeypox outbreak. Studies that described demographics and patient characteristics of the affected populations were eligible. Only countries/regions with the highest and lowest globally reported numbers were included. Results: A total of 24 eligible studies reported data from the most affected countries in Europe [Spain and UK]; Americas [USA and Brazil]; and the least affected region [South East Asia]. There were no eligible studies reporting data from the Eastern Mediterranean which was allegedly the least affected region. Cases from Europe and the Americas were mostly men having sex with men [MSM], in fourth and fifth decades of life, with a substantial proportion of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Sporadic cases among women [sexual, household] and children [household] were identified. Sexual orientation and/or mode of transmission were not clearly stated in most studies from South East Asia. Conclusions: The 2022 monkeypox outbreak was most obvious in the western part of the globe due mainly to sexual activities among MSM. Low numbers in the east may indicate the influence of the conservative social behaviors. Co-morbidities in the form of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases were identified. Detection of the disease among women and children highlights the importance of adopting appropriate preventive public health measures.