Micro- and Macronutrients in Endometrial Cancer-From Metallomic Analysis to Improvements in Treatment Strategies.

Endometrial cancer is reported to be one of the most prevalent cancers of the female reproductive organs worldwide, with increasing incidence and mortality rates over the past decade. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Recently, there has been a growing focus on the role of nutrition and micronutrient and macronutrient status in patients with gynecologic cancers, including endometrial cancer. In the following paper, we have conducted an in-depth narrative literature review with the aim of evaluating the results of metallomic studies specifically concerning the micro- and macronutrient status of patients with endometrial cancer. The main objective of the paper was to analyze the results regarding the nutritional status of endometrial cancer patients and describe the role of chosen elements in the onset and progression of endometrial carcinogenesis. Further, we have focused on the evaluation of the usage of the described elements in the potential treatment of the abovementioned cancer, as well as the possible prevention of cancer considering proper supplementation of chosen elements in healthy individuals. Calcium supplementation has been proposed to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, although some studies offer conflicting evidence. Deficiencies in phosphorus, selenium, and zinc have been inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk, suggesting they may play a protective role, whereas excessive levels of iron, copper, and cadmium have been positively correlated with increased risk. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these elements affect endometrial carcinogenesis are not fully understood, and current findings are often contradictory. Further research is needed to clarify these relationships and to evaluate the potential of nutritional interventions for the prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer.

Uterine Artery Pulsatility Index in Pregnant Kidney or Liver Recipients and Its Impact on Perinatal Outcome.

BACKGROUND: The uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA PI) is associated with blood flow to the placenta. Its increased values imply impaired placentation. This study aimed to evaluate UtA PI measurements in first-trimester ultrasound in pregnancies after kidney (KTx) or liver transplantation (LTx) and its relationship with perinatal outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 72 pregnancies in female kidney (35) or liver (37) transplant recipients between 2017 and 2023 was performed. Data concerning UtA PI were available for 17 kidney and 19 liver recipients. Statistical analysis of variables between KTx and LTx groups and the correlation with perinatal outcomes was performed using Student's t test and Pearson's correlation with P < .05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean UtA PI results were similar, and there were no statistical differences between the group of pregnant kidney and liver recipients with mean values of 1.46 (SD 0.44] and 1.73 (SD 0.51] respectively (P = .10). The mean neonate birth weight was lower in KTx group (2158 g ([SD 723 g]) compared with the LTx group (2780 g [SD 754g]; P =.02). In the KTx and LTx groups, mean UtA PI was in negative correlation with Apgar score in the first minute (P = .04, P = .01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Uterine artery Doppler is useful in predicting perinatal outcomes in the general population and organ recipient pregnancies, even in the early stages of pregnancy, as we observed the correlation between UtA PI and Apgar score. Pregnant kidney recipients remain at higher risk for complications and more unpredictable outcomes than liver recipients.

Level of Knowledge of Post-Transplant Women About Breastfeeding During Immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: The number of women treated with immunosuppressants is increasing. Often, these women are of childbearing age. Consequently, they must face the decision of whether to breastfeed when they do have a child. Although available studies recommend breastfeeding during immunosuppression, patients appear to need more knowledge to enable the decision-making process. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of women after transplantation about breastfeeding during immunosuppression and their source of information. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study from February 1 through August 31, 2022, with 45 female graft recipients (28 post-kidney and 17 post-liver transplantation) of childbearing age (15-49 years). The women were polled during their routine outpatient appointments and then divided into 2 groups: parous women (group 1, n = 26) and nulliparous women (group 2, n = 19). RESULTS: Most of the patients (84%) were administered tacrolimus-based regimens. Thirty-seven women voiced concerns about the possible harm to their babies through immunosuppressants in their breast milk (82%). The average score for knowledge of the benefits of breastfeeding was 51%; 58% in group 1, and 41% in group 2. Among parous women, 5 breastfed on immunosuppression, 15 did not, and the remainder did not take immunosuppression during breastfeeding. The decision regarding breastfeeding was influenced mainly by counseling from gynecologists (75%) and transplantologists (56%). CONCLUSION: Women's knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding and the possibility of it during immunosuppression is not satisfactory.

Pregnancies in Women After Liver Transplant due to Wilson's Disease-Case Series.

Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Due to a defect in membrane copper transporter, copper is not excreted in the bile and accumulates in the tissues. The only treatment for acute liver failure in Wilson's disease is a liver transplant. AIM: Assessment of the course of pregnancies and comparison of obstetric outcomes in female liver transplant recipients in the course of Wilson's disease. METHODOLOGY: Retrospective analysis of data of women, who were pregnant and gave birth in the years: 2017 to 2023. Evaluation of their liver function used pharmacotherapy and obstetric outcomes. RESULTS: We recorded 11 pregnancies in liver transplantation recipients due to Wilson's disease. Ten single pregnancies and 1 twin (DCDA) were observed. In all pregnancies, graft functions and immunosuppressive drug concentrations were monitored. Three women suffered from epilepsy, one was diagnosed with psychiatric disorder. Two were diagnosed with cholestasis, and another 2 with gestational diabetes. Two of them were treated for pregnancy-induced hypertension and 2 developed preeclampsia. Deterioration of liver function parameters in pregnancy was observed in 2 cases. In total, 8 full-term babies were born and 4 late-preterm, including twins at 35 weeks of gestation. Seven pregnancies were delivered by caesarean section and 4 delivered vaginally. No complications in early postpartum period have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Women with Wilson's disease treated with organ transplantation have a chance of successful pregnancies and deliveries.

Family Planning and Assessment of the Frequency of Exposure to Drugs Contraindicated in Pregnancies After Kidney or Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: A successful organ transplant restores gonadal function in the first months after surgery, which leads to the normalization of menstrual cycles and increases the chance of pregnancy. Recipients of organ transplants should effectively prevent pregnancy for a minimum of 1 year and optimally up to 2 years after surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of unplanned pregnancies in female organ transplant recipients METHODS: A cross-sectional, single-center survey study of 46 pregnant organ recipients who were hospitalized at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. RESULTS: In the post-transplant period, we recorded 46 patients, including 27 kidney recipients (59%) and 19 liver recipients (41%). Forty-nine respondents reported 66 pregnancies, of which 52 ended in live births (79%). Twenty of the pregnancies were not planned. In that group, 16 pregnancies ended in labor, 2 in miscarriage, and 2 in termination. In 10 of the unplanned pregnancies, the women were treated with potentially teratogenic drugs in the first trimester. The duration of the pregnancy was shorter in the group of women who had not planned their pregnancies and had conceived during potentially teratogenic therapy (30.66 ± 3.61 weeks) than in women who had planned their pregnancies (34.95 ± 4 weeks, P < .0215). CONCLUSION: Women after organ transplantation are at high risk for pregnancy complications. Therefore, conception planning is an important element of post-transplant care, especially because the percentage of unplanned pregnancies in this group remains high despite the use of potentially teratogenic drugs.

First Successful Pregnancy After Lung Transplantation in Poland-Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: Lung transplantation is well-established treatment for patients with advanced lung dysfunction in cystic fibrosis (CF). Pregnancy in CF lung transplant recipients is feasible, although it still remains challenging for even professionals and demands a multidisciplinary approach. CASE REPORT: We report the case of pregnancy in a 22-year-old woman after lung transplantation (LTx) due to end-stage respiratory failure in the course of CF. The interval from transplant to conception was 2.5 years. In 2019, orthotopic LTx was performed and a 3-drug immunosuppressive scheme was used-tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone. There were no complications in the postoperative course. In April 2022, the patient was confirmed pregnant. All fetotoxic or teratogenic drugs were discontinued. Throughout the whole pregnancy, the patient was regularly monitored in the transplant and obstetrics centers. Due to the vaginal bleeding and irregular contractions at the 33 weeks of pregnancy, the course of steroids was administered. At 38 weeks and 5 days of gestation, she presented premature rupture of membranes. The caesarean section was performed because of breech presentation of the fetus. A live, term daughter was born and according to the screening test she does not have CF. Currently, 12 months after the delivery, the mother's lung function is good. CONCLUSIONS: Getting pregnant and having a safe pregnancy after LTx is possible, but it requires a specialized and individual approach. The patient should be well informed about possible complications and risks including graft failure. The patient's attitude and her cooperation with doctors play a major role.

Pregnancy in Liver and Kidney Female Recipient: A Case Report.

Deterioration of kidney function after orthotopic liver transplantation is a common complication that may occur after perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and preexisting or developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is described in the early postoperative period in more than half of recipients, whereas the main cause of CKD is pharmacotherapy. When end-stage renal failure occurs, patients may be qualified for additional transplantations. We present a rare case of a 27-year-old woman who, as a teenager, underwent 2 liver transplantations due to Wilson's disease. Surgeries were complicated by systemic infection and multiple organ failure. The kidneys did not regain their function, and therefore, after 6 months of dialysis, the organ was transplanted. Three organ transplantations were performed. Due to the patient's willingness and good graft functions, the patient started trying to conceive. Three months before successful conception, immunosuppressive therapy was changed to tacrolimus and azathioprine. Pregnancy was complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension, and its course was closely monitored. Organ functions and immunosuppressive therapy were regularly assessed. Due to the pre-eclampsia developed in the 35th week of gestation, a Cesarean delivery was performed, and she gave birth to a daughter weighing 2350 g (Apgar 7-7-8). The patient decided to breastfeed. There were no obstetric complications or graft function deterioration in the early postpartum period. Mother and daughter left home after 7 days of hospitalization. The presented clinical situation proves that multiorgan transplantation recipients can have a successful pregnancy without impairing graft functions. Therefore, the pregnancy requires adequate preparation and increased care.

Pregnancy After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant in Severe Aplastic Anemia: Report of 2 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) treat malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare condition associated with ineffective hematopoiesis. The first-line treatment for AA is an allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT). After allo-HSCT, most patients become infertile. METHODS: This study presents 2 case reports of women who become pregnant after allo-HSCT in the treatment of severe AA. In both women, conditioning was performed using the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and antithyroglobulin antibodies protocol. RESULTS: Case 1, a 27-year-old woman, underwent allo-HSCT at the age of 19. She received cyclosporine immunosuppression. The transplant was without complications. The woman's menstrual resumption was observed after 2 months. Eight years post-transplantation, the woman had her first pregnancy. Fetal growth restriction was diagnosed, and she was qualified for labor induction after the 37th week of gestation. She gave birth to a baby boy in good general condition. Case 2 is a 28-year-old woman with allo-HSCT at aged 25. The procedure was performed during a period of active fungal infection. Immunosuppression with cyclosporine and methotrexate was administered. During the transplant procedure, she developed acute kidney injury and liver failure. Her menstrual cycle returned 1 month after the transplant. Three years after the transplant, the woman was pregnant with twins. After 37 weeks of gestation, the woman was qualified for Cesarean delivery. Both babies, a boy and a girl, were in good general condition. CONCLUSION: Preservation of fertility after allo-HSCT is feasible, particularly in those with AA treated with conditioning regimens without total body irradiation with lower doses of alkylating agents.

Depression, anxiety, insomnia and interleukins in the early postpartum period.

Background: Some new mothers have been shown to suffer from anxiety and depression associated with insomnia during the postpartum period. Our study assessed the impact of demographic, psychopathological, and biochemical factors on the incidence of depression in women during the early postpartum period. Methods: A total of 119 women were evaluated at 24-48 h postpartum with the following psychometric scales: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). In addition, blood was drawn to assay interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Results: The factors that had the greatest impact on the risk of postpartum depression detected with the HDRS were high HARS scores and evidence of insomnia in the AIS. There were no significant differences in IL-6 or IL-10 levels in women with and without depression (based on either HDRS or EPDS scores) and insomnia (based on AIS) after childbirth. Considering demographic factors, divorced and single women were shown to be at higher risk of postpartum depression (based on EPDS scores). Limitations: Small sample size and short observation span. Conclusion: This study highlights the relationship between postpartum depression and both anxiety and insomnia and emphasises the importance to assess symptoms of anxiety and sleep quality as part of screening in women at risk of postpartum depression.

First-Trimester Biochemical Serum Markers in Female Kidney Transplant Recipients-The Impact of Graft Function.

Data on serum biochemistry markers as a component of the first-trimester screening test in pregnant kidney graft recipients are limited. In the absence of a separate validated algorithm, biochemical testing is commonly used in the first-trimester screening in kidney transplant recipients. Therefore, the study aimed to analyze first-trimester serum biochemical markers and the first trimester combined screening results in pregnant kidney graft recipients. A retrospective study was carried out in pregnant women who underwent the first-trimester combined screening test performed per the Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) protocol in 2009−2020. The study group included 27 pregnancies in kidney graft transplant recipients, and the control group was 110 patients with normal kidney function, matched according to age, body mass index (BMI), and gestational age. The biochemical serum markers (free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin [beta-hCG] and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A [PAPP-A]) were evaluated using the FMF-approved Roche Elecsys® assay and exhibited as multiples of the median (MoM) values. Data on first-trimester screening test results, perinatal outcomes, and graft function (assessed using serum creatinine concentrations) were analyzed. The analysis of first-trimester screening parameters revealed no difference in nuchal translucency (NT) measurements and uterine artery flow. However, free beta-hCG MoM and PAPP-A values were higher in posttransplant pregnancies than in controls: 3.47 ± 2.08 vs. 1.38 ± 0.85 (p = 0.035) and 1.46 ± 0.81 vs. 0.98 ± 0.57 (p = 0.007), respectively. The false positive rate of trisomy 21 (T21) screening in graft recipients was 25.9% vs. 3% in the controls. The free ß-hCG MoM values positively correlated with serum creatinine levels before (r = 0.653; p < 0.001), during (r = 0.619; p = 0.001), and after pregnancy (r = 0.697; p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant negative correlation for PAPP-A MoM values for postpartum serum creatinine concentration (r = −0.424, p = 0.035). Our results show significantly higher serum concentrations of free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in posttransplant pregnancies than in healthy controls, confirmed when exhibited as MoM values and their association with graft function was assessed by serum creatinine concentration. Taking those changes into account would reduce the high number of false positive test results in this group. The validated first-trimester screening algorithm that considers altered kidney function in pregnant kidney graft recipients remains to be developed.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA Detection Using Self-Sampling Devices in Women Undergoing Long Term Immunosuppressive Therapy.

Immunosuppression is a risk factor of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which might lead to development of (pre)malignant lesions of the cervix and lower anogenital tract. Results of HPV DNA testing using cervicovaginal self-samples are comparable to those that are clinician-obtained and therefore might be used in cervical screening. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) infections, their risk factors and the genotypes distribution among women undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Women undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for at least three months due to solid organ transplantation or autoimmune disorders were asked to self-collect samples for HPV testing using cervicovaginal brushes and complete questionnaires regarding cervical cancer risk factors. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were performed using Genotyping kit HPV GP version 2. hrHPV was detected in 26/90 (28.9%) specimens. Genotyping revealed a broad range of hrHPV, with type 16 being the most common genotype (11/26). The components of bivalent/quadrivalent or nonavalent vaccines cover all genotypes present in 4.4% and 17.8% women, respectively, and occur as a co-infection with other types in 12.2% and 23.3% of women, respectively. The only feature significantly associated with being hrHPV-positive was having at least two lifetime sexual partners. The high prevalence of hrHPV infections among immunosuppressed women emphasizes the need for regular cervical cancer screening with HPV DNA testing, which might be performed on self-collected specimen.

Pregnancy Weight Gain as a Predictor of Fetal Wellbeing in Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND Gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important index influencing perinatal outcomes. Inappropriate weight gain during pregnancy is strongly associated with multiple pregnancy complications. In pregnant liver transplant recipients whose risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes is already high, this aspect may be even more significant. The present study analyzed the gestational weight gain in female liver transplant recipients and its effect on neonatal complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cohort study of retrospective data was performed in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw. There were 23 patients who fulfilled all inclusion criteria. The gestational weight gain was analyzed in the context of pre-pregnancy BMI, immunosuppression, and perinatal outcomes. RESULTS The preterm delivery rate was 39.13% and GWG increased according to the duration of pregnancy. The model adjusted to week of delivery revealed no association between weight gain and the length of pregnancy (p=0.82). GWG in liver transplant recipients did not affect hypotrophy incidence, adverse perinatal outcomes, or caesarian delivery rate. A positive correlation between GWG and neonatal birth weight was observed (p=0.06). One patient, with coexisting PIH, had a stillbirth at 23 weeks. In all other cases, the 5-min Apgar score was 10 points. CONCLUSIONS Current obstetrical recommendations do not consider patients with chronic diseases undergoing immunosuppressive treatment. Proper counselling and preparing liver transplant recipients for pregnancy, especially optimizing maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, may be an important element in improving perinatal outcomes by lowering the risk of maternal complications. GWG itself is not relevant as a predictor of term gestation, but it might be important in achieving eutrophic fetus growth.

A Long-term Evaluation of Treatment Results of Pregnant Patients Following a Liver Transplant.

INTRODUCTION: Transplantation is not only the best method for treating end-stage failure of many organs but also the way to improve the quality of life of patients. For women of childbearing age, an organ transplant often brings a restoration of regular reproductive functions, which means, among other things, the possibility of having biological offspring. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to analyze the medical records and assess the impact of a liver transplant on the course of pregnancy and labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research was carried out from March to May 2019 in the Nephrology and Transplant Clinic Medical University of Warsaw. The study group consisted of 19 women after liver transplantation. Medical records were analyzed, and laboratory test results routinely performed on patients were also used for the study. RESULTS: The mean age of conception of the patients following transplantation was 30 ± 4 years old. In the analyzed period, 6 patients gave birth to 2 children each, and 8 patients to 1 child each. Only 3 patients experienced premature birth. Twelve patients gave birth by caesarean delivery. Fourteen patients took tacrolimus. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy is possible in patients following a liver transplant and does not appear to have a damaging effect on liver functionality. There is an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, intensified hypertension, and premature birth among patients following a transplant, which is why it is essential for these patients to remain under the care of a specialistic therapeutic team.

Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children of Mothers After Kidney Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: The number of pregnant kidney graft recipients receiving immunosuppressive drugs is increasing yearly. All potentially nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic immunosuppressive drugs penetrate through the placenta, which raises questions about their long-term effects on offspring. OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to evaluate the influence of immunosuppressive drugs used by pregnant women after kidney transplantation on the biochemical parameters of their children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty children born to mothers after kidney transplantation (KTx) and 40 children of healthy mothers from the control group were included in the study. All graft-recipient mothers received immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy. The study compared biochemical parameters, including urea, creatinine, potassium, and sodium, in both groups. RESULTS: Elevated creatinine level was observed in 1 newborn in the KTx group and none of the children from the control group (P = .500). All KTx children had normal urea levels, while in the control group, 2 newborns had an increased level of urea (P = .247). Elevated potassium levels were observed in 10% of children in the KTx group and 20% of children in the control group (χ2 = 0.881; P = .348). Elevated sodium levels were observed in 22.5% of children in the KTx group and 32.5% of children in the control group (χ2 = 1.001; P =.317). No child in the KTx group had hyponatremia; mild hyponatremia was observed in 5% of children in the control group (P = .247). CONCLUSION: There was no increased risk of an abnormal concentration of urea, creatinine, sodium, and potassium in the offspring of mothers after kidney transplantation using immunosuppressive drugs during pregnancy.

Evaluation of Lipid Profile in Children Born to Female Transplant Recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Being aware of the nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of most immunosuppressants, assessing their potential effects on the health of the offspring is an important aspect of deliberate family planning after organ transplantation. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of immunosuppressive drugs used by pregnant women after kidney or liver transplantation on the lipid profile of their children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one children born to mothers after kidney or liver transplantation (study group) and 91 children of healthy mothers from the control group (control group) were included in the study. Transplant donors received immunosuppressive treatment in monotherapy or combination regimens during pregnancy. The study compared lipidogram values including total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides. The lipidogram was analyzed depending on the following 3 most commonly used immunosuppressive regimens: study group 1: CI (calcineurin inhibitors); study group 2: CI + GCs (glucocorticosteroids); and study group 3: CI + GCs + AZA (azathioprine). RESULTS: There were no significant differences between study group and control group in mean total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels (P > .05). In each of the studied subgroups, at least 1 abnormal lipidogram fraction was noted. Frequency of these deviations in study group 1, study group 2, and study group 3 were 31%, 57%, and 26%, respectively. However, no statistically significant differences were found between these obtained results (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to immunosuppressants taken by the mother after liver or kidney transplantation does not appear to significantly affect the occurrence of lipid disorders in these children.

Immunological Status of Children Born to Female Liver Recipients.

BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive treatment in pregnant organ recipients can affect functions of the fetal and newborn immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of this treatment on selected parameters of the immune system of children born to mothers after liver transplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 52 children born to liver recipients and 52 children in the control group. The study was conducted in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw. Children from the 1st day of life to 10 years of age were examined. Serum antibody concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were measured by the immune agglutination method on a Cobas 6000 analyzer. RESULTS Comparison of mean IgG, IgM, and IgA levels and with reference values did not show a significant difference between the study and control group (p>0.05). Immunoglobulin concentrations were also analyzed in the groups of children according to their age at the time of the test and the type of calcineurin inhibitor used in the mother's treatment. The analysis showed a significant difference in the distribution of IgA concentrations in comparison to the normal values (p<0.05), as well as mean IgA (p<0.05) and IgM concentrations (p<0.05) according to the type of immunosuppressive treatment of the mother (tacrolimus or cyclosporin treatment regimen). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the type of immunosuppressive therapy used during pregnancy revealed a possible influence of the type of calcineurin inhibitor on selected parameters of the immune system of the children; however, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Fetal Hypotrophy Is an Important Marker in Diagnosis of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Patients After Solid Organ Transplantation.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to use a multidisciplinary approach to define the importance of fetal growth disturbances in pregnant patients after renal or liver transplantation in diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We assessed 108 pregnancies in patients with renal or liver transplants. Statistical analysis included Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS In the renal transplant (RTR) group, preeclampsia was diagnosed in 40% according to ISSHP. In the liver transplant (LTR) group, ISSHP guidelines allow this diagnose in 14.6% of patients. Intrauterine fetal hypotrophy occurred in 53.3% of RTR patients with clinical symptoms of preeclampsia and in none of stabile patients. Premature delivery rate was 40% in patients with hypotrophy and only in 15.5% without. For LTR patients, hypotrophy was diagnosed in 16.4% patients with clinical symptoms of preeclampsia and in 12.7% of stabile patients. Premature delivery rate was 14.5% in patients with hypotrophy and in 14.5% without. CONCLUSIONS Fetal hypotrophy is strongly associated with premature delivery and risk of preeclampsia in pregnancies after renal transplantation. There is a need for including ultrasound findings in diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia. Fetal growth monitoring may help in prediction of premature delivery in these group.

Intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women after kidney transplantation as a marker of preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVES: Delayed motherhood is associated with an increasing number of comorbidities such as glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and diabetic nephropathy. Women after renal transplant belong to the group of patients who require a highly individualized approach to treatment and diagnosis. The aim of the study was to validate the commonly used diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia which seem to be irrelevant in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The course of pregnancy and delivery were retrospectively analyzed in 48 renal transplant patients. Two patients were excluded. Group I included 23 patients with eutrophic neonates, while Group II consisted of 23 patients with fetal hypotrophy (birth weight of < 10th percentile). RESULTS: The duration of pregnancy was 34.5 and 35 weeks in Groups I and II, respectively. Mean birth weight in Groups I and II was 2608.64 g and 2046.30 g, respectively (p = 0.002). Mean weight percentile in Groups I and II was 36.57 and 2.91, respectively (p < 0.000). Proteinuria in the first half of pregnancy occurred in 16 and 14 patients from Groups I and II, respectively, and increased in the second half of pregnancy in 6 and 6 patients from Groups I and II, respectively. Patients from Group II were more prone to urinary tract infections (0.43 vs. 0.79; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Current diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia are insufficient in case of pregnant women after kidney transplant. General criteria should be applied with special care in women with chronic kidney disease or in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. As a predictive factor of neonatal morbidity, intrauterine growth restriction seems to be more valuable than typical markers of kidney function.

Pregnancy in the liver transplant recipient.

During gestation, the woman's body undergoes various changes, and the line between physiology and pathology is very thin even in healthy women. Today, many of the liver transplant recipients are young women, who at one point in their lives may consider the possibility of pregnancy. Clinicians have to counsel them about the time of conception, the risk of miscarriage, the deterioration of the mother's health status, and the risk of birth defects. This review, based on our 20 years of clinical experience and up-to-date literature, provides comprehensive guidelines on pregnancy management in liver transplant recipients. Pregnancy in liver transplant recipients is possible but never physiological. Proper management and pharmacotherapy lowers the incidence of complications and birth defects. Critical factors for perinatal success include stable graft function before pregnancy, proper preparation for pregnancy, and cautious observation during its course. Liver Transplantation 22 1408-1417 2016 AASLD.

Activity of Proteolytic Enzymes and Level of Cystatin C in the Peripartum Period.

Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the activity of cathepsin B, collagenases, trypsin, and plasmin and concentration of cystatin C in serum of healthy pregnant women in peripartum period. Study Design. The study group included 45 women in uncomplicated pregnancies. Blood samples were collected in four time points. Enzyme activity was measured by spectrofluorometric method. The level of cystatin C was measured using immunonephelometric method. Results. Mean activity of cathepsin B and the level of serum cystatin C were significantly higher in the study group. Collagenase activity was significantly lower in the study group than the control group. No differences in collagenase, plasmin, and trypsin activity on each day of the peripartum period were found. Conclusion. High activity of cathepsin B and increased level of cystatin C are typical for women in late pregnancy. Those levels significantly decrease after delivery which can be associated with potential role of those markers in placental separation. The insignificant changes of cystatin C level in the peripartum period seem to exclude the possibility of using cystatin C as a marker for renal insufficiency in the peripartum period but additional research is necessary to investigate the matter further.