The Perioperative Pain Management Bundle is Feasible: Findings From the PAIN OUT Registry.

OBJECTIVES: The quality of postoperative pain management is often poor. A "bundle," a small set of evidence-based interventions, is associated with improved outcomes in different settings. We assessed whether staff caring for surgical patients could implement a "Perioperative Pain Management Bundle" and whether this would be associated with improved multidimensional pain-related patient-reported outcomes (PROs). METHODS: "PAIN OUT," a perioperative pain registry, offers tools for auditing pain-related PROs and obtaining information about perioperative pain management during the first 24 hours after surgery. Staff from 10 hospitals in Serbia used this methodology to collect data at baseline. They then implemented the "Perioperative Pain Management Bundle" into the clinical routine and collected another round of data. The bundle consists of 4 treatment elements: (1) a full daily dose of 1 to 2 nonopioid analgesics (eg, paracetamol and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), (2) at least 1 type of local/regional anesthesia, (3) pain assessment by staff, and (4) offering patients information about pain management. The primary endpoint was a multidimensional pain composite score (PCS), evaluating pain intensity, interference, and side effects that was compared between patients who received the full bundle versus not. RESULTS: Implementation of the complete bundle was associated with a significant reduction in the PCS ( P < 0.001, small-medium effect size [ES]). When each treatment element was evaluated independently, nonopioid analgesics were associated with a higher PCS (ie, poorer outcome, and negligible ES), and the other elements were associated with a lower PCS (all negligible small ES). Individual PROs were consistently better in patients receiving the full bundle compared with 0 to 3 elements. The PCS was not associated with the surgical discipline. DISCUSSION: We report findings from using a bundle approach for perioperative pain management in patients undergoing mixed surgical procedures. Future work will seek strategies to improve the effect.

Relationship Between Azithromycin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Unvaccinated Patients With COVID-19 and Preexisting Cardiovascular Disease.

Background Empiric antimicrobial therapy with azithromycin is highly used in patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19, despite prior research suggesting that azithromycin may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. Methods and Results This study was conducted using data from the ISACS-COVID-19 (International Survey of Acute Coronavirus Syndromes-COVID-19) registry. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection were eligible for inclusion. The study included 793 patients exposed to azithromycin within 24 hours from hospital admission and 2141 patients who received only standard care. The primary exposure was cardiovascular disease (CVD). Main outcome measures were 30-day mortality and acute heart failure (AHF). Among 2934 patients, 1066 (36.4%) had preexisting CVD. A total of 617 (21.0%) died, and 253 (8.6%) had AHF. Azithromycin therapy was consistently associated with an increased risk of AHF in patients with preexisting CVD (risk ratio [RR], 1.48 [95% CI, 1.06-2.06]). Receiving azithromycin versus standard care was not significantly associated with death (RR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.69-1.28]). By contrast, we found significantly reduced odds of death (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.42-0.79]) and no significant increase in AHF (RR, 1.23 [95% CI, 0.75-2.04]) in patients without prior CVD. The relative risks of death from the 2 subgroups were significantly different from each other (Pinteraction=0.01). Statistically significant association was observed between AHF and death (odds ratio, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.34-3.90]). Conclusions These findings suggest that azithromycin use in patients with COVID-19 and prior history of CVD is significantly associated with an increased risk of AHF and all-cause 30-day mortality. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05188612.

Sex differences and disparities in cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19.

AIMS: Previous analyses on sex differences in case fatality rates at population-level data had limited adjustment for key patient clinical characteristics thought to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. We aimed to estimate the risk of specific organ dysfunctions and mortality in women and men. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 17 hospitals within 5 European countries participating in the International Survey of Acute Coronavirus Syndromes COVID-19 (NCT05188612). Participants were individuals hospitalized with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from March 2020 to February 2022. Risk-adjusted ratios (RRs) of in-hospital mortality, acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute heart failure (AHF), and acute kidney injury (AKI) were calculated for women vs. men. Estimates were evaluated by inverse probability weighting and logistic regression models. The overall care cohort included 4499 patients with COVID-19-associated hospitalizations. Of these, 1524 (33.9%) were admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), and 1117 (24.8%) died during hospitalization. Compared with men, women were less likely to be admitted to ICU [RR: 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71-0.91]. In general wards (GWs) and ICU cohorts, the adjusted women-to-men RRs for in-hospital mortality were of 1.13 (95% CI: 0.90-1.42) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.70-1.05; pinteraction = 0.04). Development of AHF, AKI, and ARF was associated with increased mortality risk (odds ratios: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.73-2.98; 3.85, 95% CI: 3.21-4.63; and 3.95, 95% CI: 3.04-5.14, respectively). The adjusted RRs for AKI and ARF were comparable among women and men regardless of intensity of care. In contrast, female sex was associated with higher odds for AHF in GW, but not in ICU (RRs: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.94-1.67 vs. 0.83; 95% CI: 0.59-1.16, pinteraction = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Women in GW were at increased risk of AHF and in-hospital mortality for COVID-19 compared with men. For patients receiving ICU care, fatal complications including AHF and mortality appeared to be independent of sex. Equitable access to COVID-19 ICU care is needed to minimize the unfavourable outcome of women presenting with COVID-19-related complications.

Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.

Recent data indicated a high incidence of inappropriate management of neuromuscular block, with a high rate of residual paralysis and relaxant-associated postoperative complications. These data are alarming in that the available neuromuscular monitoring, as well as myorelaxants and their antagonists basically allow well tolerated management of neuromuscular blockade. In this first European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) guideline on peri-operative management of neuromuscular block, we aim to present aggregated and evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians provide best medical care and ensure patient safety. We identified three main clinical questions: Are myorelaxants necessary to facilitate tracheal intubation in adults? Does the intensity of neuromuscular blockade influence a patient's outcome in abdominal surgery? What are the strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of residual paralysis? On the basis of this, PICO (patient, intervention, comparator, outcome) questions were derived that guided a structured literature search. A stepwise approach was used to reduce the number of trials of the initial research ( n  = 24 000) to the finally relevant clinical studies ( n  = 88). GRADE methodology (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was used for formulating the recommendations based on the findings of the included studies in conjunction with their methodological quality. A two-step Delphi process was used to determine the agreement of the panel members with the recommendations: R1 We recommend using a muscle relaxant to facilitate tracheal intubation (1A). R2 We recommend the use of muscle relaxants to reduce pharyngeal and/or laryngeal injury following endotracheal intubation (1C). R3 We recommend the use of a fast-acting muscle relaxant for rapid sequence induction intubation (RSII) such as succinylcholine 1 mg kg -1 or rocuronium 0.9 to 1.2 mg kg -1 (1B). R4 We recommend deepening neuromuscular blockade if surgical conditions need to be improved (1B). R5 There is insufficient evidence to recommend deep neuromuscular blockade in general to reduce postoperative pain or decrease the incidence of peri-operative complications. (2C). R6 We recommend the use of ulnar nerve stimulation and quantitative neuromuscular monitoring at the adductor pollicis muscle to exclude residual paralysis (1B). R7 We recommend using sugammadex to antagonise deep, moderate and shallow neuromuscular blockade induced by aminosteroidal agents (rocuronium, vecuronium) (1A). R8 We recommend advanced spontaneous recovery (i.e. TOF ratio >0.2) before starting neostigmine-based reversal and to continue quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular blockade until a TOF ratio of more than 0.9 has been attained. (1C).

PROCALCITONIN GUIDED ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP: A BALKAN EXPERT CONSENSUS STATEMENT.

Sepsis as a consequence of infection is a frequent cause of death among critically ill patients. The most common sites of infection are lover respiratory tract, abdominal, urinary tract and catheter-associated blood stream infections. Early empiric, broad-spectrum therapy in those with severe sepsis and/or shock with the aim of reducing mortality may lead to antibiotic overuse, resistance and increased costs. Among numerous serum biomarkers, procalcitonin (PCT) has proved to be one of the most reliable ones in the diagnosis of sepsis. An important means of limiting antibiotic resistance is the antibiotic stewardship program, especially in intensive care units with critically ill patients and prevalence of multiple drug-resistant pathogens. The PCT-guided antibiotic stewardship was first started in Western Europe and Asia-Pacific countries, as well as in the United States. Considering that this method has proven to be effective in reducing antibiotic consumption while improving clinical outcome, a group of experts from the Balkan region decided to make their own recommendations and PCT protocol. When creating this protocol for initiation and duration of antibiotic treatment, they especially reviewed the literature for lower respiratory tract infection and sepsis. In the protocol, they have included the severity of illness, clinical assessment, and PCT levels. Developing a consensus on the clinical algorithm by eminent experts/specialists in various fields of medicine should enable clinicians to use PCT for initiation of antibiotic therapy and monitoring PCT to stop antibiotics earlier. It is crucial that the PCT-guided algorithm becomes an integral part of institutional stewardship program.

Subcutaneous and Intraosseous Fat Necrosis Associated with Chronic Pancreatitis.

Background: Extra-abdominal manifestations of fat necrosis, like subcutaneous fat necrosis, polyarthritis, and polyserositis may appear with an occurrence rate of about 0.8%, wherein intraosseous fat necrosis is a more rare complication of pancreatitis, with few reports in English literature. Case report: A 34-year-old male with a 15-year-history of alcohol abuse was hospitalized several times in the last few years because of attacks of relapsed chronic pancreatitis. After the last attack, pancreatitis came in a stable state ("burned out") with no symptoms and signs of the disease. The patient had been free of symptoms for 28 months since the last admission when he came with sub-febrile temperature, huge pain, swelling, and erythema in the area of the left lateral malleolar region with propagation in the foot. Blood biochemistry was normal. Conventional radiography showed multiple sites of osteolysis in the left calcaneus. Images on multislice computed tomography (MSCT) with 3D reconstruction revealed hypodense focuses that corresponded to osteonecrosis areas and bone marrow edema in the left calcaneus. Conclusions: The possibility of intraosseous fat necrosis should be considered in situations of unexplained polyarthritis or panniculitis, particularly in individuals with alcohol abuse or pancreatic disease.

Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multi-center, multinational study on the safety and efficacy of 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) sOlution versus an Electrolyte solutioN In patients undergoing eleCtive abdominal Surgery: study protocol for the PHOENICS study.

BACKGROUND: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are used for volume therapy to treat hypovolemia due to acute blood loss and to maintain hemodynamic stability. This study was requested by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to provide more evidence on the long-term safety and efficacy of HES solutions in the perioperative setting. METHODS: PHOENICS is a randomized, controlled, double-blind, multi-center, multinational phase IV (IIIb) study with two parallel groups to investigate non-inferiority regarding the safety of a 6% HES 130 solution (Volulyte 6%, Fresenius Kabi, Germany) compared with a crystalloid solution (Ionolyte, Fresenius Kabi, Germany) for infusion in patients with acute blood loss during elective abdominal surgery. A total of 2280 eligible patients (male and female patients willing to participate, with expected blood loss ≥ 500 ml, aged > 40 and ≤ 85 years, and ASA Physical status II-III) are randomly assigned to receive either HES or crystalloid solution for the treatment of hypovolemia due to surgery-induced acute blood loss in hospitals in up to 11 European countries. The dosing of investigational products (IP) is individualized to patients' volume needs and guided by a volume algorithm. Patients are treated with IP for maximally 24 h or until the maximum daily dose of 30 ml/kg body weight is reached. The primary endpoint is the treatment group mean difference in the change from the pre-operative baseline value in cystatin-C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), to the eGFR value calculated from the highest cystatin-C level measured during post-operative days 1-3. Further safety and efficacy parameters include, e.g., combined mortality/major post-operative complications until day 90, renal function, coagulation, inflammation, hemodynamic variables, hospital length of stay, major post-operative complications, and 28-day, 90-day, and 1-year mortality. DISCUSSION: The study will provide important information on the long-term safety and efficacy of HES 130/0.4 when administered according to the approved European product information. The results will be relevant for volume therapy of surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT 2016-002162-30 . ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03278548.

Treating patients across European Union borders: An international survey in light of the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: In light of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, how resources are managed and the critically ill are allocated must be reviewed. Although ethical recommendations have been published, strategies for dealing with overcapacity of critical care resources have so far not been addressed. OBJECTIVES: Assess expert opinion for allocation preferences regarding the growing imbalance between supply and demand for medical resources. DESIGN: A 10-item questionnaire was developed and sent to the most prominent members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC). SETTING: Survey via a web-based platform. PATIENTS: Respondents were members of the National Anaesthesiologists Societies Committee and Council Members of the ESAIC; 74 of 80 (92.5%), responded to the survey. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Responses were analysed thematically. The majority of respondents (83.8%), indicated that resources for COVID-19 were available at the time of the survey. Of the representatives of the ESAIC governing bodies, 58.9% favoured an allocation of excess critical care capacity: 69% wished to make them available to supraregional patients, whereas 30.9% preferred to keep the resources available for the local population. Regarding the type of distribution of resources, 35.3% preferred to make critical care available, 32.4% favoured the allocation of medical equipment and 32.4% wished to support both options. The majority (59.5%) supported the implementation of a central European institution to manage such resource allocation. CONCLUSION: Experts in critical care support the allocation of resources from centres with overcapacity. The results indicate the need for centrally administered allocation mechanisms that are not based on ethically disputable triage systems. It seems, therefore, that there is wide acceptance and solidarity among the European anaesthesiological community that local medical and human pressure should be relieved during a pandemic by implementing national and international re-allocation strategies among healthcare providers and healthcare systems.

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study.

PURPOSE: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. METHODS: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. RESULTS: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9-27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6-16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score < 19, ICU stay > 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3-3.3). CONCLUSION: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat.

Quality of Life Indicators in Patients Operated on for Breast Cancer in Relation to the Type of Surgery-A Retrospective Cohort Study of Women in Serbia.

Background and objectives: Quality of life (QoL) after breast cancer surgery is an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the levels of perceived quality of life in patients operated on for breast cancer in relation to the type of surgery, using the standardized questionnaires. Materials and Methods: We assessed 425 women after surgery for breast cancer. The assessment included the application of the WHOQOL-bref (The World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref), and FACT-B (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast) questionnaires. The statistical analysis of the data included multiple linear regression and correlation tests. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis found that education, existence of comorbidities, time elapsed since surgery, and type of surgery were significant predictors of overall quality of life. Women's overall quality of life and general health has increased by 0.16 times for each subsequent year of surgery, and by 0.34 times for each subsequent higher education level. Breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy with breast reconstruction were statistically significant (ß = 0.18) compared to total mastectomy. Conclusions: There is a significant difference in the quality of life perceived by patients in whom the breast has been preserved or reconstructed in relation to patients in whom total mastectomy has been performed.

In silico development of anesthetics based on barbiturate and thiobarbiturate inhibition of GABAA.

The inhibition of GABAA can be used in general anesthesia. Although, barbiturates and thiobarbiturates are used in anesthesia, the mechanism of their action hasn't been established. QSAR modeling is a wieldy used technique in these cases and this study presents the QSAR modeling for a group of barbiturates and thiobarbiturates with determined anesthetic activity. Developed QSAR models were based on conformation independent and 2D descriptors as well as field contribution. As descriptors used for developing conformation independent QSAR models, (SMILES) notation and local invariants of the molecular graph were used. Monte Carlo optimization method was applied for building QSAR models for two defined activities. Methodology for developing QSAR models capable of dealing with the small dataset that integrates dataset curation, "exhaustive" double cross-validation and a set of optimal model selection techniques including consensus predictions was used. Two-dimensional descriptors with definite physicochemical meaning were used and modeling was done with the application of both partial least squares and multiple linear regression models with three latent variables related to simple and interpretable 2D descriptors. Different statistical methods, including novel method - the index of ideality of correlation, were used to test the quality of the developed models, especially robustness and predictability and all obtained results were good. In this study, obtained results indicate that there is a very good correlation between all developed models. Molecular fragments that account for the increase/decrease of a studied activity were defined and further used for the computer-aided design of new compounds as potential anesthetics.

Pre and postoperative risk management: the role of scores and biomarkers.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of risk prediction is to identify high-risk patients who will benefit from further preoperative evaluation. Clinical scores and biomarkers are very well established tools for risk prediction but their accuracy remains a controversial issue. RECENT FINDINGS: Current guidelines recommend one of the risk tools for preoperative cardiac risk assessment: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) calculator or Revised Cardiac Risk Index. Although not as easy to use as risk scores, risk models are more accurate and can predict individual patient risk more precisely. A step forward in risk estimation was performed by introducing new risk models developed from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database - NSQIP surgical risk calculator and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest index. Although biomarkers, especially in cardiac risk assessment, are already present in current European and American guidelines, this use is still controversial. Novel biomarkers: microRNAs, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein and mid-regional proadrenomedullin, can be used as new potential biomarkers in clinical practice. Also some of the experimental biomarkers have not yet been introduced into clinical practice, preliminary results are encouraging. SUMMARY: Different risk indices and biomarkers might lead to varying risk estimates. However, the importance of clinical judgment in risk assessment should not be underestimated.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester attenuates changes in pancreatic tissue damage biomarkers induced by cisplatin.

Application of cisplatin (CP) for the treatment of different cancers is known to cause pancreatitis through an increase in reactive oxygen species production and promotion of inflammation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the main activity carrier of propolis extracts, was previously found to possess numerous beneficial properties. This study aims to determine for the first time the potential of CAPE in preventing CP-induced pancreatic tissue damage by studying the changes occurring on both biochemical and microscopic levels. The levels of serum α-amylase and a panel of pancreatic tissue biomarkers related to tissue injury (reduced glutathione, xanthine oxidase, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonylated concentration) and inflammation (myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, and umor necrosis factor alpha) were studied in male Wistar rats treated with either CP alone or with CP and CAPE. Additionally, microscopic analysis of pancreatic tissue would be conducted as well. Application of CAPE together with CP statistically significantly prevented the disturbance in all here-studied pancreatic tissue damage and inflammation-related biomarkers. The changes in pancreas biochemical status was followed by morphological disturbance. The results of the present study suggest that CAPE could act as a protective agent in pancreatic damage that arises after CP application.

Elevated Serum Ferritin Levels Are Predictive of Renal Function Recovery among Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.

Oxidative stress (OS) frequently contributes to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Iron can promote oxidative stress and tissue injury by catalyzing free reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increasing the steady-state concentration of these potent oxidants. The anticipated role of ferritin is to protect from OS by sequestering iron and limiting its involvement in reactions that generate ROS. In this prospective study, we aimed to investigate the association between serum ferritin levels and kidney function recovery among patients with AKI. Renal recovery was determined as a return of serum creatinine to less than 1.25 times the baseline value after 90 days of follow-up. One hundred twelve patients (72 males and 40 females, 63.68 ± 10.6 years old) were included in the final analysis. They were divided into AKI recovery (n = 76) and non-recovery groups (n = 36). Ferritin levels on admission were higher in AKI recovery group [284 (IQR 153-525) ng/mL] compared with the non-recovery group [127.4 (IQR 30-243) ng/mL], p < 0.001. Serum ferritin levels and the renal recovery significantly positively correlated (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis, higher serum ferritin was associated with renal function recovery (OR 3.68, CI 2.02-3.97, p < 0.001). The optimal cut-off point of 240.5 ng/mL was determined for serum ferritin, which showed a sensitivity of 75.8% and a positive predictive value of 90%. In conclusion, serum ferritin levels on admission may be used as a prognostic marker for predicting renal recovery in AKI patients.

Mortality predictors of patients suffering of acute pancreatitis and development of intraabdominal hypertension

Background/aim: Intraabdominal hypertension (IAH) occurs frequently in patients with acute pancreatitis and adds to their morbidity and mortality. The main aim of the study was to identify the determination of the predictive factors connected to IAH that influence the evolution of acute pancreatitis. Materials and methods: The prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 patients who had acute pancreatitis. According to obtained intraabdominal pressure (IAP) values, the patients were divided into two groups: one group (n = 40) with normal IAP values and the other (IAH group, n = 60) with increased IAP values. Deceased patients were specially analyzed within the IAH group in order to determine mortality predictors. Results: Statistical significance of IAP (P = 0.048), lactates (P = 0.048), peak pressure (P = 0.043), abdominal perfusion pressure (P = 0.05), and mean arterial pressure (P = 0.041) was greater for deceased than for surviving patients in the IAH group. High mortality appears for patients younger than 65 years old, with lactate level higher than 3.22 mmol/L and filtration gradient (GF) lower than 67 mmHg. Conclusion: Age, lactates, GF, and APACHE II score are determined as mortality predictors for patients suffering from acute pancreatitis who developed IAH. The mortality rate is higher when the level of GF is decreasing and the level of lactate increasing.

Cardiac biomarkers improve prediction performance of the combination of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification and Americal College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program calculator for postoperative mortality in elderly patients: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Our previous research has shown American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA) score and Americal College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) calculator to have the most accuracy in the prediction of postoperative mortality. AIMS: The aim of our research was to define the most reliable combination of cardiac biomarkers with ASA and ACS NSQIP. METHODS: We have included a total of 78 patients. ASA score has been determined in standard fashion, while we used the available interactive calculator for the ACS NSQIP score. Biomarkers BIRC5, H-FABP, and hsCRP have been measured in specialized laboratories. RESULTS: All of the deceased patients had survivin (BIRC5) > 4.00 pg/ml, higher values of H-FABP and hsCRP and higher estimated levels of ASA and ACS NSQIP (P = 0.0001). ASA and ACS NSQIP alone had AUC of, respectively, 0.669 and 0.813. The combination of ASA and ACS NSQIP had AUC = 0.841. Combination of hsCRP with the two risk scores had AUC = 0.926 (95% CI 0.853-1.000, P < 0.0001). If we add three cardiac biomarkers to this model, we get AUC as high as 0.941 (95% CI 0.876-1.000, P < 0.0001). The correction of statistical models with comorbidities (CIRS-G score) did not change the accuracy of prediction models that we have provided. DISCUSSION: Addition of ACS NSQIP and biomarkers adds to the accuracy of ASA score, which has already been proved by other authors. CONCLUSION: Cardiac biomarker hsCRP can be used as the most reliable cardiac biomarker; however, the "multimarker approach" adds the most to the accuracy of the combination of clinical risk scores.

Clinical Utility of Survivin (BIRC5), Novel Cardiac Biomarker, as a Prognostic Tool Compared to High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, Heart-type Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Revised Lee Score in Elderly Patients Scheduled for Major Non-cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that survivin (BIRC5) is sensitive to the existence of previous ischemic heart disease, since it is activated in the process of tissue repair and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of survivin (BIRC5) as a new cardiac biomarker in the preoperative assessment of cardiovascular risk in comparison with clinically accepted cardiac biomarkers and one of the relevant clinical risk scores. METHODS: We included 79 patients, female (41) and male (38), with the mean age of 71.35±6.89. Inclusion criteria: extensive non-cardiac surgery, general anesthesia, age >55 and at least one of the selected cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, smoking and positive family history). Exclusion criteria: emergency surgical procedures and inability to understand and sign an informed consent. Blood sampling was performed 7 days prior surgery and levels of survivin (BIRC5), hsCRP and H-FABP were measured. RESULTS: Revised Lee score was assessed based on data found in patients' history. Levels of survivin (BIRC5) were higher in deceased patients (P<0.05). It showed AUC=0.807 (95% CI, P<0.0005, 0.698-0.917), greater than both H-FABP and revised Lee index, and it increases the mortality prediction when used together with both biomarkers and revised Lee score. The determined cut-off value was 4 pg/mL and 92.86% of deceased patients had an increased level of survivin (BIRC5), (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Survivin (BIRC5) is a potential cardiac biomarker even in elderly patients without tumor, but it cannot be used independently. Further studies with a greater number of patients are needed.

Preoperative Midregional Pro-Adrenomedullin and High-Sensitivity Troponin T Predict Perioperative Cardiovascular Events in Noncardiac Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the utility of preoperative midregional (MR) pro-adrenomedullin (proADM) and cardiac troponin T (TnT) for improved detection of patients at high risk for perioperative cardiac events and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective, single-center, observational study enrolled 79 patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. After initial clinical assessment (clinical history, physical examination, echocardiogram, blood tests, and chest X-ray), MR-proADM and high-sensitivity TnT (hsTnT) were measured within 48 h prior to surgery by immunoluminometric and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Patients were followed by the consulting physician until discharge or up to 14 days in the hospital after surgery. Perioperative cardiac events included myocardial infarction and development or aggravation of congestive heart failure. Data were compared between patients who developed target events and event-free patients. RESULTS: Within 14 days of monitoring, 14 patients (17.72%) developed target events: 9 (11.39%) died and 5 (6.33%) developed cardiovascular events. The average age of the patients was 71.29 ± 6.62 years (range: 55-87). Sex, age, and hsTnT did not significantly differ between groups. MR- proADM concentration was higher in deceased patients (p = 0.01). The upper quartile of MR-proADM was associated with a fatal outcome (66.7 vs. 20.0%, p < 0.01) and with cardiovascular events (64.3 vs. 16.9%, p < 0.01). MR-proADM above the cutoff value (≥0.85) was associated with a fatal outcome (88.9 vs. 20.0%, p < 0.01) and cardiovascular events (71.4 vs. 28.6%, p < 0.01); this association was not observed for hsTnT. CONCLUSION: Preoperative measurement of MR-proADM provides useful information for perioperative cardiac events in high-risk patients scheduled for noncardiac surgery.

Enhanced Recovery after Vascular Surgery.

The beginnings of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program were first developed for patients in colorectal surgery, and after it was established as the standard of care in this surgical field, it began to be applied in many others surgical areas. This is multimodal, evidence-based approach program and includes simultaneous optimization of preoperative status of patients, adequate selection of surgical procedure and postoperative management. The aim of this program is to reduce complications, the length of hospital stay and to improve the patients outcome. Over the past decades, special attention was directed to the postoperative management in vascular surgery, especially after major vascular surgery because of the great risk of multiorgan failure, such as: respiratory failure, myocardial infarction, hemodynamic instability, coagulopathy, renal failure, neurological disorders, and intra-abdominal complications. Although a lot of effort was put into it, there is no unique acceptable program for ERAS in this surgical field, and there is still a need to point out the factors responsible for postoperative outcomes of these patients. So far, it is known that special attention should be paid to already existing diseases, type and the duration of the surgical intervention, hemodynamic and fluid management, nutrition, pain management, and early mobilization of patients.