Perception of maxillary incisor inclination and its correlation with dental cephalometric measurements.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the clinical perception of maxillary incisor inclination from photographs of the smiling face with cephalometric measurements, using conventional incisor axis reference points and crown reference points. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Lisbon (Portugal). PARTICIPANTS: Eight orthodontists. METHODS: The perception of maxillary incisor inclination of 47 female patients (mean age 23.4 ± 1.5 years) was evaluated by eight orthodontists. The participants' photographs (smiling frontal, smiling three-quarter and smiling profile) were shown to each assessor and a continuous visual analogue rating scale was used to assess the perception of maxillary incisor inclination. Pearson's correlation and linear regression were calculated between each cephalometric measurement and the perception of incisor inclination. RESULTS: Anatomical crown inclination measurements U1ac-FH (r = 0.854; P < 0.01) and U1ac-SN (r = 0.845; P < 0.01) had the highest correlation values with the assessors' perception of maxillary incisor inclination. Conventional incisor axis measurements showed the lowest correlation values (r = 0.668-0.756). CONCLUSION: Cephalometric measurements of the labial surface of the anatomical crown of the maxillary incisors showed the strongest correlations with the clinical perception of maxillary incisor inclination from photographs. For optimal aesthetics, the inclination of the labial surface of maxillary incisor crown should be evaluated.

Cephalometric determinants of facial attractiveness: A quadratic correlation study.

INTRODUCTION: This research aimed to determine the nonlinear correlation between lateral cephalometric measurements and facial attractiveness, evaluated in the frontal and profile views. A quadratic correlation was studied, in which the vertex of the function indicates the cephalometric value corresponding to the maximum attractiveness. METHODS: Frontal and profile facial attractiveness of 60 patients with Class I (n = 20), Class II (n = 20), or Class III malocclusion (n = 20) aged 18-35 years without previous orthodontic treatment was evaluated by 14 laypersons (7 men and 7 women) with a visual analog scale. Soft- and hard-tissue measurements were collected on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson and nonlinear quadratic correlations between the attractiveness of the face and cephalometric measurements were calculated. Maximum attractiveness values (MxAt) were determined for the significant cephalometric variables. RESULTS: Significant quadratic correlations were found between frontal facial attractiveness and the following variables: Ls-SnPog' (r = 0.45; MxAt = 3.1 mm), Li-SnPog' (r = 0.41; MxAt = 3.8 mm), the ANB angle (r = 0.42; MxAt = 0.2°) and MPA (r = 0.51; MxAt = 31.9°). Profile attractiveness correlated nonlinearly with Ls-SnPog' (r = 0.42; MxAt = 3.2 mm), Li-SnPog' (r = 0.41; MxAt = 3.9 mm) and MPA (r = 0.46; MxAt = 32.4°). CONCLUSIONS: Significant quadratic correlations were found between facial attractiveness and cephalometric measurements, which were stronger than linear correlations. The maximum attractiveness points indicated a tendency for laypeople to consider a more protrusive lower lip and an ANB angle lower than the norm as the most attractive.

Precision and trueness of maxillary crowded models produced by 2 vat photopolymerization 3-dimensional printing techniques.

INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the precision and trueness of dental models produced using 2 rapid prototyping 3-dimensional printers. METHODS: A digital crowded maxillary arch with a T-shaped base and 2 hemispheres of 2.5 mm radius was printed 10 times with a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) in the highest precision and minimum layer thickness (z-resolution) mode. The copies were scanned using the D710 3Shape desktop scanner and assessed for precision and trueness via arch superimpositions and hemisphere measurements. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare trueness and precision among printers. Hemisphere radius was compared with the reference measurement and between 3-dimensional printers using 1 sample and independent Student t tests, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The root mean square values of arch superimpositions showed statistically significant differences between the 2 techniques, both for precision (P = 0.011): SLA (46.8 µm ± 13.5); DLP (111.1 µm ± 71.9), and trueness (P = 0.015): SLA (61.1 µm ± 9.8); DLP (99.8 µm ± 47.2). The color map model analysis indicated greater distortion on premolar and molar surfaces, with a higher range of contraction on the SLA and both contraction and expansion on the DLP. Anterior and posterior hemisphere radius registered increased values with DLP (1.7% and 0.49%) and reduced values with SLA (0.6% and 0.7%); however, only the anterior SLA hemispheres revealed a significant decrease from the reference value (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the SLA printer was significantly different from the DLS printer, with the highest precision and trueness.

COVID-19 Management in Clinical Dental Care. Part I: Epidemiology, Public Health Implications, and Risk Assessment.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a viral disease declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, has posed great changes to many sectors of society across the globe. Its virulence and rapid dissemination have forced the adoption of strict public health measures in most countries, which, collaterally, resulted in economic hardship. This article is the first in a series of 3 that aims to contextualise the clinical impact of COVID-19 for the dental profession. It presents the epidemiological conditions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), namely, its modes of transmission, incubation, and transmissibility period, signs and symptoms, immunity, immunological tests, and risk management in dental care. Individuals in dental care settings are exposed to 3 potential sources of contamination with COVID-19: close interpersonal contacts (<1 m), contact with saliva, and aerosol-generating dental procedures. Thus, a risk management model is propsoed for the provision of dental care depending on the epidemiological setting, the patient's characteristics, and the type of procedures performed in the office environment. Although herd immunity seems difficult to achieve, a significant number of people has been infected throughout the first 9 months of the pandemic and vaccination has been implemented, which means that there will be a growing number of presumable "immune" individuals that might not require many precautions that differ from those before COVID-19. In conclusion, dental care professionals may manage their risk by following the proposed model, which considers the recommendations by local and international health authorities, thus providing a safe environment for both professionals and patients.

Contribution of facial components to the attractiveness of the smiling face in male and female patients: A cross-sectional correlation study.

INTRODUCTION: Esthetic improvement is a key motivator in undergoing orthodontic treatment. This study aims to quantify the contribution of the smile and other facial components to the overall esthetics of attractiveness. METHODS: The attractiveness of 60 subjects (30 men, 30 women), aged 18-35 years, before orthodontic treatment, was retrospectively evaluated by 8 laypersons using the Visual Analog Scale. Pearson and stepwise correlations were calculated between the attractiveness of the smiling face and the attractiveness of facial components; namely the smile, nose, eyes, hair, chin, eyebrows, and skin. RESULTS: A strong correlation between the face and smile attractiveness was found (r = 0.71) for the whole sample. No significant correlations were found between attractiveness and the other facial components. When divided by gender, the smile (r = 0.70) and the eyes (r = 0.51) correlated with the attractiveness of the smiling face for men. For women, the face registered a significant correlation with the smile (r = 0.83) and the skin (r = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: In general, smile attractiveness was strongly correlated with the attractiveness of the smiling face, which is the only significant component. For men, the smile was responsible for 49% of the variation in the attractiveness of the smiling face, the eyes for 22%, and the hair for 6%. For women, 69% of the variation in facial attractiveness could be attributed to smile.

Psicologia Social e Pesquisa com Memória: Método e Reparação de Danos da Ditadura Civil-Militar / Social Psychology and Memory Research: Method and Repair for Damages of the Civil-Military Dictatorship / Psicología Social e Investigación con Memoria: Método y Reparación de los Daños de la Dictadura Cívico-Militar

Resumo: As marcas profundas deixadas pela ditadura civil-militar atingiram não somente os perseguidos políticos e seus familiares, mas todos cidadãos, pois seu legado permanece vivo ainda hoje na memória individual e memória social de todos. O fim da ditadura impôs silenciamento e esquecimento forçados, que impedem o direito à memória, verdade e justiça, bem como a elaboração dos danos produzidos. O enfrentamento de um problema político deve necessariamente atuar em seu caráter político, e não apenas no aspecto psicológico. Depois da Abertura, as possibilidades de reparação dos danos ficaram restritas a organizações sociais que prestaram assistência e atendimento psicológico em grupo. Recentemente, a criação das Clínicas do Testemunho e da Comissão da Verdade foi uma importante iniciativa do Estado em direção à averiguação dos crimes, ao reconhecimento público de suas responsabilidades, à politização do dano e a sua elaboração. Inicialmente, apresentaremos as Clínicas do Testemunho e a Comissão da Verdade como alternativas de reparação psíquica e política dos danos provocados pela ditadura civil-militar. Para, em seguida, discutirmos uma possibilidade metodológica de pesquisa com memória em Psicologia Social e possíveis contribuições dessa atuação para a reparação destes danos. A Psicologia Social atua na fronteira entre o indivíduo e o social, entre o psicológico e político, e é importante para a reparação dos danos da ditadura. O trabalho do psicólogo social com a evocação da memória pode contribuir tanto para elaboração e reflexão da experiência do depoente, quanto para a tarefa política de pensar seus fundamentos, para que esta experiência não se repita....(AU)

Abstract: The deep marks left by the civil-military dictatorship reached not only the politically persecuted and their families, but also every citizen. Its legacy remains alive today in individual memory and social memory of citizens. The end of the dictatorship imposed forced silence and forgetfulness, avoiding the right to memory, truth and justice, as well as the elaboration of the damage produced. Facing a political problem must necessarily involve its political aspect, and not only its psychological one. After the Opening, the possibilities for repair for damage were restricted to social organizations that provided assistance and group psychotherapy. Recently, the creation of the Clinics of Testimony and Truth Commission were important initiatives of the State towards the investigation of crimes, public recognition of their responsibilities, politicization of the damage and its elaboration. Initially, we intend to present the Clinics of Testimony and Truth Commission as psychic and political reparations of the damages caused by the civil-military dictatorship. Then, we discuss a methodological possibility of research involving memory in Social Psychology and possible contributions of this action for the repair of damages. Social psychology works at the boundary between the individual and the social spheres, between the psychological and political aspects, important for repairing the damage caused by dictatorship. The work of the social psychologist with the evocation of memory can contribute to both elaboration and reflection of the experience of the person who produces testimony, as to the political task of thinking its foundations, so that this experience is not repeated....(AU)

Resumen: Las profundas cicatrices dejadas por la dictadura cívico-militar llegaron no solo a los perseguidos políticos y sus familias, sino también para todos los ciudadanos. Su legado sigue vivo hoy en día en la memoria individual y la memoria social de los ciudadanos. El fin de la dictadura impuso el silencio y el olvido forzado, evitando el derecho a la memoria, la verdad y la justicia, así como la elaboración de los daños producidos. El enfrentamiento de un problema político necesariamente debe actuar en su carácter político, y no solo en el aspecto psicológico. Después de la Apertura, las posibilidades de reparación de daños se limitaron a las organizaciones sociales que proporcionan asistencia y psicoterapia de grupo. Recientemente, la creación de la Clínica del Testimonio y Comisión de la Verdad fueron iniciativas importantes del Estado hacia la investigación de los delitos, el reconocimiento público de su responsabilidad, la politización de los daños y su elaboración. Inicialmente, presentaremos las Clínicas del Testimonio y la Comisión de la Verdad como alternativas de reparación psíquica y política de los daños provocados por la dictadura civil-militar. Luego discutiremos una posibilidad metodológica de investigación con memoria en Psicología Social y posibles contribuciones de esa actuación para la reparación de estos daños. La psicología social opera en el límite entre lo individual y lo social, entre lo psicológico y lo político, importante para la reparación del daño de la dictadura. El trabajo del psicólogo social con la evocación de la memoria puede contribuir tanto a la elaboración y reflexión de la experiencia del quien da testimonio, como a la tarea política de pensar sus fundamentos, por lo que esta experiencia no se repite....(AU)

A ditadura militar na cidade, no trabalho e na casa de cidadãos brasileiros: um estudo de depoimentos / The military dictatorship in the city, at work and at the home of Brazilian citizens: A study of testimonials

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar, com base em depoimentos, os impactos psicológicos da ditadura civil-militar no cotidiano de brasileiros. A investigação pretende identificar e discutir como traços psicossociais ligados ao regime autoritário podem ter impactado psicologicamente o cotidiano de muitos brasileiros, opositores ou aderidos ao golpe. A vida cotidiana abrange o cidadão nos âmbitos da família, no trabalho e na cidade. É a vida que diz respeito a todos. Nela, os homens participam em meio à pluralidade com todos os aspectos da sua singularidade, sentimentos, paixões, ideologias. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a ditadura influiu sobre o cotidiano do trabalho, da cidade e da família para sondar traços psicossociais dessa influência a partir da memória de depoentes que viveram os anos da ditadura. Na pesquisa, foram considerados nove depoimentos, de três mulheres e seis homens, que apresentaram elementos significativos para compreensão da experiência cotidiana na casa, no trabalho e nos espaços públicos da cidade. Em sua maioria, os depoentes empenham ou empenharam atividade militante, moram nas cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, possuem terceiro grau completo e consideram-se pertencentes à classe média. Os entrevistados são pessoas com ligações nas áreas da educação, saúde, cultura, comunicação, militar e funcionalismo público. A investigação buscou interrogar sobre as formas pelas quais a ditadura abriu novos espaços de relação do brasileiro com seu cotidiano, construindo novos sentidos à sua experiência pessoal. Com base nos depoimentos, há indicações de que os ambientes de trabalho tenham sido marcados pelo traço do medo, explicitado na vigilância, desconfiança, autocensura, autopreservação, silenciamento, moderação, cuidado, precaução. O medo parece ter invadido o cotidiano das famílias e fragilizado relações de parentesco, trazido a vigilância e controle para dentro do lar. Nas instituições de convívio e na circulação pelas ruas, o medo... (AU)

The aim of the research is to analyze the psychological impact of the civil-military dictatorship in Brazilian daily based on testimonials. The research aims to identify and discuss how some psychosocial traits relevant to the authoritarian regime may have psychologically affected the daily life of most Brazilians, opponents or supporters of the coup. Everyday life covers the citizen in the family areas, at work and in the city. It is life that concerns us all, in it, the men participate in the plurality, with all aspects of its singularity, feelings, passions, ideologies. We started from the hypothesis that dictatorship influenced over the daily work, the city and the family to probe psychosocial traits of that influence from the interviewees memory who lived through the years of the dictatorship. In the survey, they were considered nine testimonies of three women and six men, who showed significant elements to understand the everyday experience in the home, at work and in public spaces in the city. Most of the interviewees engage or engaged militant activity, live in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, have College grade and considered to belong to the middle class. Respondents are persons connected in the areas of education, health, culture, communication, military and civil service. The study aimed to wonder about the ways in which the dictatorship opened new relationship spaces to Brazilian with their daily lives, creating new meanings to his personal experience. Based on the testimonies, there are indications that the work environments are marked by the trait of fear, explained in surveillance, suspicion, self-censorship, self-preservation, silence, moderation, caution, precaution. The fear seems to have invaded the daily lives of families and solve family relations, brought surveillance and control into the home. In convivial institutions and circulation through the streets, fear prints its marks in citizen's daily life. The testimonies also brought... (AU)