Hematopoietic stem cell function in a murine model of sickle cell disease.

Previous studies have shown that the sickle environment is highly enriched for reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examined the oxidative effects of sickle cell disease on hematopoietic stem cell function in a sickle mouse model. In vitro colony-forming assays showed a significant decrease in progenitor colony formation derived from sickle compared to control bone marrow (BM). Sickle BM possessed a significant decrease in the KSL (c-kit(+), Sca-(1+), Lineage(-)) progenitor population, and cell cycle analysis showed that there were fewer KSL cells in the G(0) phase of the cell cycle compared to controls. We found a significant increase in both lipid peroxidation and ROS in sickle-derived KSL cells. In vivo analysis demonstrated that normal bone marrow cells engraft with increased frequency into sickle mice compared to control mice. Hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from sickle mice, however, demonstrated significant impairment in engraftment potential. We observed partial restoration of engraftment by n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment of KSL cells prior to transplantation. Increased intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation combined with improvement in engraftment following NAC treatment suggests that an altered redox environment in sickle mice affects hematopoietic progenitor and stem cell function.

Comparison of factor VIII transgenes bioengineered for improved expression in gene therapy of hemophilia A.

Successful gene therapy of hemophilia A depends on the sustained expression of therapeutic levels of factor VIII (fVIII). Because of mRNA instability, interactions with resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones, and the requirement for carbohydrate-facilitated transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, fVIII is expressed at much lower levels from mammalian cells than other proteins of similar size and complexity. A number of bioengineered forms of B domain-deleted (BDD) human fVIII have been generated and shown to have enhanced expression. Previously, we demonstrated that recombinant BDD porcine fVIII exhibits high-level expression due to specific sequence elements that increase biosynthesis via enhanced posttranslational transit through the secretory pathway. In the current study, high-expression recombinant fVIII constructs were compared directly in order to determine the relative expression of the various bioengineered fVIII transgenes. The data demonstrate that BDD porcine fVIII expression is superior to that of any of the human fVIII variant constructs tested. Mean fVIII expression of 18 units/10(6) cells/24 hr was observed from HEK-293 cells expressing a single copy of the porcine fVIII transgene, which was 36- to 225-fold greater than that of any human fVIII transgene tested. Furthermore, greater than 10-fold higher expression was observed in human cells transduced with BDD porcine fVIII versus BDD human fVIII-encoding lentiviral vectors, even at low proviral copy numbers, supporting its use over other human fVIII variants in future hemophilia A gene therapy clinical trials.

Enhanced epithelial gap closure and increased angiogenesis in wounds of diabetic mice treated with adult murine bone marrow stromal progenitor cells.

The direct application of bone marrow (BM) can accelerate the healing of chronic wounds. We hypothesized that this effect is due to the presence of stromal progenitor cells (SPCs) found within whole BM preparations. To test this hypothesis, we isolated adult murine SPCs from whole BM and examined their ability to enhance impaired wound healing compared with ficoll separated BM cells in the diabetic (db/db) mouse model. SPCs significantly enhanced reepithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and neovascularization compared with control wounds treated with BM or PBS alone. Higher frequencies of donor SPC cells compared with donor BM cells were observed in treated wounds at 7 days. Transdifferentiation into GFP-positive mature endothelial cells was not observed. These observations suggest that SPCs improve wound healing through indirect mechanisms which lead to enhanced vascularization rather than through direct participation and incorporation into tissue. We conclude that topical application of BM-derived SPCs may represent an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.

Murine bone marrow stromal progenitor cells elicit an in vivo cellular and humoral alloimmune response.

Stromal progenitor cells (SPC) exhibit immunosuppressive effects in vitro that have led to speculation regarding their capacity to evade host immune recognition and to treat autoimmune diseases and gravt-versus-host disease. However, there is little in vivo experimental data to support these immunologic claims. To assess immune recognition of SPC in vivo, we evaluated the immune response of animals transplanted with SPC. C57BL/6 (B6) or Balb/c adult, murine, bone marrow-derived SPC (AmSPC) were administered by intraperitoneal injection into B6 recipients. T cell proliferation and alloantibody response was assessed from spleens and peripheral blood harvested from transplanted animals and analyzed by cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry. To assess tolerance induction, transplanted animals also received allogeneic skin grafts. Animals injected with allogeneic AmSPC mounted an accelerated CD4 response to alloantigen compared to syngeneic AmSPC injected and uninjected controls. Allogeneic AmSPC-injected animals also demonstrated high titers (> or =1:1000) of antibody directed against allogeneic AmSPC targets. Animals primed with donor or host-matched AmSPC also failed to induce tolerance, and all animals exhibited rejection of allogeneic skin grafts (n = 7, P < .0001). In contrast to their in vitro behavior, our data demonstrate that AmSPC are recognized by the host immune system in vivo, elicit a cellular and humoral immune response, and fail to induce tolerance. These findings have significant implications for all allogeneic SPC-based therapeutic strategies.

Reconstitution of hematopoiesis following intrauterine transplantation of stem cells.

In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an entirely nonmyeloablative approach to achieve mixed hematopoietic chimerism and associated donor-specific tolerance. This chapter provides the rationale and methodologic detail for the administration of stem cells to the "preimmune" mouse fetus by a variety of routes. The development of murine model systems for in utero transplantation has accelerated progress in the field of in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Creative use of these models should also have experimental application to the fields of fetal gene therapy, stem cell biology, and developmental biology.

Heregulin ameliorates the dystrophic phenotype in mdx mice.

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal neuromuscular disease caused by absence of dystrophin. Utrophin is a chromosome 6-encoded dystrophin-related protein (DRP), sharing functional motifs with dystrophin. Utrophin's ability to compensate for dystrophin during development and when transgenically overexpressed has provided an important impetus for identifying activators of utrophin expression. The utrophin promoter A is transcriptionally regulated in part by heregulin-mediated, extracellular signal-related kinase-dependent activation of the GABP(alpha/beta) transcription factor complex. Therefore, this pathway offers a potential mechanism to modulate utrophin expression in muscle. We tested the ability of heregulin to improve the dystrophic phenotype in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Intraperitoneal injections of a small peptide encoding the epidermal growth factor-like region of heregulin ectodomain for 3 months in vivo resulted in up-regulation of utrophin, a marked improvement in the mechanical properties of muscle as evidenced by resistance to eccentric contraction mediated damage, and a reduction of muscle pathology. The amelioration of dystrophic phenotype by heregulin-mediated utrophin up-regulation offers a pharmacological therapeutic modality and obviates many of the toxicity and delivery issues associated with viral vector-based gene therapy for DMD.

Mesenchymal stem cells: paradoxes of passaging.

The field of stem cell biology continues to evolve with the ongoing characterization of multiple types of stem cells with their inherent potential for experimental and clinical application. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are one of the most promising stem cell types due to their availability and the relatively simple requirements for in vitro expansion and genetic manipulation. Multiple populations described as "MSCs" have now been isolated from various tissues in humans and other species using a variety of culture techniques. Despite extensive in vitro characterization, relatively little has been demonstrated regarding their in vivo biology and therapeutic potential. Nevertheless, clinical trials utilizing MSCs are currently underway. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the field of MSC biology, particularly with respect to the current paradox between in vitro promise and in vivo efficacy. It is the authors' opinion that until this paradox is better understood, therapeutic applications will remain limited.