Effects of Wnt5a overexpression in spinal cord injury.

Accordingly to its known function in corticospinal tract (CST) developmental growth, previous reports have shown an inhibitory role of Wnt5a in CST regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI). Interestingly, it has been subsequently demonstrated that Wnt5a also modulates the developmental growth of non-CST axons and that different Wnt5a receptors are expressed in neurons, oligodendrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and reactive microglia/macrophages and astrocytes after SCI. However, the role of Wnt5a in the response of these cell types, in the regeneration of non-CST axons and in functional recovery after SCI is currently unknown. To evaluate this, rats were subjected to spinal cord contusion and injected with a lentiviral vector generated to overexpress Wnt5a. Histological analyses were performed in spinal cord sections processed for the visualization of myelin, oligodendrocytes, neurons, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, NG2+ glial precursors and serotonergic axons. Motor and bladder function recovery were also assessed. Further advancing our knowledge on the role of Wnt5a in SCI, we found that, besides its previously reported functions, Wnt5a overexpression elicits a reduction on neuronal cell density, the accumulation of NG2+ glial precursors and the descending serotonergic innervation in the affected areas, along with impairment of motor and bladder function recovery after SCI.

Novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine and pyrroloquinazoline scaffolds synthesized by a simple and highly selective Ugi/cyclization sequence.

Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs) and other benzo-fused N-heterocycles constitute privileged structures found in numerous bioactive compounds. Thus, developing simple and selective syntheses to furnish these derivatives from easily accessible starting materials is an important and challenging goal. In this work, novel pyrrolobenzodiazepine and pyrroloquinazoline derivatives have been synthesized following a common two step synthetic strategy. This strategy involves a one-pot Ugi/cyclization sequence followed by a reduction with spontaneous thermocontrolled cyclization. The control of the temperature in this second step allows fully selective access to either pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-ones 6 or pyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazolines 7. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to rationalize this reactivity, identifying the kinetic and thermodynamic reaction products and offering insights into the cyclization pathways. These synthetic methodologies show the versatility of the Ugi reaction as a tool in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with a pseudopeptidic skeleton.

Wnts are expressed in the spinal cord of adult mice and are differentially induced after injury.

The Wnt family of proteins plays key roles during central nervous system development and has been involved in several neuropathologies during adulthood, including spinal cord injury (SCI). However, Wnts expression knowledge is relatively limited during adult stages. Here, we sought to define the Wnt family expression pattern after SCI in adult mice by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Under physiological conditions, the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of most Wnt ligands, inhibitors, receptors, and coreceptors are constitutively expressed in healthy adult mice. After dorsal hemisection, we found significant time-dependent variations, with a prominent up-regulation of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1). IHC against Frizzled (Fz) 1 and Fz4, as representatives of late and acute up-regulated receptors, showed a differential expression in the uninjured spinal cord of Fz1 by neurons and oligodendrocytes and Fz4 by astrocytes. After injury, both receptors were maintained in the same type of cells. Finally, by using BATgal reporter mice, our results revealed active ß-catenin signaling in neurons of the dorsal horn and cells of the central canal of uninjured spinal cords, besides a lack of additional SCI-induced activation. In conclusion, we demonstrate Wnt expression in the adult spinal cord of mice that is modulated by SCI, which differs from that previously described in rats. Further, Fz receptors are differentially expressed by neurons and glial cells, suggestive for cell-specific patterns and thus diverse physiological roles. Further studies will help toward in-depth characterization of the role of all Wnt factors and receptors described and eventually allow for the design of novel therapies.

[Psychosocial correlations of the experimentation with psychoactive substances in Spanish teenagers]. / Correlatos psicosociales del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes Españoles.

OBJECTIVE: To offer an analysis of the factors that determine the consumption of psychoactive substances by youth and to evaluate the predictive capacity of variables related to attitude, affect, the family and groups, as well as academics, among others. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 750 adolescents was selected at the Principado de Asturias (Spain) (mode 15 years of age, mean=14.69) enrolled during the 2008-2009 academic year. RESULTS: It was confirmed that the teenagers who consumed alcohol and other drugs present a differential profile as compared to non-consumers with respect to greater attitudinal permissiveness, effect of paternal modelling and peer groups, institutional dissatisfaction, emotional instability, and manifestation of more disruptive conducts with problems relating to others and attention-seeking. CONCLUSIONS: From our ethiological model we conclude that the consumption of drugs by youth is determined by an interrelation of personal, familiar, school and psychosocial variables.