Impacts of dance on cognition, psychological symptoms and quality of life in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: While dance may improve motor features in Parkinson's disease (PD), it is not yet clear if the benefits extend to non-motor features. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dance classes based on Dance for PD®, improve cognition, psychological symptoms and Quality of Life (QoL) in PD. METHODS: Participants were allocated to a Dance Group (DG; n = 17) or Control Group (CG: n = 16). Participants had early-stage PD (Hoehn & Yahr: DG = 1.6±0.7, CG = 1.5±0.8) with no cognitive impairment (Addenbrooke's score: DG = 93.2±3.6, CG = 92.6±4.3). The DG undertook a one-hour class, twice weekly for 12 weeks, while the CG had treatment as usual. Both groups were assessed for disease severity (MDS-UPDRS), cognition (NIH Toolbox® cognition battery, Trail Making Test), psychological symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, MDS-UPDRS-I) and QoL (PDQ-39, MDS-UPDRS-II). RESULTS: Group comparison of pre-post change scores showed that selected cognitive skills (executive function and episodic memory), psychological symptoms (anxiety and depression) as well as QoL (PDQ-39 summary index) were significantly improved by the intervention (DG > CG, p's < 0.05, Cohen's d > 0.8). DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION: Dance classes had a clear benefit on psychological symptoms, QoL and a limited cognitive benefit. Follow-up assessment is required to confirm the durability of these effects.

Experimental methods for detecting entanglement.

Here we present experimental realizations of two new entanglement detection methods: a three-measurement Bell inequality inequivalent to the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality and a nonlinear Bell-type inequality based on the negativity measure. In addition, we provide an experimental and theoretical comparison between these new methods and several techniques already in use: the traditional Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality, the entanglement witness, and complete state tomography.