Association Between Type 2 Diabetes and Changes in Myocardial Structure, Contractile Function, Energetics, and Blood Flow Before and After Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of left ventricular dysfunction after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Persistent impairments in myocardial energetics and myocardial blood flow (MBF) may underpin this observation. Using phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cardiovascular magnetic resonance, this study tested the hypothesis that patients with severe AS and T2D (AS-T2D) would have impaired myocardial energetics as reflected by the phosphocreatine to ATP ratio (PCr/ATP) and vasodilator stress MBF compared with patients with AS without T2D (AS-noT2D), and that these differences would persist after AVR. METHODS: Ninety-five patients with severe AS without coronary artery disease awaiting AVR (30 AS-T2D and 65 AS-noT2D) were recruited (mean, 71 years of age [95% CI, 69, 73]; 34 [37%] women). Thirty demographically matched healthy volunteers (HVs) and 30 patients with T2D without AS (T2D controls) were controls. One month before and 6 months after AVR, cardiac PCr/ATP, adenosine stress MBF, global longitudinal strain, NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), and 6-minute walk distance were assessed in patients with AS. T2D controls underwent identical assessments at baseline and 6-month follow-up. HVs were assessed once and did not undergo 6-minute walk testing. RESULTS: Compared with HVs, patients with AS (AS-T2D and AS-noT2D combined) showed impairment in PCr/ATP (mean [95% CI]; HVs, 2.15 [1.89, 2.34]; AS, 1.66 [1.56, 1.75]; P<0.0001) and vasodilator stress MBF (HVs, 2.11 mL min g [1.89, 2.34]; AS, 1.54 mL min g [1.41, 1.66]; P<0.0001) before AVR. Before AVR, within the AS group, patients with AS-T2D had worse PCr/ATP (AS-noT2D, 1.74 [1.62, 1.86]; AS-T2D, 1.44 [1.32, 1.56]; P=0.002) and vasodilator stress MBF (AS-noT2D, 1.67 mL min g [1.5, 1.84]; AS-T2D, 1.25 mL min g [1.22, 1.38]; P=0.001) compared with patients with AS-noT2D. Before AVR, patients with AS-T2D also had worse PCr/ATP (AS-T2D, 1.44 [1.30, 1.60]; T2D controls, 1.66 [1.56, 1.75]; P=0.04) and vasodilator stress MBF (AS-T2D, 1.25 mL min g [1.10, 1.41]; T2D controls, 1.54 mL min g [1.41, 1.66]; P=0.001) compared with T2D controls at baseline. After AVR, PCr/ATP normalized in patients with AS-noT2D, whereas patients with AS-T2D showed no improvements (AS-noT2D, 2.11 [1.79, 2.43]; AS-T2D, 1.30 [1.07, 1.53]; P=0.0006). Vasodilator stress MBF improved in both AS groups after AVR, but this remained lower in patients with AS-T2D (AS-noT2D, 1.80 mL min g [1.59, 2.0]; AS-T2D, 1.48 mL min g [1.29, 1.66]; P=0.03). There were no longer differences in PCr/ATP (AS-T2D, 1.44 [1.30, 1.60]; T2D controls, 1.51 [1.34, 1.53]; P=0.12) or vasodilator stress MBF (AS-T2D, 1.48 mL min g [1.29, 1.66]; T2D controls, 1.60 mL min g [1.34, 1.86]; P=0.82) between patients with AS-T2D after AVR and T2D controls at follow-up. Whereas global longitudinal strain, 6-minute walk distance, and NT-proBNP all improved after AVR in patients with AS-noT2D, no improvement in these assessments was observed in patients with AS-T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with severe AS, those with T2D demonstrate persistent abnormalities in myocardial PCr/ATP, vasodilator stress MBF, and cardiac contractile function after AVR; AVR effectively normalizes myocardial PCr/ATP, vasodilator stress MBF, and cardiac contractile function in patients without T2D.

Cardiac reverse remodeling in primary mitral regurgitation: mitral valve replacement vs. mitral valve repair.

BACKGROUND: When feasible, guidelines recommend mitral valve repair (MVr) over mitral valve replacement (MVR) to treat primary mitral regurgitation (MR), based upon historic outcome studies and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) reverse remodeling studies. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) offers reference standard biventricular assessment with superior MR quantification compared to TTE. Using serial CMR in primary MR patients, we aimed to investigate cardiac reverse remodeling and residual MR post-MVr vs MVR with chordal preservation. METHODS: 83 patients with ≥ moderate-severe MR on TTE were prospectively recruited. 6-min walk tests (6MWT) and CMR imaging including cine imaging, aortic/pulmonary through-plane phase contrast imaging, T1 maps and late-gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) imaging were performed at baseline and 6 months after mitral surgery or watchful waiting (control group). RESULTS: 72 patients completed follow-up (Controls = 20, MVr = 30 and MVR = 22). Surgical groups demonstrated comparable baseline cardiac indices and co-morbidities. At 6-months, MVr and MVR groups demonstrated comparable improvements in 6MWT distances (+ 57 ± 54 m vs + 64 ± 76 m respectively, p = 1), reduced indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (LVEDVi; - 29 ± 21 ml/m2 vs - 37 ± 22 ml/m2 respectively, p = 0.584) and left atrial volumes (- 23 ± 30 ml/m2 and - 39 ± 26 ml/m2 respectively, p = 0.545). At 6-months, compared with controls, right ventricular ejection fraction was poorer post-MVr (47 ± 6.1% vs 53 ± 8.0% respectively, p = 0.01) compared to post-MVR (50 ± 5.7% vs 53 ± 8.0% respectively, p = 0.698). MVR resulted in lower residual MR-regurgitant fraction (RF) than MVr (12 ± 8.0% vs 21 ± 11% respectively, p = 0.022). Baseline and follow-up indices of diffuse and focal myocardial fibrosis (Native T1 relaxation times, extra-cellular volume and quantified LGE respectively) were comparable between groups. Stepwise multiple linear regression of indexed variables in the surgical groups demonstrated baseline indexed mitral regurgitant volume as the sole multivariate predictor of left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic reverse remodelling, baseline LVEDVi as the most significant independent multivariate predictor of follow-up LVEDVi, baseline indexed LV end-systolic volume as the sole multivariate predictor of follow-up LV ejection fraction and undergoing MVR (vs MVr) as the most significant (p < 0.001) baseline multivariate predictor of lower residual MR. CONCLUSION: In primary MR, MVR with chordal preservation may offer comparable cardiac reverse remodeling and functional benefits at 6-months when compared to MVr. Larger, multicenter CMR studies are required, which if the findings are confirmed could impact future surgical practice.

Sex- and age-specific normal values for automated quantitative pixel-wise myocardial perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

AIMS: Recently developed in-line automated cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) myocardial perfusion mapping has been shown to be reproducible and comparable with positron emission tomography (PET), and can be easily integrated into clinical workflows. Bringing quantitative myocardial perfusion CMR into routine clinical care requires knowledge of sex- and age-specific normal values in order to define thresholds for disease detection. This study aimed to establish sex- and age-specific normal values for stress and rest CMR myocardial blood flow (MBF) in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 151 healthy volunteers recruited from two centres underwent adenosine stress and rest myocardial perfusion CMR. In-line automatic reconstruction and post processing of perfusion data were implemented within the Gadgetron software framework, creating pixel-wise perfusion maps. Rest and stress MBF were measured, deriving myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) and were subdivided by sex and age. Mean MBF in all subjects was 0.62 ± 0.13 mL/g/min at rest and 2.24 ± 0.53 mL/g/min during stress. Mean MPR was 3.74 ± 1.00. Compared with males, females had higher rest (0.69 ± 0.13 vs. 0.58 ± 0.12 mL/g/min, P < 0.01) and stress MBF (2.41 ± 0.47 vs. 2.13 ± 0.54 mL/g/min, P = 0.001). Stress MBF and MPR showed significant negative correlations with increasing age (r = -0.43, P < 0.001 and r = -0.34, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Fully automated in-line CMR myocardial perfusion mapping produces similar normal values to the published CMR and PET literature. There is a significant increase in rest and stress MBF, but not MPR, in females and a reduction of stress MBF and MPR with advancing age, advocating the use of sex- and age-specific reference ranges for diagnostic use.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance phenotyping of heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: The 2016 European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Guidelines defined a new category: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) of 40-49%. This new category was highlighted as having limited evidence and research was advocated into underlying characteristics, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. We used multi-parametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to define the cardiac phenotype of presumed non-ischaemic HFmrEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients (N = 300, 62.7 ± 13 years, 63% males) with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure with no angina symptoms, history of myocardial infarction, or coronary intervention were prospectively recruited. Patients underwent clinical assessment and CMR including T1 mapping, extracellular volume (ECV) mapping, late gadolinium enhancement, and measurement of myocardial blood flow at rest and maximal hyperaemia. Of 273 patients in the final analysis, 93 (34%) patients were categorized as HFmrEF, 46 (17%) as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and 134 (49%) as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Nineteen (20%) patients with HFmrEF had evidence of occult ischaemic heart disease. Diffuse fibrosis and hyperaemic myocardial blood flow were similar in HFmrEF and HFpEF, but HFmrEF showed significantly lower native T1 (1311 ± 32 vs. 1340 ± 45 ms, P < 0.001), ECV (24.6 ± 3.2 vs. 26.3 ± 3.1%, P < 0.001), and higher myocardial perfusion reserve (2.75 ± 0.84 vs. 2.28 ± 0.84, P < 0.001) compared with HFrEF. CONCLUSION: Patients with HFmrEF share most phenotypic characteristics with HFpEF, including the degree of microvascular impairment and fibrosis, but have a high prevalence of occult ischaemic heart disease similar to HFrEF. Further work is needed to confirm how the phenotype of HFmrEF responds to medical therapy.

A case report of refractory angina in a patient with diabetes and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Background: Using serial imaging over time, this case reviews the natural history of co-morbid Type two diabetes (T2D) and apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and assesses the potential combined impact on myocardial structure and perfusion. Case summary: A 59-year-old patient with concomitant T2D and an apical phenotype of HCM was seen over a 11-year period with a significant burden of anginal chest pain. Chest pain was refractory to anti-anginal medical therapy and persisted at on-going follow-up. Multi-modality imaging demonstrated significant deterioration in coronary microvascular function and increased myocardial scar burden despite unobstructed epicardial coronary arteries. Discussion: Comorbidity with T2D and apical HCM resulted in a significant increase in myocardial fibrosis and deterioration in coronary microvascular function.

Maternal Cardiac Changes in Women With Obesity and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated if women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the third trimester of pregnancy exhibit adverse cardiac alterations in myocardial energetics, function, or tissue characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-eight healthy, pregnant women and 30 women with GDM were recruited. Participants underwent phosphorus MRS and cardiovascular magnetic resonance for assessment of myocardial energetics (phosphocreatine [PCr] to ATP ratio), tissue characteristics, biventricular volumes and ejection fractions, left ventricular (LV) mass, global longitudinal shortening (GLS), and mitral in-flow E-wave to A-wave ratio. RESULTS: Participants were matched for age, gestational age, and ethnicity. The following data are reported as mean ± SD. The women with GDM had higher BMI (27 ± 4 vs. 33 ± 5 kg/m2; P = 0.0001) and systolic (115 ± 11 vs. 121 ± 13 mmHg; P = 0.04) and diastolic (72 ± 7 vs. 76 ± 9 mmHg; P = 0.04) blood pressures. There was no difference in N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide concentrations between the groups. The women with GDM had lower myocardial PCr to ATP ratio (2.2 ± 0.3 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4; P < 0.0001), accompanied by lower LV end-diastolic volumes (76 ± 12 vs. 67 ± 11 mL/m2; P = 0.002) and higher LV mass (90 ± 13 vs. 103 ± 18 g; P = 0.001). Although ventricular ejection fractions were similar, the GLS was reduced in women with GDM (-20% ± 3% vs. -18% ± 3%; P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Despite no prior diagnosis of diabetes, women with obesity and GDM manifest impaired myocardial contractility and higher LV mass, associated with reductions in myocardial energetics in late pregnancy compared with lean women with healthy pregnancy. These findings may aid our understanding of the long-term cardiovascular risks associated with GDM.

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in clinical long-COVID-19 syndrome: a prospective case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The underlying pathophysiology of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (long-COVID-19) syndrome remains unknown, but increased cardiometabolic demand and state of mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as candidate mechanisms. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides insight into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease and 31-phosphorus CMR spectroscopy (31P-CMRS) allows non-invasive assessment of the myocardial energetic state. The main aim of the study was to assess whether long COVID-19 syndrome is associated with abnormalities of myocardial structure, function, perfusion and energy metabolism. METHODS: Prospective case-control study. A total of 20 patients with a clinical diagnosis of long COVID-19 syndrome (seropositive) and no prior underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 10 matching healthy controls underwent 31P-CMRS and CMR at 3T at a single time point. All patients had been symptomatic with acute COVID-19, but none required hospital admission. RESULTS: Between the long COVID-19 syndrome patients and matched contemporary healthy controls there were no differences in myocardial energetics (phosphocreatine to ATP ratio), in cardiac structure (biventricular volumes), function (biventricular ejection fractions, global longitudinal strain), tissue characterization (T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement) or perfusion (myocardial rest and stress blood flow, myocardial perfusion reserve). One patient with long COVID-19 syndrome showed subepicardial hyperenhancement on late gadolinium enhancement imaging compatible with prior myocarditis, but no accompanying abnormality in cardiac size, function, perfusion, extracellular volume fraction, native T1, T2 or cardiac energetics. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective case-control study, the overwhelming majority of patients with a clinical long COVID-19 syndrome with no prior CVD did not exhibit any abnormalities in myocardial energetics, structure, function, blood flow or tissue characteristics.

Coexistent Diabetes Is Associated With the Presence of Adverse Phenotypic Features in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with worsened clinical outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. We sought to investigate whether HCM patients with T2DM comorbidity exhibit adverse cardiac alterations in myocardial energetics, function, perfusion, or tissue characteristics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 55 participants with concomitant HCM and T2DM (HCM-DM) (n = 20) or isolated HCM (n = 20) and healthy volunteers (HV) (n = 15) underwent 31P-MRS and cardiovascular MRI. The HCM groups were matched for HCM phenotype. RESULTS: Mean ± SD European Society of Cardiology sudden cardiac death risk scores were comparable between the HCM groups (HCM 2.2 ± 1.5%, HCM-DM 1.9 ± 1.2%; P = not significant), and sarcomeric mutations were equally common. HCM-DM patients had the highest median NT-proBNP levels (HV 42 ng/L [interquartile range 35-66], HCM 298 ng/L [157-837], HCM-DM 726 ng/L [213-8,695]; P < 0.0001). Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, mass, and wall thickness were similar between the HCM groups. HCM-DM patients displayed a greater degree of fibrosis burden with higher scar percentage and lower global longitudinal strain compared with HCM patients. PCr/ATP (the relative concentrations of phosphocreatine and ATP) was significantly lower in the HCM-DM group than in both HCM and HV (HV 2.17 ± 0.49, HCM 1.93 ± 0.38, HCM-DM 1.54 ± 0.27; P = 0.002). In a similar pattern, stress myocardial blood flow was significantly lower in the HCM-DM group than in both HCM and HV (HV 2.06 ± 0.42 mL/min/g, HCM 1.74 ± 0.44 mL/min/g, HCM-DM 1.39 ± 0.42 mL/min/g; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We show for the first time that HCM-DM patients display greater reductions in myocardial energetics, perfusion, and contractile function and higher myocardial scar burden and serum NT-proBNP levels compared with patients with isolated HCM despite similar LV mass and wall thickness and presence of sarcomeric mutations. These adverse phenotypic features may be important components of the adverse clinical manifestation attributable to a combined presence of HCM and T2DM.

Coronary microvascular function and visceral adiposity in patients with normal body weight and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to assess whether diabetes affects coronary microvascular function in individuals with normal body weight. METHODS: Seventy-five participants (30 patients with type 2 diabetes [T2D] who were overweight [O-T2D], 15 patients with T2D who were lean [LnT2D], 15 healthy volunteers who were lean [LnHV], and 15 healthy volunteers who were overweight [O-HV]) without established cardiovascular disease were recruited. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of subcutaneous, epicardial, and visceral adipose tissue areas, adenosine stress myocardial blood flow (MBF), and cardiac structure and function. RESULTS: Stress MBF was reduced only in the O-T2D group (mean [SD], LnHV = 2.07 [0.47] mL/g/min, O-HV = 2.08 [0.42] mL/g/min, LnT2D = 2.16 [0.36] mL/g/min, O-T2D = 1.60 [0.28] mL/g/min; p ≤ 0.0001). Accumulation of visceral fat was evident in the LnT2D group at similar levels to the O-HV group (LnHV = 127 [53] cm2 , O-HV = 181 [60] cm2 , LnT2D = 182 [99] cm2 , O-T2D = 288 [72] cm2 ; p < 0.0001). Only the O-T2D group showed reductions in left ventricular ejection fraction (LnHV = 63% [4%], O-HV = 63% [4%], LnT2D = 60% [5%], O-T2D = 58% [6%]; p = 0.0008) and global longitudinal strain (LnHV = -15.1% [3.1%], O-HV= -15.2% [3.7%], LnT2D = -13.4% [2.7%], O-T2D = -11.1% [2.8%]; p = 0.002) compared with both control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T2D and normal body weight do not show alterations in global stress MBF, but they do show significant increases in visceral adiposity. Patients with T2D who were overweight and had no prior cardiovascular disease showed an increase in visceral adiposity and significant reductions in stress MBF.

Prospective Longitudinal Characterization of the Relationship between Diabetes and Cardiac Structural and Functional Changes.

OBJECTIVES: In a cohort of type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients who underwent baseline cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and biomarker testing, during a median follow-up of 6 years, we aimed to determine longitudinal changes in the phenotypic expression of heart disease in diabetes, report clinical outcomes, and compare baseline clinical characteristics and CMR findings of patients who experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) to those remaining MACE free. BACKGROUND: T2D increases the risk of heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular mortality. The long-term impact of T2D on cardiac phenotype in the absence of cardiovascular disease and other clinical events is unknown. METHODS: Patients with T2D (n = 100) with no history of cardiovascular disease or hypertension were recruited at baseline. Biventricular volumes, function, and myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV) were assessed by CMR, and blood biomarkers were taken. Follow-up CMR was repeated in those without interim clinical events after 6 years. RESULTS: Follow-up was successful in 83 participants. Of those, 29 experienced cardiovascular/clinical events (36%). Of the remaining 59, 32 patients who experienced no events received follow-up CMR. In this cohort, despite no significant changes in blood pressure, weight, or glycated hemoglobin, significant reductions in biventricular end-diastolic volumes and ejection fractions occurred over time. The mean ECV was unchanged. Baseline plasma high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) was significantly associated with a change in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. Patients who experienced MACE had higher LV mass and greater LV concentricity than those who remained event free. CONCLUSIONS: T2D results in reductions in biventricular size and systolic function over time even in the absence of cardiovascular/clinical events.

Phenotyping hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using cardiac diffusion magnetic resonance imaging: the relationship between microvascular dysfunction and microstructural changes.

AIMS: Microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is predictive of clinical decline, however underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) allows in vivo characterization of myocardial microstructure by quantifying mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA) of diffusion, and secondary eigenvector angle (E2A). In this cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study, we examine associations between perfusion and cDTI parameters to understand the sequence of pathophysiology and the interrelation between vascular function and underlying microstructure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty HCM patients underwent 3.0T CMR which included: spin-echo cDTI, adenosine stress and rest perfusion mapping, cine-imaging, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Ten controls underwent cDTI. Myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR), MD, FA, E2A, and wall thickness were calculated per segment and further divided into subendocardial (inner 50%) and subepicardial (outer 50%) regions. Segments with wall thickness ≤11 mm, MPR ≥2.2, and no visual LGE were classified as 'normal'. Compared to controls, 'normal' HCM segments had increased MD (1.61 ± 0.09 vs. 1.46 ± 0.07 × 10-3 mm2/s, P = 0.02), increased E2A (60 ± 9° vs. 38 ± 12°, P < 0.001), and decreased FA (0.29 ± 0.04 vs. 0.35 ± 0.02, P = 0.002). Across all HCM segments, subendocardial regions had higher MD and lower MPR than subepicardial (MDendo 1.61 ± 0.08 × 10-3 mm2/s vs. MDepi 1.56 ± 0.18 × 10-3 mm2/s, P = 0.003, MPRendo 1.85 ± 0.83, MPRepi 2.28 ± 0.87, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In HCM patients, even in segments with normal wall thickness, normal perfusion, and no scar, diffusion is more isotropic than in controls, suggesting the presence of underlying cardiomyocyte disarray. Increased E2A suggests the myocardial sheetlets adopt hypercontracted angulation in systole. Increased MD, most notably in the subendocardium, is suggestive of regional remodelling which may explain the reduced subendocardial blood flow.

Empagliflozin Treatment Is Associated With Improvements in Cardiac Energetics and Function and Reductions in Myocardial Cellular Volume in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular (CV) events and hospitalization for heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using CV MRI (CMR) and 31P-MRS in a longitudinal cohort study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the selective SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin on myocardial energetics and cellular volume, function, and perfusion. Eighteen patients with T2D underwent CMR and 31P-MRS scans before and after 12 weeks' empagliflozin treatment. Plasma N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured. Ten volunteers with normal glycemic control underwent an identical scan protocol at a single visit. Empagliflozin treatment was associated with significant improvements in phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio (1.52 to 1.76, P = 0.009). This was accompanied by a 7% absolute increase in the mean left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.001), 3% absolute increase in the mean global longitudinal strain (P = 0.01), 8 mL/m2 absolute reduction in the mean myocardial cell volume (P = 0.04), and 61% relative reduction in the mean NT-proBNP (P = 0.05) from baseline measurements. No significant change in myocardial blood flow or diastolic strain was detected. Empagliflozin thus ameliorates the "cardiac energy-deficient" state, regresses adverse myocardial cellular remodeling, and improves cardiac function, offering therapeutic opportunities to prevent or modulate HF in T2D.

A 30-Year-Old Man With Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma.

A previously fit and well 30-year-old man presented with palpitations, fever, and pleuritic chest pain. Multimodality imaging and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of primary cardiac angiosarcoma. We present the details of the presentation, diagnostic process using multimodality imaging, and clinical management. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).

Rationale and design of the randomised controlled cross-over trial: Cardiovascular effects of empaglifozin in diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. In patients with T2D and established CV disease, selective inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) have been shown to decrease CV and all-cause mortality, and heart failure (HF) admissions. Utilising CV magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) by FreeStyle Libre Pro Sensor, we aim to explore the mechanisms of action which give Empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, its beneficial CV effects and compare these to the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor Sitagliptin. METHODS: This is a single centre, open-label, cross-over trial conducted at the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. Participants are randomised for the order of treatment and receive 3 months therapy with Empagliflozin, and 3 months therapy with Sitagliptin sequentially. Twenty-eight eligible T2D patients with established ischaemic heart disease will be recruited. Patients undergo serial CMR scans on three visits. DISCUSSION: The primary outcome measure is the myocardial perfusion reserve in remote myocardium. We hypothesise that Empaglifozin treatment is associated with improvements in myocardial blood flow and reductions in myocardial interstitial fibrosis, independent of CGM measured glycemic control in patients with T2D and established CV disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has full research ethics committee approval (REC: 18/YH/0190) and data collection is anticipated to finish in December 2021. This study was retrospectively registered at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN82391603 and monitored by the University of Leeds. The study results will be submitted for publication within 6 months of completion.

Acute Microstructural Changes after ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Assessed with Diffusion Tensor Imaging.

Background Cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) allows for in vivo characterization of myocardial microstructure. In cDTI, mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA)-markers of magnitude and anisotropy of diffusion of water molecules-are known to change after myocardial infarction. However, little is known about regional changes in helix angle (HA) and secondary eigenvector angle (E2A), which reflects orientations of laminar sheetlets, and their association with long-term recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Purpose To assess serial changes in cDTI biomarkers in participants following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to determine their associations with long-term left ventricular remodeling. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, 30 participants underwent cardiac MRI (3 T) after STEMI at 5 days and 3 months after reperfusion (National Institute of Health Research study no. 33963 and Research Ethics no. REC17/YH/0062). Spin-echo cDTI with second-order motion-compensation (approximate duration, 13 minutes; three sections; 18 noncollinear diffusion-weighted scans with b values of 100 sec/mm2 [three acquisitions], 200 sec/mm2 [three acquisitions], and 500 sec/mm2 [12 acquisitions]), functional images, and late gadolinium enhancement images were obtained. Multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between acute cDTI parameters and 3-month LVEF. Results Acutely infarcted myocardium had reduced FA, E2A, and myocytes with right-handed orientation (RHM) on HA maps compared with remote myocardium (mean remote FA = 0.36 ± 0.02 [standard deviation], mean infarcted FA = 0.25 ± 0.03, P < .001; mean remote E2A = 55° ± 9, mean infarcted E2A = 49° ± 10, P < .001; mean remote RHM = 16% ± 6, mean infarcted RHM = 9% ± 5, P < .001). All three parameters (FA, E2A, and RHM) correlated with 3-month LVEF (r = 0.68, r = 0.59, and r = 0.53, respectively), with acute FA being independently predictive of 3-month LVEF (standardized ß = 0.56, P = .008) after multivariable analysis adjusting for factors, including acute LVEF and infarct size. Conclusion After ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, diffusion becomes more isotropic in acutely infarcted myocardium as reflected by decreased fractional anisotropy. Reductions in secondary eigenvector angle suggest that the myocardial sheetlets are unable to adopt their usual steep orientations in systole, whereas reductions in myocytes with right-handed orientation on helix angle maps are likely reflective of a loss of organization among subendocardial myocytes. Correlations between these parameters and 3-month left ventricular ejection fraction highlight the potential clinical use of cardiac diffusion tensor imaging after myocardial infarction in predicting long-term remodeling. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Insight Into Myocardial Microstructure of Athletes and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains the commonest cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes. Differentiating between physiologically adaptive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy observed in athletes' hearts and pathological HCM remains challenging. By quantifying the diffusion of water molecules, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) MRI allows voxelwise characterization of myocardial microstructure. PURPOSE: To explore microstructural differences between healthy volunteers, athletes, and HCM patients using DTI. STUDY TYPE: Prospective cohort. POPULATION: Twenty healthy volunteers, 20 athletes, and 20 HCM patients. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3T/DTI spin echo. ASSESSMENT: In-house MatLab software was used to derive mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) as markers of amplitude and anisotropy of the diffusion of water molecules, and secondary eigenvector angles (E2A)-reflecting the orientations of laminar sheetlets. STATISTICAL TESTS: Independent samples t-tests were used to detect statistical significance between any two cohorts. Analysis of variance was utilized for detecting the statistical difference between the three cohorts. Statistical tests were two-tailed. A result was considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: DTI markers were significantly different between HCM, athletes, and volunteers. HCM patients had significantly higher global MD and E2A, and significantly lower FA than athletes and volunteers. (MDHCM = 1.52 ± 0.06 × 10-3 mm2 /s, MDAthletes = 1.49 ± 0.03 × 10-3 mm2 /s, MDvolunteers = 1.47 ± 0.02 × 10-3 mm2 /s, P < 0.05; E2AHCM = 58.8 ± 4°, E2Aathletes = 47 ± 5°, E2Avolunteers = 38.5 ± 7°, P < 0.05; FAHCM = 0.30 ± 0.02, FAAthletes = 0.35 ± 0.02, FAvolunteers = 0.36 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). HCM patients had significantly higher E2A in their thickest segments compared to the remote (E2Athickest = 66.8 ± 7, E2Aremote = 51.2 ± 9, P < 0.05). DATA CONCLUSION: DTI depicts an increase in amplitude and isotropy of diffusion in the myocardium of HCM compared to athletes and volunteers as reflected by increased MD and decreased FA values. While significantly higher E2A values in HCM and athletes reflect steeper configurations of the myocardial sheetlets than in volunteers, HCM patients demonstrated an eccentric rise in E2A in their thickest segments, while athletes demonstrated a concentric rise. Further studies are required to determine the diagnostic capabilities of DTI. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.

Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: feasibility and development of biventricular function and great vessel flow assessment, during continuous exercise accelerated by Compressed SENSE: preliminary results in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (Ex-CMR) typically requires complex post-processing or transient exercise cessation, decreasing clinical utility. We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of assessing biventricular volumes and great vessel flow during continuous in-scanner Ex-CMR, using vendor provided Compressed SENSE (C-SENSE) sequences and commercial analysis software (Cvi42). METHODS: 12 healthy volunteers (8-male, age: 35 ± 9 years) underwent continuous supine cycle ergometer (Lode-BV) Ex-CMR (1.5T Philips, Ingenia). Free-breathing, respiratory navigated C-SENSE short-axis cines and aortic/pulmonary phase contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) sequences were validated against clinical sequences at rest and used during low and moderate intensity Ex-CMR. Optimal PCMR C-SENSE acceleration, C-SENSE-3 (CS3) vs C-SENSE-6 (CS6), was further investigated by image quality scoring. Intra-and inter-operator reproducibility of biventricular and flow indices was performed. RESULTS: All CS3 PCMR image quality scores were superior (p < 0.05) to CS6 sequences, except pulmonary PCMR at moderate exercise. Resting stroke volumes from clinical PCMR sequences correlated stronger with CS3 than CS6 sequences. Resting biventricular volumes from CS3 and clinical sequences correlated very strongly (r > 0.93). During Ex-CMR, biventricular end-diastolic volumes (EDV) remained unchanged, except right-ventricular EDV decreasing at moderate exercise. Biventricular ejection-fractions increased at each stage. Exercise biventricular cine and PCMR stroke volumes correlated very strongly (r ≥ 0.9), demonstrating internal validity. Intra-observer reproducibility was excellent, co-efficient of variance (COV) < 10%. Inter-observer reproducibility was excellent, except for resting right-ventricular, and exercise bi-ventricular end-systolic volumes which were good (COV 10-20%). CONCLUSION: Biventricular function, aortic and pulmonary flow assessment during continuous Ex-CMR using CS3 sequences is feasible, reproducible and analysable using commercially available software.

Male sex adversely affects the phenotypic expression of diabetic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular mortality. A large-scale meta-analysis on HF found that diabetes was more frequent in women than men, and diabetes appeared to have attenuated the otherwise protective effect of female sex on progression of cardiomyopathy. The exact underlying mechanisms for this remain unclear. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of sex on the phenotypic expression of diabetic heart disease in patients with T2D. METHODS: A total of 62 male [mean age 44 ± 8 years, body mass index (BMI) 33 ± 5 kg/m2, mean HBA1c of 7.8 ± 1.8%] and 67 female (44 ± 10 years, BMI 35 ± 6 kg/m2, HBA1c 7.6 ± 1.2%) T2D patients on oral glucose-lowering treatment, and 16 male (48 ± 17 years, BMI 25 ± 3 kg/m2) and 14 female (50 ± 10 years, BMI 25 ± 4 kg/m2) controls were recruited. Left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, function and deformation, and left atrial (LA) volumes and function were assessed using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). RESULTS: Participants in all groups were of similar age, and there were no significant differences in blood pressure (BP), diabetes duration or metabolic profile between the two diabetes groups. Concentric remodeling was present in both sexes (p < 0.0001), with greater degree of concentric hypertrophy in males (12%, p = 0.0015). Biplane LA ejection fraction (LAEF) (p = 0.038), peak systolic circumferential strain (p < 0.0001) and diastolic strain rates (p = 0.001) were significantly reduced in men compared with women with T2D. There were no significant differences in biplane LAEF, peak systolic circumferential strain and diastolic strain rates in women with T2D compared with female controls. Whereas in women with T2D, glycaemic control was linked to LV contractile function, there was no such relationship in men with T2D. CONCLUSION: Male sex adversely affects the phenotypic expression of diabetic heart disease. The striking differences in the cardiac phenotype between male and female patients with T2D promote awareness of gender-specific risk factors in search of treatment and prevention of diabetes-associated HF. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: We aimed to determine the effect of sex on the phenotypic expression of diabetic heart disease in patients with T2D. While our findings support the notion that in T2D, male sex adversely affects the phenotypic expression of diabetic heart disease, this is in apparent conflict with the previous large-scale study showing diabetes attenuates the otherwise protective effect of female sex on progression of cardiomyopathy. Further longitudinal studies looking at gender differences in clinical outcomes in T2D patients are needed. These sex-related differences promote awareness of sex-specific risk factors in search of treatment and prevention of diabetes-associated HF.