Comparison between transuncal approach and upper vertebral transcorporeal approach for unilateral cervical radiculopathy - a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: The surgical treatments for unilateral cervical radiculopathy have been performed by either the anterior or posterior approach. The anterior approach has usually been used more than the posterior approach. The authors compared the results of newly advanced upper vertebral transcorporeal (UVTC) approach with those of the original transuncal (TU) approach in the anterior approach. METHODS: The anterior cervical microforaminotomy was performed for 60 patients (male:female=40:20) from June, 2000 to October, 2003. 40 patients were treated by the TU approach while 20 patients were operated on by the new UVTC approach. The authors analyzed postoperative changes of disc height, the spinal instability, the average length of hospital stay, the degree of patients' satisfaction and complications from each approach. The mean follow-up period was 9.5 months. RESULTS: In the TU approach, postoperative intervertebral disc height was decreased from 7.1+/-0.65 mm to 6.2+/-0.61 mm. In the UVTC approach, postoperative intervertebral disc height was decreased from 6.6+/-0.43 mm to 6.3+/-0.41 mm. The average length of hospital stay was 5.2 days for the TU approach and 3.4 days for the UVTC approach. In the TU approach, 28 patients experienced excellent results, 11 patients experienced good results, one patient who experienced a fair result was operated by anterior cervical fusion because of a recurrent herniated disc. In the UVTC approach, 16 patients had excellent results and four patients experienced good results. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative study demonstrates that the UVTC approach is a better surgical technique than the TU approach considering the preservation of disc height, spinal stability, length of hospital stay, degree of satisfaction and complications.

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part 1--The midline anterior fossa skull base.

OBJECTIVE: An endonasal endoscopic surgery to the anterior fossa skull base was developed in cadaver dissection as a minimally invasive surgical technique and, subsequently, used in patient treatment. METHODS: Six cadaver head specimens were used. Ideal head positioning and various surgical routes were studied. To estimate the extent of surgical exposure provided by this technique, the width of the exposed anterior cranial fossa was measured between the medial margin of the orbits, the optic nerves and the carotid arteries. Three demonstrative patient cases are presented. RESULTS: Ideal head positioning was discovered to be at 15-degree extension of the forehead-chin line. Paraseptal, middle meatal and middle turbinectomy approaches were developed. The average width between the medial orbits was measured to be 24 mm (range 22-29 mm) at the crista galli level, 27 mm (range 24-30 mm) at the planum sphenoidale, 18 mm (range 15-22 mm) between the optic nerves, and 17 mm (range 13-21 mm) between the rostral carotid siphons. This technique, when it was applied in patient care, proved to be minimally invasive. CONCLUSIONS: This endoscopic endonasal approach provided a direct "short-cut" access to the midline anterior fossa skull base. This technique can be used for the surgical treatment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas, pituitary adenomas, and other midline intracranial anterior skull base lesions. This is the first report in the English literature describing endonasal endoscopy for the surgical treatment of primary intracranial anterior fossa skull base lesions.

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part 2--The cavernous sinus.

OBJECTIVE: An endoscopic endonasal approach to the cavernous sinus was developed with cadaver study and, subsequently, has been used in patient treatment. METHODS: The endoscopic anatomy, surgical approaches, and ideal head positioning were studied with six cadaver head specimens in order to develop endoscopic endonasal surgery of the cavernous sinus. Three illustrative patient cases are also reported. RESULTS: Horizontal placement of the forehead-chin line of head specimens provided the ideal head positioning for endoscopic endonasal cavernous sinus surgery. Three different surgical approaches were developed to access the cavernous sinus: the paraseptal, middle meatal and middle turbinectomy approaches. While the ipsilateral middle meatal approach provided straight anterior exposure, the contralateral paraseptal approach provided anteromedial exposure at the cavernous sinus. The middle turbinectomy approach rendered straight anterior exposure ipsilaterally and anteromedial exposure contralaterally. The sympathetic nerve climbed up on the surface of the carotid artery. When the dura mater was opened at the anterior wall of the cavernous sinus, the S-shaped carotid siphon was exposed. Cranial nerves III and IV were located inside the C-shaped carotid siphon. Cranial nerve VI was just lateral to the inferior arch of the carotid siphon. The ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve was lateral to cranial nerve VI. When used in patient treatment, this technique was observed to be minimally invasive. CONCLUSION: Endonasal endoscopy for cavernous sinus surgery was studied in cadaver dissection, and subsequently, was used in patient treatment with satisfactory outcomes.

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery: Part 3--The clivus and posterior fossa.

OBJECT: As a minimally invasive surgical strategy, endonasal endoscopy has been implemented for the surgical treatment of clival and midline posterior fossa lesions which conventionally require radical and extensive surgical exposures. A cadaver study was performed and, subsequently, this technique was adopted into patient treatment. METHODS: Six cadaver head specimens were used in this study. Anterior sphenoidotomy was attained by either a paraseptal or middle turbinectomy approach. The ideal head positioning was measured. The clival bone was removed with a high-speed drill from sella to foramen magnum in the vertical dimension and from carotid artery to carotid artery in the transverse dimension. The width of the clival bony window between the carotid arteries was measured at the level of the sellar floor and the caudal end of the carotid artery. The surgical anatomy was studied. RESULTS: Although the middle turbinectomy approach provided a wider surgical corridor, exposure with the paraseptal approach was sufficiently ample. Ideal head positioning was at 15-degree flexion of the forehead-chin line. The average width between carotid arteries at the sellar floor level was 16 mm (range 12-22 mm) and at the lower end of the carotid arteries it was 19 mm (range 14-23 mm). When the dura mater was opened, the anterior view of the pons and medulla with corresponding cranial nerves and vasculature was encountered. Four illustrative patient cases are presented. CONCLUSIONS: This endonasal endoscopy provided excellent surgical exposure from the sella to the foramen magnum at the midline clivus and posterior fossa. Surgical techniques and illustrations of four patients are presented.

Endoscopic glabellar approach to the anterior skull base: a technical note.

OBJECT: An endoscopic glabellar transethmoidal approach via a small nasional incision to the anterior skull base is reported as a minimally invasive neurosurgical technique. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A frontonasal craniotomy (2 x 2 cm in size) between the medial orbits is made via a nasional skin incision approximately 3-cm in length. An ethmoidectomy is performed in order to expose the skull base at the anterior cranial fossa. Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, which provide blood-supply to the tumor, are interrupted during the ethmoidectomy. The tumor located at the anterior cranial fossa is removed under an endoscope. A rod-lens endoscope, which is 4-mm in diameter and 18-cm in length, is used. The dura mater is reconstructed with dural graft placement. The skull-base bone at the anterior cranial fossa is reconstructed with autogenous bone or a piece of titanium mesh. The ethmoidectomy site is filled with abdominal fat graft material. The craniotomy bone flap is secured with titanium microplates and screws. Two demonstrative patients are reported. The benefits of the minimally invasiveness of this surgical technique have been observed in patient recovery. CONCLUSION: An endoscopic glabellar transethmoidal approach to the anterior cranial fossa via a small nasional incision is reported with two patients with olfactory groove meningiomas.

Endoscopic reverse third ventriculostomy via the cisterna magna: anatomical study and proposal of a novel procedure.

Basilar artery injury has been known as a potential lethal complication of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. In order to avoid this complication, endoscopic reverse third ventriculostomy via a trans-cisterna-magna route was studied. A cadaveric study was performed for navigation of a flexible endoscope through the cisterna magna. Three fresh, unfixed cadavers were used for this endoscopic navigation. In the prone position, a small vertical paramedian skin incision is made at the mid-portion of the posterior neck. An 11-mm threaded plastic tube is inserted towards the posterior arch of the atlas. After a partial hemilaminectomy of the atlas, a flexible endoscope is introduced into the cisterna magna and is navigated cephalad along the vertebrobasilar artery to the inferior aspect of the floor of the third ventricle. Through the working channel of a fiberscope, third ventriculostomy is performed in a reverse direction. Additional detailed anatomy was studied in fixed cadaveric head specimens with a rigid rod-lens endoscope for anatomic orientation. A novel technique of a trans-cisterna-magna reverse third ventriculostomy was studied in cadaveric specimens. This technique may avoid basilar artery injury which occurs occasionally during conventional third ventriculostomy.

Endoscopic removal of third ventricular tumors: a technical note.

OBJECT: An endoscopic surgical technique utilizing a rollable vinyl tube as a surgical corridor is described for removal of third ventricular tumors. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Transcortical transventricular access is made via a burr hole placed at the point which is one inch lateral from the midline at the coronal suture area. A one-cm-diameter vinyl tube is slit longitudinally, rolled like a cigarette, and tied at its ventricular end with a release tie. With image-guided stereotactic assistance, this rolled vinyl tube is inserted into the lateral ventricle near the foramen of Monro. When the release tie is untied, the vinyl tube expands to its original 10-mm-diameter tube by recoil assisted with a balloon dilatation technique. Through this tube, a rod-lens endoscope is placed to visualize the surgical target and is mounted to an endoscope holder. Surgical instruments are inserted next to the endoscope for surgical dissection. Compared to endoscopy through fixed working-channel devices, this technique allows increased flexibility for the surgeon when maneuvering surgical instruments for delicate dissection and tumor removal. Two patients with colloid cysts and one patient with an epidermoid tumor are reported as demonstrative cases. CONCLUSION: An endoscopic technique utilizing a soft vinyl tube which can be rolled into a small diameter and then unrolled to its original size by its own recoil when a release tie is removed and by balloon dilatation, is reported for removal of third ventricular tumors.

Endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral cranio-cervical junction: anatomical study.

OBJECTIVE: In order to develop an endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral cranio-cervical junction and odontoid process under the concept of a minimally invasive surgical strategy, a cadaver study was performed. METHODS: Sixteen artery-injected adult head specimens were used. Endonasal endoscopic approach was made through one- or two-nostril routes following the Jho's endonasal paraseptal technique. Rod-lens endoscopes, which were 2.7 or 4 mm in diameter, 18 cm in length with 0-, 30-, and 70-degree lenses, were used. RESULTS: Surgical landmarks leading to the craniocervical junction were the inferior margin of the middle turbinate, nasopharynx and Eustachian tube. The nasopharynx was readily identified following the inferior margin of the middle turbinate. The line drawn between the Eustachian tubes indicated the juncture between the clivus and atlas. With a midline mucosal incision, the ventral cranio-cervical junction was exposed. Odontoid resection was performed with removal of the anterior arch of the atlas. Clival resection can be performed as much rostral as required. Maneuverability of the surgical instruments was better with a two-nostril technique than with a one-nostril. Although the entire midline clivus was accessible rostrally, C-2 was the caudal limit through this endonasal route. A suturing device needed to be developed for mucosal or dural closure for live operations. CONCLUSION: This cadaver study demonstrates that an endoscopic endonasal approach to the ventral cranio-cervical junction and odontoid process can be a valid alternative to the conventional transoral approach.

Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the cavernous sinus: surgical approaches.

OBJECTIVE: After completion of an earlier endoscopic transsphenoidal anatomic study, we studied various endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches using cadaveric specimens to develop endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus. METHODS: Ten cavernous sinuses in five artery-injected adult cadaveric heads were studied with 0-, 30-, and 70-degree angled 4-mm rod-lens endoscopes. The extent of the surgical exposure, the skewed endoscopic anatomic view, and the maneuverability of surgical instruments through their relative operating spaces were studied after various endoscopic endonasal approaches via one nostril. RESULTS: The paraseptal approach was used between the nasal septum and the middle turbinate and provided exposure at the anteromedial portion of the cavernous sinus. The contralateral paraseptal approach rendered a slightly more medial view at the cavernous sinus than did the ipsilateral approach. This approach offered limited surgical access to the lateral vertical compartment. The middle turbinectomy approach allowed surgical access to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, except for the superior orbital fissure and the orbital apex. The middle meatal approach, which was made between the middle turbinate and the lateral nasal wall, revealed the entire lateral vertical compartment of the cavernous sinus, including the orbital apex and the superior orbital fissure. However, its lateral tangential surgical trajectory and the absence of dedicated surgical tools limited the surgeon's surgical maneuverability. A combination of the middle turbinectomy and middle meatal approaches increased the operating space. CONCLUSION: Various endoscopic endonasal surgical approaches to the cavernous sinus were studied using adult cadaveric head specimens.

Primum non nocere: Multimodality management strategies when multiple mass lesions strike a single patient.

BACKGROUND: The management of multiple symptomatic intracranial pathological processes in a single patient presents a rare and challenging problem for the neurosurgeon and the patient. Neurosurgeons must utilize a full spectrum of neurosurgical options to achieve the best patient outcome. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present a unique case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with a large convexity meningioma causing headaches, an acoustic neuroma causing deafness and imbalance and a suprasellar arachnoid cyst compromising the visual fields. Therapeutic intervention was staged based on the primum non nocere concept. First, the patient underwent stereotactic intracavitary cyst irradiation using colloidal 32P. Secondly, microsurgical resection of the convexity meningioma was performed. Finally, Gamma Knife radiosurgery of the acoustic neuroma was performed. One year after multimodality management, the patient was neurologically improved. There was no evidence of meningioma or cyst recurrence and the growth of the acoustic neuroma was arrested. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the value of multi-modality treatment of neurosurgical pathology, utilizing minimally invasive techniques when possible.

Endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery: evolution of surgical technique and equipment in 150 operations.

OBJECTIVE: The evolution of the senior author's (HD Jho) surgical experience on endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is reviewed in order to introduce a standardized surgical technique for pituitary endoscopy. METHODS: The progressive evolution of the surgical technique and the development of surgical instrumentation in transsphenoidal endoscopy is reviewed based upon the experience of more than 150 operations performed by the senior author between the years 1993 and 1998. RESULTS: An endoscope was used to assist visualization during conventional microscopic surgery in the first four cases (endoscope-assisted microsurgery). Subsequently, endonasal pituitary endoscopy was performed via a nostril. When the endonasal route was adopted, it eliminated the use of a transsphenoidal retractor. The use of vasoconstrictors and any form of nasal packing was discovered to be unnecessary. The inferior margin of the middle turbinate was such a consistent surgical landmark leading to the sella that the use of an intraoperative fluoroscopic C-arm was also eliminated. The adoption of a septal breaker, variously angled suction cannulas and suction-coagulators has made the operation cleaner, easier and faster. As experience increased, the operation time progressively shortened and mucosal trauma became minimal. The median patient hospital stay was one night and postoperative discomfort was noted to be minimal. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of the senior author's endoscopic pituitary surgery is reported with a description of our current standardized surgical technique.

Endoscopic endonasal cavernous sinus surgery: an anatomic study.

OBJECTIVE: The endoscopic surgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus was studied to establish an anatomic basis for endoscopic endonasal cavernous sinus surgery. METHODS: Five adult cadaveric heads were studied with 0-, 30-, and 70-degree 4-mm rod-lens endoscopes. The posterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus was approached via a paraseptal, middle turbinectomy, or middle meatal approach. RESULTS: The posterior bony wall of the sphenoidal sinus is subdivided into five vertical compartments: midline, bilateral paramedian, and bilateral lateral. The midline vertical compartment consists of the planum sphenoidale, tuberculum sellae, sella, and clival indentation. The paramedian vertical compartment is composed of the medial third of the optic canal and the carotid artery protuberance. The lateral vertical compartment contains four bony protuberances (optic, cavernous sinus apex, maxillary, and mandibular) and three depressions (carotico-optic, ophthalmomaxillary [V1-V2], and maxillomandibular [V2-V3]). The three depressions form anatomic triangles at the lateral vertical compartment: the optic strut triangle, which is bordered by the optic nerve, carotid artery, and oculomotor nerve (IIIrd cranial nerve); the V1-V2 triangle; and the V2-V3 triangle. The internal carotid artery at the posterior wall of the sphenoidal sinus can be subdivided into two main segments: the parasellar and the paraclival. The vidian canal is a landmark that leads to the foramen lacerum, the mandibular nerve, and the pterygopalatine fossa. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus has been studied via an endonasal route in cadaveric specimens to provide an anatomic basis for endoscopic endonasal cavernous sinus surgery.

Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was developed under a minimally invasive surgical strategy. This endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopy eliminates a sublabial or transfixional incision, the use of a transsphenoidal retractor and any nasal packing. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Reported are 160 patients who had undergone endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery from 1993 to 1999. Seventy were men and ninety women. Age ranged from 14 to 88 years (median 43 years). Among the 160 patients, 128 had pituitary adenomas, 9 had anterior fossa meningiomas, 7 had clival chordomas and 16 patients had other pathologies. RESULTS: Among the 68 patients with hormone-none-secreting adenomas, 53 (78%) patients had gross total removal. Among the 35 patients with prolactinomas, 24 (71%) patients exhibited normalized prolactin levels postoperatively. Eleven (70%) patients among the 16 with Cushing's disease had normal postoperative cortisol levels. Among the 9 patients with acromegaly, 7 (78%) had normalized postoperative IGF-1 levels. Among the 9 patients with anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. 7 had gross total removal and 2 had subtotal removal. Among the 7 patients with clival chordomas, 5 had total removal and 2 had subtotal removal. One patient with a large calcified recurrent pituitary fibrosarcoma died postoperatively. Postoperative morbidities included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak in 6%, meningitis in 1.2%, deterioration of anterior pituitary function in 11%, temporary diabetes insipidus in 4%, permanent diabetes insipidus in 3%, and sinusitis in 1.2%. Outpatient surgery was performed in 2 patients. One hundred and eleven patients (66%) stayed in the hospital only overnight. Postoperative discomfort was minimal. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery in this series resulted with comparable surgical outcomes to conventional microscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Patients' quick recovery, short hospital stays, and minimal postoperative discomfort have been observed.

Endoscopic endonasal approach to the optic nerve: a technical note.

An endoscopic endonasal technique was used in the surgical treatment of a meningioma compressing the optic nerve. The patient was a 58-year-old woman who had experienced progressive visual loss in her left eye. Magnetic resonance (MR) scans of the brain demonstrated a contrast-enhancing tumor mass, which was measured to be 10 x 15 mm in size, compressing the left optic nerve. Automated visual field examination confirmed left-eye visual field defects, the temporal visual field worse than the nasal. The tumor was excised in total endoscopically through her right nostril. Histological diagnosis was meningothelial meningioma. Her hospital stay was overnight. Her left-eye vision improved with a residual crescentic temporal-field defect. She has done well without tumor recurrence as evidenced by a 20-month follow-up. This is the first report describing endoscopic endonasal removal of an intracranial tumor compressing the optic nerve.

Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: various surgical techniques and recommended steps for procedural transition.

Various techniques in pituitary endoscopy are reviewed in the attempt to assemble the transitional steps necessary to take a neurosurgeon from traditional microscopic transsphenoidal surgery to endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery. The senior author's (HDJ) experiences of endonasal endoscopy in more than 200 operations as well as the reports in the literature on pituitary endoscopy are reviewed. Two distinct advantages that an endoscope has over an operating microscope are its ability to visualize through a narrow surgical corridor and its ability to provide angled, close-up views. An endoscope can be used to assist the operating microscope (endoscope-assisted microsurgery). Endoscopy can also be used for endonasal retractor placement when microscopic surgery is preferred (endoscopic sphenoidotomy). When endonasal endoscopy is chosen, the surgical approach can be made with a deep-transseptal, a paraseptal, a middle turbinectomy or a middle meatal approach (endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopy). Endonasal endoscopy can be performed via either one or two nostrils. Working-channel endoscopy can be performed for restricted purposes. When a neurosurgeon desires to adopt endoscopy into pituitary surgery, the author recommends endoscope-assisted microsurgery as the first step followed by endoscopic sphenoidotomy as a combined effort between an endoscopic rhinologist and the neurosurgeon as the next step leading finally to endonasal pituitary endoscopy. Various methods of transsphenoidal endoscopy and the authors' recommendations for transitional steps are reported based on the authors' personal experience and literature review.

Endoscopic transpedicular thoracic discectomy.

OBJECT: To reduce the invasiveness and risk of thoracic disc surgery, a transpedicular endoscopic approach has been created. The surgical technique and outcome of endoscopic transpedicular thoracic discectomy are reported. METHODS: The surgical technique of posterior transpedicular thoracic discectomy was modified to endoscopic transpedicular surgery. A 1.5-cm trocar was placed in the interlaminar space via a 2-cm transverse paramedian skin incision. At the ventral aspect of the spinal cord discectomy was performed under direct visualization by using a 70 degrees -lens endoscope. This surgical technique was used in 25 patients. Twelve patients were men and 13 were women, aged 29 to 70 years (median 46 years). Myelopathy, with or without radiculopathy was present in 13 patients, radiculopathy in 10, and segmental pain in two. The follow-up periods ranged from 4 to 60 months (median 27 months). In 12 of the 13 patients with myelopathy excellent improvement was shown postoperatively; the remaining patient suffered recurrence of symptoms after a motor vehicle accident three months postoperatively. In nine of the 10 patients with radiculopathy, pain was resolved completely. In one patient with right-sided hypochondral pain and two patients with segmental pain, relief was not achieved despite excellent results of discectomy demonstrated on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The average length of hospital stay was one night. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic transpedicular thoracic discectomy was found to be a minimally invasive and effective surgical treatment.

Brain surgery with image guidance: current recommendations based on a 20-year assessment.

Image guidance promotes safe and effective surgical management of a wide array of intracranial diseases. To better define the historical importance of image guidance and to assess the relative contribution of each imaging modality to the safety and efficacy of selected procedures, we reviewed our 20-year experience at a single institution. A retrospective review of our departmental surgical records was performed to identify patients who underwent brain surgery with image guidance between January 1979 and January 1999. We identified the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy, endoscopy, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and angiography in 7,388 patients. During this 20-year interval, advances in neuroimaging were translated into the operating room environment. Fluoroscopic guidance received the highest overall rating and was deemed critical for the performance of successful transsphenoidal surgery (n = 436) and effective percutaneous trigeminal neuralgia management (n = 1,121). Ultrasound and angiography both had limited roles; the latter was important to successful outcomes in 64 patients undergoing aneurysm management (n = 64) and arteriovenous malformation Gamma Knife radiosurgery (n = 786). Endoscopy also had a small role but had limited cost. Beginning in 1982, a dedicated operating room CT scanner was used during both morphologic and functional stereotactic surgery (n = 1,749). After 1986, MRI was used increasingly in the management of selected functional and tumor cases (n = 337); despite great versatility for patients undergoing Gamma Knife radiosurgery, the costs were relatively high. Frameless neuronavigation (n = 263) had excellent versatility and was relatively low in cost. During the last 20 years, image guidance techniques have facilitated minimally invasive brain surgery at our institution. The relative merits of all these imaging tools depended mostly on their versatility and relative costs. Major centers currently contemplating the incorporation of image guidance into routine brain surgery need not reproduce our own learning curve.

Endoscopic transpedicular thoracic discectomy.

OBJECT: To minimize the invasiveness and maximize the adequacy of the decompressive procedure in thoracic discectomy, a 70 degrees endoscope was adapted to perform transpedicular thoracic discectomy. METHODS: A posterior transpedicular approach was performed via a 2-cm transverse skin incision, aided by an operating microscope or a 0 degrees lens endoscope. Using a 70 degrees lens endoscope, discectomy was performed after obtaining direct visualization of the ventral aspect of the spinal cord dura mater. This surgical technique has been used in 25 patients. There were 12 men and 13 women whose ages ranged from 29 to 74 years (median 46 years). Thirteen patients experienced myelopathy, with or without radiculopathy, 10 presented with radiculopathy, and two patients suffered from segmental pain. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 60 months (median 27 months). In 12 of 13 patients with myelopathy, excellent improvement was shown postoperatively. In the remaining patient, symptoms recurred after she was injured in a motor vehicle accident 3 months postsurgery. In nine of 10 patients with radiculopathy, pain resolved completely. In the one patient with right-sided hypochondral pain and in the two patients with segmental pain, no relief was obtained despite excellent discectomy results demonstrated on postoperative magnetic resonance images. The average length of hospital stay was overnight. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a 70 degrees lens endoscope through a transpedicular route has made thoracic discectomy comparable with cervical or lumbar discectomy in terms of minimal surgical invasiveness, recovery time, and complexity of the procedure.