[Progress of pathogenesis and clinical treatment of Hashimoto's thyroiditis].

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a autoimmune disease that is highly incident year by year. Its clinical manifestations are alternative hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, relatively high Th1, excessively low Th2 and constantly increasing TGAb and TMAB. Currently, the disease is still difficult to be cured, and instable thyroid function makes it harder to be treated. Therefore, this essay makes a summary analysis on domestic and foreign studies on HT's pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment, resulting that pure supplement or immunosuppressive therapy is hard to achieve notable efficacy, while existing traditional Chinese medicines could only mitigate clinical symposiums but did not reduce inflammation. Therefore, to look for methods and drugs for adjusting immunity imbalance by decreasing Th1 cell factors and increasing Th2 cell factors is significant to HT treatment to some extent.

Efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric fluorescent cellular imaging probe for Zn(2+) using a rhodamine spirolactam as a trigger.

This letter described the design and synthesis of a novel fluorescein-appended rhodamine spirolactam derivative and its preliminary application as a ratiometric fluorescent cellular imaging probe for Zn(2+). The ratiometric fluorescent signal change of the probe is based on an intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism modulated by a specific metal ion induced ring-opening process of the rhodamine spirolactam (acting as a trigger). In the new developed sensing system, the emission peaks of the two fluorophores are well-resolved, which can avoid the emission spectra overlap problem generally met by spectra-shift type probes and benefits for observation of fluorescence signal change at two different emission wavelengths with high resolution. It also benefits for a large range of emission ratios, thereby a high sensitivity for Zn(2+)detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the probe exhibits a stable response for Zn(2+) over a concentration range from 2.0 x 10(-7) to 2.0 x 10(-5) M, with a detection limit of 4.0 x 10(-8) M. Most importantly, the novel probe has well solved the problem of serious interferences from other transition metal ions generally met by previously reported typical fluorescent probes for Zn(2+) with the di(2-picolyl)amine moiety as the receptor (in this case, the fluorescence response induced by Cd(2+)is even comparable to that of Zn(2+)) and shows a reversible and fast response toward Zn(2+). All these unique features make it particularly favorable for ratiometric cellular imaging investigations. It has been preliminarily used for ratiometric imaging of Zn(2+) in living cells with satisfying resolution.

Naphthalimide-porphyrin hybrid based ratiometric bioimaging probe for Hg2+: well-resolved emission spectra and unique specificity.

In this paper, we unveil a novel naphthalimide-porphyrin hybrid based fluorescence probe (1) for ratiometric detection of Hg(2+) in aqueous solution and living cells. The ratiometric signal change of the probe is based on a carefully predesigned molecule containing two independent Hg(2+)-sensitive fluorophores with their maximal excitation wavelengths located at the same range, which shows reversibly specific ratiometric fluorescence responses induced by Hg(2+). In the new developed sensing system, the emissions of the two fluorophores are well-resolved with a 125 nm difference between two emission maxima, which can avoid the emission spectra overlap problem generally met by spectra-shift type probes and is especially favorable for ratiometric imaging intracellular Hg(2+). It also benefits from a large range of emission ratios and thereby a high sensitivity for Hg(2+) detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the probe exhibits a stable response for Hg(2+) over a concentration range from 1.0 x 10(-7) to 5.0 x 10(-5) M, with a detection limit of 2.0 x 10(-8) M. The response of the probe toward Hg(2+) is reversible and fast (response time less than 2 min). Most importantly, the ratiometric fluorescence changes of the probe are remarkably specific for Hg(2+) in the presence of other abundant cellular metal ions (i.e., Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+)), essential transition metal ions in cells (such as Zn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+), Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+)), and environmentally relevant heavy metal ions (Ag(+), Pb(2+), Cr(3+), and Cd(2+)), which meets the selective requirements for biomedical and environmental monitoring application. The recovery test of Hg(2+) in real water samples demonstrates the feasibility of the designed sensing system for Hg(2+) assay in practical samples. It has also been used for ratiometric imaging of Hg(2+) in living cells with satisfying resolution, which indicates that our novel designed probe has effectively avoided the general emission spectra overlap problem of other ratiometric probes.

Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric and off-on fluorescent chemosensor for Cu2+ in aqueous solution and living cells.

The design and synthesis of a novel rhodamine spirolactam derivative and its application in fluorescent detections of Cu(2+) in aqueous solution and living cells are reported. The signal change of the chemosensor is based on a specific metal ion induced reversible ring-opening mechanism of the rhodamine spirolactam. It exhibits a highly sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent response toward Cu(2+) in aqueous solution with an 80-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement under 10 equiv of Cu(2+) added. This indicates that the synthesized chemosensor effectively avoided the fluorescence quenching for the paramagnetic nature of Cu(2+) via its strong binding capability toward Cu(2+). With the experimental conditions optimized, the probe exhibits a dynamic response range for Cu(2+) from 8.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-5) M, with a detection limit of 3.0 x 10(-7) M. The response of the chemosensor for Cu(2+) is instantaneous and reversible. Most importantly, both the color and fluorescence changes of the chemosensor are remarkably specific for Cu(2+) in the presence of other heavy and transition metal ions (even those that exist in high concentration), which meet the selective requirements for biomedical and environmental monitoring application. The proposed chemosensor has been used for direct measurement of Cu(2+) content in river water samples and imaging of Cu(2+) in living cells with satisfying results, which further demonstrates its value of practical applications in environmental and biological systems.