Photodynamic therapy with intratumoral injection of photosensitizers combined with immunotherapy brings hope to patients with refractory cutaneous malignant ulcers.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is common among the elderly, typically treated with surgery. However, for surgery-ineligible patients or those with non-healing wounds progressing to malignant ulcers, non-surgical local treatments are viable. This case details an 80-year-old with recurrent back CSCC and intractable malignant ulcers post-radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Treatment involved Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with low-dose cindilimab immunotherapy (intravenous and intralesional). Two cycles achieved lesion remission, altering peripheral immune cell counts. HpD-PDT combined with immunotherapy is promising for treating CSCC, particularly with malignant ulcers.

Peripheral T-cell subsets in radiofrequency ablation for tumors from different origins.

BACKGROUNDS: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is known to destroy tumoral tissue and activate immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the impact of RFA on peripheral T-cell responses and its relationship with tumor origin and hepatitis status. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 62 patients with various types of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and others, who underwent RFA treatment between June 2017 and December 2018. Blood samples were collected before and one day after RFA treatment. The peripheral T-cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and their changes were analyzed. RESULTS: The study found a decrease in the CD4+CD8-and CD4-CD8+ T-cell subsets after RFA, but no significant changes were observed in the populations of CD4+CD8+ and the CD4+CD8-/CD4-CD8+ ratio. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in peripheral T-cell subsets concerning tumor type or hepatitis status. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that RFA treatment may have a short-term impact on peripheral T-cell responses, characterized by a decrease in certain T-cell subsets. However, these changes do not seem to be related to the tumor type or hepatitis status of the patients.

Comprehensive Detoxification Mechanism Assessment of Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) against Indoxacarb.

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is one of the deadliest invasive ant species that threatens the world by disrupting biodiversity, important functions within a natural ecosystem, and community structure. They are responsible for huge economic losses in the infested countries every year. Synthetic insecticides, especially indoxacarb, have been broadly used to control S. invicta for many years. However, the biochemical response of S. invicta to indoxacarb remains largely undiscovered. Here, we used the sublethal doses of indoxacarb on the S. invicta collected from the eight different cities of Southern China. The alteration in the transcriptome profile of S. invicta following sublethal dosages of indoxacarb was characterized using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. We created 2 libraries, with 50.93 million and 47.44 million clean reads for indoxacarb treatment and control, respectively. A total of 2018 unigenes were regulated after insecticide treatment. Results indicated that a total of 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the indoxacarb-treated group, of which 100 were significantly upregulated and 58 were downregulated, mostly belonging to the detoxification enzymes, such as AChE, CarE, and GSTs. Furthermore, results showed that most of these DEGs were found in several KEGG pathways, including steroid biosynthesis, other drug metabolizing enzymes, glycerolipid metabolism, chemical carcinogenesis, drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450, glutathione metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and metabolism of xenobiotics. Together, these findings indicated that indoxacarb causes significant alteration in the transcriptome profile and signaling pathways of S. invicta, providing a foundation for further molecular inquiry.

Developing a 5-gene prognostic signature for cervical cancer by integrating mRNA and copy number variations.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is frequently detected gynecological cancer all over the world. This study was designed to develop a prognostic signature for an effective prediction of cervical cancer prognosis. METHODS: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on copy number variation (CNV) data and expression profiles from different databases. A prognostic model was constructed and further optimized by stepwise Akaike information criterion (stepAIC). The model was then evaluated in three groups (training group, test group and validation group). Functional analysis and immune analysis were used to assess the difference between high-risk and low-risk groups. RESULTS: The study developed a 5-gene prognostic model that could accurately classify cervical cancer samples into high-risk and low-risk groups with distinctly different prognosis. Low-risk group exhibited more favorable prognosis and higher immune infiltration than high-risk group. Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk score was an independent risk factor for cervical cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-gene prognostic signature could serve as a predictor for identifying high-risk cervical cancer patients, and provided potential direction for studying the mechanism or drug targets of cervical cancer. The integrated analysis of CNV and mRNA expanded a new perspective for exploring prognostic signatures in cervical cancer.

Efficacy and Safety of Intrathecal Pemetrexed Combined With Dexamethasone for Treating Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Failed Leptomeningeal Metastases From EGFR-Mutant NSCLC-a Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial (Unique Identifier: ChiCTR1800016615).

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal pemetrexed (IP) for treating EGFR-mutant leptomeningeal metastases (LMs) from EGFR-mutant NSCLC. METHODS: Patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC with LM who had failed tyrosine kinase inhibitors were recruited. The dose of IP was escalated from 15 mg to 80 mg using an accelerated titration design in a phase 1 study. The recommended dose (RD) determined in phase 1 was used in the phase 2 study. The primary end point was treatment efficacy measured as the clinical response rate. Overall survival and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated as secondary end points. RESULTS: The RD observed in the phase 1 study was 50 mg pemetrexed. A total of 30 cases of LM-NSCLC were enrolled in the phase 2 study, including 14 males and 16 females. Four patients did not survive for 4 weeks and could not be evaluated for efficacy. The clinical response rate was 84.6% (22 of 26). The median overall survival of all patients was 9.0 months (n = 30, 95% confidence interval: 6.6-11.4 mo). Most AEs were mild, and the most frequent AE of any grade was myelosuppression (n = 9, 30%), which returned to normal after symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that 50 mg pemetrexed is the RD which results in few AEs and a good response rate. IP is an effective treatment for patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC-LM who had failed on tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Survival Benefit and Genetic Profile of Pemetrexed as Initial Chemotherapy in Selected Chinese Patients With Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Objective: This study investigated survival in selected Chinese patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma who received initial chemotherapy with pemetrexed. We also explored the relationship between genetic biomarkers and pemetrexed efficacy. Methods: We retrospectively collected patients (n = 1,047) enrolled in the Chinese Patient Assistance Program from multiple centers who received pemetrexed alone or combined with platinum as initial chemotherapy and continued pemetrexed maintenance therapy for advanced lung adenocarcinoma from November 2014 to June 2017. The outcomes were duration of treatment (DOT) and overall survival (OS). Clinical features were analyzed for their influence on the treatment effect and prognosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to identify genetic biomarkers associated with the efficacy of pemetrexed. Results: The median DOT was 9.1 months (95% CI: 8.5-9.8), and the median OS was 26.2 months (95% CI: 24.2-28.1). OS was positively correlated with DOT (r = 0.403, P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that smoking status and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) were independently associated with DOT; smoking status, ECOG PS, targeted therapy, and EGFR/ALK/ROS1 status were independently associated with OS. NGS in 22 patients with available samples showed genes with high mutation rates were: TP53 (54.5%), EGFR (50.0%), MYC (18.2%), and PIK3CA (13.6%). When grouped based on progression-free survival (PFS) reported in the PARAMOUNT study, the DOT > 6.9 months set was associated with PIK3CA, ALK, BRINP3, CDKN2A, CSMD3, EPHA3, KRAS, and RB1 mutations, while ERBB2 mutation was observed only in the DOT ≤ 6.9 months set. Conclusion: This study shows that initial chemotherapy with pemetrexed is an effective regimen for advanced lung adenocarcinoma in selected Chinese patients. There is no specific genetic profile predicting the benefit of pemetrexed found by NGS. Biomarkers predicting the efficacy of pemetrexed need further exploration.

Landscape of associations between long non-coding RNAs and infiltrating immune cells in liver hepatocellular carcinoma.

Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) can be detected by the immune system; however, it acquires features for evasion of immune surveillance during its origin and development. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical as immune regulators in cancers; nevertheless, the biological functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in evasion of immune system by LIHC remain unclear. In this study, an integrated and computational approach was developed to identify immune-related lncRNAs and to divide LIHC patients into diverse immune-related risk groups based on the expression profiles of coding genes and lncRNAs. LIHC-specific genes and lncRNAs in 17 immune cell populations were identified and analysed. Gene and lncRNA co-expressing networks for diverse immune cell populations were constructed and analysed. Some imported immune-related lncRNAs, such as MIR9-3HG, were also identified. The LIHC patients comprised three different groups based on immune-related risk. LIHC patients possessing a greater diversity of immune cell populations had better survival prognosis. The collective data are evidence of a credible computational model that can prioritize novel immune-related lncRNAs and depict the atlas of immune-related lncRNAs in LIHC. These findings will further the understanding of lncRNA function and advance the identification of immunotherapy targets in LIHC.

EGF/EGFR upregulates and cooperates with Netrin-4 to protect glioblastoma cells from DNA damage-induced senescence.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant central nervous system tumor. Alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), is currently the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for GBM. However, the sensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ is affected by many factors. And, several clinic trials, including co-administration of TMZ with other drugs, have failed in successful treatment of GBM. We have previously reported that Netrin-4 (NTN4), a laminin-like axon guidance protein, plays a protective role in GBM cell senescence upon TMZ-triggered DNA damage. However, the master regulator of NTN4 needs further elucidation. Epidermal growth factor/Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF/EGFR) can modulate the expression of various extracellular matrix related molecules, and prevent DNA damage in GBM cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between EGF/EGFR signaling and NTN4, and explored their effect on therapeutic efficacy in GBM cells upon TMZ treatment. METHODS: Co-expression analysis were performed by using the RNA sequencing data from NIH 934 cell lines and from single cell RNA sequencing data of GBM tumor. The co-expressing genes were used for GO enrichment and signaling pathway enrichment. mRNA expression of the target genes were quantified by qPCR, and cell senescence were investigated by Senescence-Associated Beta-Galactosidase Staining. Protein phosphorylation were observed and analyzed by immunoblotting. The RNA sequencing data and clinical information of TMZ treated patients were extracted from TCGA-glioblastoma project, and then used for Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed a potential co-expression relationship between NTN4 and EGFR. GO enrichment of EGFR-correlated genes indicated that EGFR regulates GBM cells in a manner similar to that in central nervous system development and neural cell differentiation. Pathway analysis suggested that EGFR and its related genes contribute to cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and caspase related signaling. We also show that EGF stimulates NTN4 expression in GBM cells and cooperates with NTN4 to attenuate GBM cell senescence induced by DNA damage, possibly via AKT and ERK. Clinical analysis showed that co-expression of EGFR and NTN4 significantly predicts poor survival in TMZ-treated GBM patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that EGF/EGFR regulates and cooperates with NTN4 in DNA damage resistance in GBM. Therefore, our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for GBM.

Comparison of efficacy and toxicity of bevacizumab, endostar and apatinib in transgenic and human lung cancer xenograftzebrafish model.

The poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer has driven the development of novel targeted therapies. Vascular endothelial growth factor is the most potent force in mediating tumor angiogenesis, and many angiogenesis inhibitors have been developed for oncology treatment. We performed a study to characterize the efficacy, safety and tumor suppression of three lung cancer related anti-angiogenic drugs (bevacizumab, endostar and apatinib) using transgenic zebrafish embryo and human lung cancer xenotransplantation model. All three drugs demonstrated remarkable angiogenesis and tumor inhibition effect in the zebrafish model, within the nonlethal dose range. Endostar and bevacizumab showed competitive anti-tumor efficacy. The anti-tumor performance of apatinib was hamstrung by its elevated toxicity at 35 °C. The addition of pemetrexed to anti-angiogenesis therapy had no obvious additional benefit in tumors.

Afatinib treatment of a squamous lung cancer after tumor progression of nivolumab.

Nivolumab prolonged disease control in a patient with advanced squamous lung cancer that was refractory to multiple treatments. The rapid eradication of cancer after the administration of nivolumab caused hemoptysis and repeated infection. Six months after immunotherapy, mediastinal lymph node metastasis developed and afatinib effectively relieved dysphonia associated with nerve paralysis.

A pumpkin polysaccharide induces apoptosis by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human hepatoma HepG2 cells.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a purified polysaccharide (PPPF) from pumpkin fruit on the Janus activated kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling during apoptotic process. The results showed that PPPF or STAT3 siRNA inhibits the cell growth of HepG2 cells via induction of apoptosis. Moreover, PPPF is able to suppress both constitutive and IL-6-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 (on Tyr705) and subsequent nuclear translocation in cancer cells. Such inhibition is found to be achieved through down-regulation of constitutive phosphorylation of JAK2, but not JAk1, c-Src, ERK1/2, and Akt, which means STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in HepG2 cells following PPPF treatment is associated with a reduction in JAK2 activity. In addition, the protein expression of SHP-1 was increased in cells in response to PPPF treatment, whereas SHP-2, SOCS-1 and SCOS-3 protein expression remain unchanged. In vivo animal experiment also indicated that PPPF had a potent inhibitory effect on tumor growth in mice bearing HepG2 xenograft tumors. Thus we can conclude that PPPF directly induces apoptotic cell death of HepG2 cells via down-regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 signal transduction pathways, which may facilitates the development of a therapeutic strategy for treating HCC.

Pleural synovial sarcoma patient treated with combined chemotherapy and Endostar, plus sunitinib maintenance therapy: A case report and review of the literature.

Synovial sarcoma is a rare, highly malignant soft-tissue tumor that occurs primarily in the extremities. At present, there is no effective clinical treatment for this condition. The present study reports the case of a 49-year-old male who was diagnosed with pleural synovial sarcoma and treated with recombinant human endostatin (Endostar) combined with chemotherapy for a total of six cycles, followed by sunitinib maintenance therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported use of sunitinib for maintenance therapy in pleural synovial sarcoma. The patient survived for 25 months after the recurrence of the disease following surgery. The results indicate that this combination therapy was effective in the treatment of pleural synovial sarcoma. The present study also briefly reviews the literature on pleural synovial sarcoma, and the features and treatments for this rare case are discussed.

An Anticancer Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Human Gastric Cancer Cells.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be synthesized in mammalian cells by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and/or cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS). Both CSE and CBS are expressed in rat gastric tissues but their role in human gastric neoplasia has been unclear. The aims of the present study were to detect CSE and CBS proteins in human gastric cancer and determine the effect of exogenous NaHS on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. We found that both CSE and CBS proteins were expressed in human gastric cancer cells and upregulated in human gastric carcinoma mucosa compared with those in noncancerous gastric samples. NaHS induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by regulating apoptosis related proteins. Also, NaHS inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. An antigastric cancer role of H2S is thus indicated.

Prognosis in very young women with triple-negative breast cancer: retrospective study of 216 cases.

The aim of this investigation was to compare clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis of very young and older triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients in order to assess their relevance to TNBC in an younger population. Data of TNBC patients diagnosed between 2002 and 2007 were retrospectively analyzed by computer based chart information. Baseline tumor characteristics, biological markers, and patients' prognosis were compared between very young (≤ 35 years) and older (>35 years) TNBC patients. In the 216 cases of operable TNBC patients, 48 (22.2%) were ≤ 35 years and 168 (77.8%) were >35 years. Very young TNBC patients had showed a high clinical stage, more positive lymph nodes, Ck5/6 and/or EGFR expression (P = 0.049, 0.006, and 0.011, respectively). Compared to older TNBC patients, very young TNBC patients have short disease-free survival (P = 0.031), while no significant difference was found in overall survival (OS) (P = 0.075). In multivariate analysis, lymph node metastatic status was a significant predictor of OS. TNBC of very young patients is an aggressive breast cancer subtype, but the overall survival of both young and older TNBC patients did not have significant differences.

Elevated expression of hyaluronic acid binding protein 1 (HABP1)/P32/C1QBP is a novel indicator for lymph node and peritoneal metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

The present study aims to clarify whether hyaluronan binding protein 1 (HABP1/p32/C1QBP) is an indicator of peritoneal and lymph node metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which to the authors' knowledge is not previously reported by others. Western blot analysis demonstrated that HABP1 was highly overexpressed in most metastatic lesions. Of 89 patients whose primary tumors showed high HABP1 expression on immunohistochemical staining, 85 (95.5%) presented peritoneal metastases and 43 (48.3%) had lymph node metastases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that HABP1 overexpression correlated with peritoneal dissemination and lymph node metastasis in EOC. The specificity and positive predictive value of HABP1 staining were shown to be better for peritoneal metastasis, while the negative and sensitivity predictive value of HABP1 staining were better for lymph node metastasis. The odds ratio of high versus low staining for peritoneal spread was 9.236 (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.705, 19.316), and that for lymph node metastasis was 8.614 (95% CI, 2.507, 21.039). Furthermore, HABP1 protein may potentially be used alone or in combination with other markers as a predictive marker of EOC patients with lymph node metastasis and/or peritoneal dissemination.

CD147, MMP9 expression and clinical significance of basal-like breast cancer.

Our objective is to investigate the expression of CD147 and metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP9) in patients with basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) so as to determine whether these two genes may be correlated with prognosis of BLBC. We examined the expression of the CD147 and MMP9 in BLBC by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we analyzed the correlation between BLBC and several factors related to tumor progression, along with the prognostic value of BLBC. BLBC was significantly associated with CD147 and MMP9 expression (P = 0.000), and prone to lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Patients with BLBC showed shorter disease-free survival (P = 0.005) and overall survival (OS) (P = 0.011). In univariate analysis, CD147, MMP9, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage are independent prognostic factors affecting OS. In multivariate analysis, only clinical stage was identified as an independent prognostic factor. Patients with BLBC have a high expression of CD147 and MMP9; BLBC is correlated with a poor prognosis.

Clinical significance of basal-like breast cancer in Chinese women in Heilongjiang province.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to clarify the clinical and biological characteristics of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) and non-basal-like breast cancer (TN3BKE) in Heilongjiang. METHODS: We examined, by immunohistochemistry, expression of biological markers cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and B cell specific moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1( Bmi-1) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We studied the correlation between BLBC and several factors related to tumor progression, along with its prognostic value. RESULTS: In the 229 cases of operable TNBC, BLBC was detected in 178 (77.7%) and TN3BKE- in 51 (22.2%). There was no significant difference in clinicopathological factors between them, However, BLBC was significantly associated with Bmi-1 expression (P=0.000) and shorter disease-free survival (DFS) (P = 0.045) and overall survival (OS) (P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the non-basal group, patients with BLBC have a high expression of Bmi-1 and a poor prognosis.

Purification and antitumor activity of two acidic polysaccharides from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia.

Two acidic polysaccharide fractions (PTPa and PTPb) extracted from the roots of Polygala tenuifolia, were obtained by DEAE-Sephacel anion-exchange, and Sephadex G-100 gel-permeation chromatography. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified that PTPa and PTPb was composed of Ara, Glc, Gal, Man and GlcUA in the proportion of 2.4:1.2:0.6:0.4:1.1 and 2.1:1.7:0.5:0.6:1.7, respectively. Their molecular weight was evaluated to be 5.9×10(4) (PTPa) and 2.5×10(4) Da (PTPb) as determined by high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Pharmacological studies revealed PTPa and PTPb significantly inhibited the growth of A549 cells in vitro and exhibited significantly higher antitumor activity against solid tumor A549 in vivo than did a blank control. Moreover, treatment with two acidic polysaccharides caused an enhancement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in tumor-bearing mice and a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level. Taken together, these results indicated that two acidic polysaccharides from the roots of P. tenuifolia may be useful as potent antitumor agents for the prevention of lung tumorigenesis.

The inhibitory effect of a polysaccharide from Codonopsis pilosula on tumor growth and metastasis in vitro.

In this study, we prepared an acidic polysaccharide (CPPA) from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula. The effects of CPPA on tumor cell growth, invasion, and migration were examined in vitro. The CPPA not only induced a potent inhibitory effect on the invasion and migration potential of human epithelial ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells in vitro, evaluated by wound healing, transwell and cell adhesion assays, but also had an efficient anti-proliferation effect on tumor cells. Moreover, the CD44 expression on the HO-8910 cells was also attenuated by CPPA treatment. Therefore, our results indicate that CPPA may be a potential candidate compound for the prevention of tumor metastasis, presumably by inhibiting invasion, migration and adhesion of tumor cells, as well as the CD44 expression on the tumor cells.