RESUMO
Cell death in human diseases is often a consequence of disrupted cellular homeostasis. If cell death is prevented without restoring cellular homeostasis, it may lead to a persistent dysfunctional and pathological state. Although mechanisms of cell death have been thoroughly investigated1-3, it remains unclear how homeostasis can be restored after inhibition of cell death. Here we identify TRADD4-6, an adaptor protein, as a direct regulator of both cellular homeostasis and apoptosis. TRADD modulates cellular homeostasis by inhibiting K63-linked ubiquitination of beclin 1 mediated by TRAF2, cIAP1 and cIAP2, thereby reducing autophagy. TRADD deficiency inhibits RIPK1-dependent extrinsic apoptosis and proteasomal stress-induced intrinsic apoptosis. We also show that the small molecules ICCB-19 and Apt-1 bind to a pocket on the N-terminal TRAF2-binding domain of TRADD (TRADD-N), which interacts with the C-terminal domain (TRADD-C) and TRAF2 to modulate the ubiquitination of RIPK1 and beclin 1. Inhibition of TRADD by ICCB-19 or Apt-1 blocks apoptosis and restores cellular homeostasis by activating autophagy in cells with accumulated mutant tau, α-synuclein, or huntingtin. Treatment with Apt-1 restored proteostasis and inhibited cell death in a mouse model of proteinopathy induced by mutant tau(P301S). We conclude that pharmacological targeting of TRADD may represent a promising strategy for inhibiting cell death and restoring homeostasis to treat human diseases.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 3 com Repetições IAP de Baculovírus/metabolismo , Proteína Beclina-1/química , Proteína Beclina-1/metabolismo , Bortezomib/antagonistas & inibidores , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Emaranhados Neurofibrilares/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/química , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/química , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Receptor de TNF/deficiência , Fator 2 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism that mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. We report a potent small molecule inhibitor of autophagy named "spautin-1" for specific and potent autophagy inhibitor-1. Spautin-1 promotes the degradation of Vps34 PI3 kinase complexes by inhibiting two ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13, that target the Beclin1 subunit of Vps34 complexes. Beclin1 is a tumor suppressor and frequently monoallelically lost in human cancers. Interestingly, Beclin1 also controls the protein stabilities of USP10 and USP13 by regulating their deubiquitinating activities. Since USP10 mediates the deubiquitination of p53, regulating deubiquitination activity of USP10 and USP13 by Beclin1 provides a mechanism for Beclin1 to control the levels of p53. Our study provides a molecular mechanism involving protein deubiquitination that connects two important tumor suppressors, p53 and Beclin1, and a potent small molecule inhibitor of autophagy as a possible lead compound for developing anticancer drugs.
