Synthesis of 1-O-acyl- and 1-oxo-kamebanin analogues and their cytotoxic activity.

A series of 1-O-acyl- and 1-oxo-kamebanin analogues were prepared from kamebanin, isolated from Rabdosia excisa and their cytotoxicity was assayed on HL60 promyelocytic leukemia cells and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. The structure-activity relationship study showed that the presence of 1-O-acyl groups of a C3-C5 carbon chain increased the cytotoxic activity.

Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Narirutin from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium and Anti-allergic Asthma Activity.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder of the airways related to inflammation; it affects millions of people worldwide. Due to the side effects of inhaled corticosteroids, researchers focused on the therapeutic effects of compounds derived from natural products. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic benefits of Narirutin a valuable flavonoid in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for asthma. METHODS: Narirutin was extracted using the enzyme-assisted method with the L9 (34) orthogonal array to optimize the temperatures, pH, and reaction time. The mechanism of action of Narirutin was investigated via ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis in vivo. RESULTS: Narirutin suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissue and decreased IgE and IgG1 levels in serum in vivo. It can also alleviate interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and interferon-γ concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mice. Moreover, it increased the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells. Additionally, Narirutin significantly suppressed p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK expression in the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Narirutin affects the Th1/Th2 imbalance through the p-ERK and p-JNK suppression in the MAPK signaling pathway.

Oral Intervention of Narirutin Ameliorates the Allergic Response of Ovalbumin Allergy.

A new intervention was investigated for the induction of oral tolerance (OT) of OVA using narirutin by in vivo and in vitro experiments combined with network pharmacology and structural analysis of molecular docking. Narirutin (and its metabolism naringenin) has effects on OT by affecting B cell function, DCs, and T cell response by prediction. It was verified that narirutin could affect B cell function of secreting antibodies, thereby reducing the ability of DCs to absorb antigens by affecting GATA3, CCR7, STAT5, and MHCII expression and regulating T cell response by suppressing Th2 and improving Treg cells in vivo. Molecular docking showed that steric hindrance effects may be the reason for weaker binding energy with targets of narirutin. However, this does not mean that it has no bioactivity, for it can inhibit mast cell degranulation. This finding is interesting because it offers the possibility of using natural compounds to promote oral tolerance.

Studies on the mechanism of Panax Ginseng in the treatment of deficiency of vital energy dementia rats based on urine metabolomics.

Panax Ginseng (PG) has been used to strengthen memory and physique for thousands of years, because its main components ginsenosides (GS) and ginseng polysaccharides (GP) play a major role, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, a rat model of dementia with vital energy deficiency (DED) was established through intraperitoneal injection with D-galactose and AlCl3 and combined with exhaustive swimming. Pharmacological studies and the urine metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were employed for evaluation the efficacy of PG and exploring this treatment mechanism. Through urine metabolic profiling, it can be seen that DED rats after PG administration are close to normal group (NG) rats, and PG can regulate the in vivo status of DED rats which tend to NG. The results of behavioral, biochemical indicators and immunohistochemistry further verified the above results, and the mechanism of action of each component is refined. Ultimately, we believe that the mechanism of PG in the treatment of DED is that ginsenosides (GS) intervenes in phenylalanine tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism, stimulates dopamine production, inhibits Aß deposition and neuroinflammation; and that ginseng polysaccharides (GP) provides energy to strengthen the TCA cycle and improve immune capacity.

An efficient strategy based on two-stage chromatography and in vitro evaluation for rapid screening and isolation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.

The extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was investigated using the response surface methodology-genetic algorithm mathematical regression model, and the extraction variables were optimized to maximize the flavonoid yield. Furthermore, a simple and efficient ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking methods were developed for the rapid screening and identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors present in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Subsequently, four major chemical constituents, namely baicalein, norwogonin, wogonin, and oroxylin A, were identified as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This novel approach, involving the use of ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking methods combined with stepwise flow rate counter-current chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, could potentially provide a powerful tool for the screening and extraction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from complex matrices and be a useful platform for the production of bioactive and nutraceutical ingredients.

Hierarchical flower-like manganese oxide/polystyrene with enhanced oxidase-mimicking performance for sensitive colorimetric detection of glutathione.

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger that converts harmful toxins into harmless substances and excretes them out of the body. In this paper, 3D hierarchical flower-like nanozyme named MnO2/PS (polystyrene) was successfully prepared by template method for the first time. After the systematical studies, MnO2/PS nanozyme was evaluated to possess favorable oxidase activity and direct 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalytic ability in the near-neutral environment at room temperature. With the addition of different concentrations of GSH, oxidized TMB can be reduced to TMB with the whole process from blue to nearly colorless be observed by naked eyes. In addition, there is a good linear relationship in the range 1-50 µM and a detection limit of 0.08 µM. The method proposed can be successfully applied to the detection of reduced GSH in tablets and injections with good selectivity and high sensitivity. The analysis results exhibited good consistency with the results obtained by HPLC.

Urine metabolic profiling of dementia rats with vital energy deficiency using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an orbitrap mass spectrometer.

Dementia is a chronic and multifactor-induced neurodegenerative disorder that occurs frequently in the elderly with weak constitution and insufficient vital energy. However, the relationship between vital energy deficiency and the occurrence and development of dementia is still unclear. In this study, a rat model of dementia with vital energy deficiency was established through intraperitoneal injection with d-galactose and AlCl3 and combined with exhaustive swimming. Changes in the dementia with vital energy deficiency rat model were assessed by examining behaviors, hippocampal histopathological and biochemical parameters, and serum biochemical parameters. Urine metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an orbitrap mass spectrometer was also used to discover endogenous metabolic profile and disease-related biomarkers and investigate the potential mechanism of dementia with vital energy deficiency. Among the 31 potential biomarkers that were identified, nine involved metabolic pathways. The four main types were phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and citrate cycle and pyrimidine metabolism. The pathogenesis of dementia with vital energy deficiency is mainly neurotoxin accumulation and body aging that leads to oxidative stress injury and loss of neuronal protective substances. Vital energy deficiency inhibits the body's energy metabolism and eventually leads to aggravate the dementia.

Single-Atom Fe-Anchored Nano-Diamond With Enhanced Dual-Enzyme Mimicking Performance for H2O2 and Glutathione Detection.

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger that converts harmful toxins into harmless substances and excretes them out of the body. In the present study, we successfully prepared single-atom iron oxide-nanoparticle (Fe-NP)-modified nanodiamonds (NDs) named Fe-NDs via a one-pot in situ reduction method. This nanozyme functionally mimics two major enzymes, namely, peroxidase and oxidase. Accordingly, a colorimetric sensing platform was designed to detect hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and GSH. Owing to their peroxidase-like activity, Fe-NDs can oxidize colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue with sufficient linearity at H2O2 concentrations of 1-60 µM and with a detection limit of 0.3 µM. Furthermore, using different concentrations of GSH, oxidized TMB can be reduced to TMB, and the color change from blue to nearly colorless can be observed by the naked eye (linear range, 1-25 µM; detection limit, 0.072 µM). The established colorimetric method based on oxidase-like activity can be successfully used to detect reduced GSH in tablets and injections with good selectivity and high sensitivity. The results of this study exhibited reliable consistency with the detection results obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, the Fe-NDs colorimetric sensor designed in this study offers adequate accuracy and sensitivity.

Inhibitory activity of narirutin on RBL-2H3 cells degranulation.

Context: It is an efficient strategy to apply inhibition of mast cell degranulation for evaluating anti-allergic effects of compounds. Previous works confirmed that narirutin had anti-allergic activity in OVA induced allergic asthma murine model. However, the mechanism is not clear. Objective: Here, inhibitory mechanism of narirutin on RBL-2H3 cells degranulation was investigated. Materials and methods: Cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8 kits, cell degranulation was analyzed by ELISA methods, morphology and ultrastructure of cells was observed by atomic force microscopy, intracellular Ca 2+ concentration was measured by fluorescence microscopre, mRNA expression were measured by PCR, and signaling pathways were measured by WB. Results: The results showed that narirutin have no direct effects on mRNA expression of FcεRI subunit. However, it inhibited Ca2+ influx by suppressing the phosphorylation of Syk, LAT and PLCγ1 signaling pathway transduction. Subsequently, the inhibition of Ca2+ influx directly leads to NF-κB signaling pathway transduction decreased. Narirutin can also suppress the phosphorylation of MAPK signaling pathways by decreasing the expression of P-p38, P-ERK and P-JNK, inhibit the synergistic effect for Ca2+ influx, and then reduce the release of IL-4, TNF-α, histamine and ß-HEX. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the inhibitory mechanism of narirutin on RBL-2H3 cells degranulation could be related to regulate MAPK, NF-κB and Tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis Reveals a Crucial Role for CTHRC1 (Collagen Triple Helix Repeat Containing 1) Cardiac Fibroblasts After Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) have a central role in the ventricular remodeling process associated with different types of fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that fibroblasts do not respond homogeneously to heart injury. Because of the limited set of bona fide fibroblast markers, a proper characterization of fibroblast population heterogeneity in response to cardiac damage is lacking. The purpose of this study was to define CF heterogeneity during ventricular remodeling and the underlying mechanisms that regulate CF function. METHODS: Collagen1α1-GFP (green fluorescent protein)-positive CFs were characterized after myocardial infarction (MI) by single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing, and functional assays. Swine and patient samples were studied using bulk RNA sequencing. RESULTS: We identified and characterized a unique CF subpopulation that emerges after MI in mice. These activated fibroblasts exhibit a clear profibrotic signature, express high levels of Cthrc1 (collagen triple helix repeat containing 1), and localize into the scar. Noncanonical transforming growth factor-ß signaling and different transcription factors including SOX9 are important regulators mediating their response to cardiac injury. Absence of CTHRC1 results in pronounced lethality attributable to ventricular rupture. A population of CFs with a similar transcriptome was identified in a swine model of MI and in heart tissue from patients with MI and dilated cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS: We report CF heterogeneity and their dynamics during the course of MI and redefine the CFs that respond to cardiac injury and participate in myocardial remodeling. Our study identifies CTHRC1 as a novel regulator of the healing scar process and a target for future translational studies.

Stem cell membrane-coated isotretinoin for acne treatment.

BACKGROUND: Topical isotretinoin is commonly used to treat acne. However, topical isotretinoin has side effects and can hardly permeate through the stratum corneum, the most important skin barrier. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of nanoparticles as stable carriers with great curative effects, low side effects, and strong transdermal ability. RESULTS: In a rabbit model of hyperkeratinization, STCM-ATRA-NPs showed significant therapeutic efficacy. By contrast, negative therapeutic efficacy was observed in a golden hamster model of hyper sebum production. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectral analyses showed that nanoparticles could penetrate the stratum corneum. Western blotting demonstrated that the nanoparticles could enhance the transdermal efficacy of isotretinoin by reducing the effect of keratin and tight junction proteins. Further, nanoparticles enhanced endocytosis, thereby promoting drug penetration and absorption into the skin. CONCLUSION: STCM-ATRA-NPs were demonstrated to control isotretinoin release, reducing its side effects, and efficiently permeating through the skin by reducing the effect of keratin and tight junction proteins and enhancing endocytosis.

Effects of total saponins from Panacis majoris Rhizoma and its degradation products on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Panacis majoris Rhizoma, which is a member of herbal medicine, is known for many years to remove blood stasis, promote blood circulation, and enrich the blood. The active ingredients of this plant are mainly attributed to saponins. AIM OF THE STUDY: The total saponins from Panacis majoris Rhizoma (TSPJ), and the degradation products of TSPJ (DTSPJ), were designed in this study to compare the protective effects on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and the aim of this approach is to discover more effective agents for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. We analyzed the main constituents of TSPJ and DTSPJ, aiming to make clear which saponins played important roles in this protective effect, and also investigated the possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DTSPJ was prepared by the method of alkaline hydrolysis. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the main chemical constituents of TSPJ and DTSPJ, which were isolated by chromatographic techniques and identified by comparison with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data in reported literature. Male Wistar rats were randomized to sham-operated group, ischemia-reperfusion group, three TSPJ (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups, three DTSPJ (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups, and isosorbide dinitrate tablet (5.0 mg/kg) group. The rats in all groups were intragastrically administrated once per day for three successive days. The establishment of the model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was used the following method: firstly, the left coronary artery of experimental rat was ligated for 30 min and then reperfused for 120 min. Then the myocardial infarct size, hemorheological and biochemical parameters, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, platelet adhesion rate, platelet aggregation and histopathology changes were assessed. RESULTS: Five C3,C28-bidesmosidic oleanane-type saponins and ginsenoside Rd were the main constituents of TSPJ, and their total content in TSPJ was 79.2 %. The main constituents of DTSPJ were five C3-monodesmosidic oleanane-type saponins and ginsenoside Rd, and their total content in DTSPJ was 72.6 %. The HPLC analysis revealed that the five C3,C28-bidesmosidic oleanane-type saponins in TSPJ were completely turned into five C3-monodesmosidic oleanane-type saponins in DTSPJ through the method of alkaline hydrolysis, but ginsenoside Rd remained unchanged. Both TSPJ and DTSPJ could significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, and improved heart function, and lowered the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the levels of whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, platelet adhesion rate, and platelet aggregation; on the contrary, both the level of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were notablely increased. The results of histopathological examination further supported the cardioprotective effects of TSPJ and DTSPJ. CONCLUSION: Both TSPJ and DTSPJ can guard cardiomyocytes against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The underlying mechanisms may be closely related to its enhancing anti-oxidative properties, modifying blood viscosity, and inhibiting platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion. As a whole, the protection of DTSPJ against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was a little stronger than those of TSPJ. The results display the prospect of DTSPJ as a drug candidate for treating ischemic heart disease.

Canonical WNT/ß-Catenin Signaling Activated by WNT9b and RSPO2 Cooperation Regulates Facial Morphogenesis in Mice.

The R-spondin (RSPO) family of proteins potentiate canonical WNT/ß-catenin signaling and may provide a mechanism to fine-tune the strength of canonical WNT signaling. Although several in vitro studies have clearly demonstrated the potentiation of canonical WNT signaling by RSPOs, whether this potentiation actually occurs in normal development and tissue function in vivo still remains poorly understood. Here, we provide clear evidence of the potentiation of canonical WNT signaling by RSPO during mouse facial development by analyzing compound Wnt9b and Rspo2 gene knockout mice and utilizing ex vivo facial explants. Wnt9b;Rspo2 double mutant mice display facial defects and dysregulated gene expression pattern that are significantly more severe than and different from those of Wnt9b or Rspo2 null mutant mice. Furthermore, we found suggestive evidence that the LGR4/5/6 family of the RSPO receptors may play less critical roles in WNT9b:RSPO2 cooperation. Our results suggest that RSPO-induced cooperation is a key mechanism for fine-tuning canonical WNT/ß-catenin signaling in mouse facial development.

Recent advances in the synthesis of biodegradable polyesters by sustainable polymerization: lipase-catalyzed polymerization.

Over the past three decades, enzymatic polymerization has dramatically developed and gradually broadened as a creative methodology in the construction of polymeric materials with tailor-made structures and properties. Compared with transition metal catalyst polymerizations, enzymatic polymerization is more attractive in the biomedicine field due to the metal-free residue, good biocompatibility, and few by-products. Meanwhile, enzymatic polymerization has far more activity towards macrolides. In this review, the synthesis of lipase-catalyzed polymer materials is systematically summarized, focusing on the synthesis of the complex and well-defined polymers. The enzymatic polyester synthesis was then discussed concerning the different reaction types, including ring-opening polymerization, polycondensation, a combination of ring-opening polymerization with polycondensation, and chemoenzymatic polymerization. Besides, exploration of novel biocatalysts and reaction media was also described, with particular emphasis on the enzymes obtained via immobilization or protein engineering strategies, green solvents, and reactors. Finally, recent developments in catalytic kinetics and mechanistic studies through the use of spectroscopy, mathematics, and computer techniques have been introduced. Besides, we addressed the remaining central issues in enzymatic polymerization and discussed current studies aimed at providing answers.

Synthesis of ginsenoside Re-based carbon dots applied for bioimaging and effective inhibition of cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials have promising properties such as biosensing, cell imaging, tracing and drug delivery. However, carbon dots (CDs) with specific inherent biological functions have not been investigated. Ginsenosides are the components with multiple bioactivities found in plants of the genus Panax, which have attracted a lot of attention for their anticancer effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we prepared a kind of novel photoluminescent CDs from ginsenoside Re by one-step hydrothermal synthesis method. The conventional methods including transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, HPLC and fluorescence spectrum were used for characterization of CDs. In vitro anticancer effect was investigated by cytotoxicity assay, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: The as-prepared Re-CDs had an average diameter of 4.6±0.6 nm and excellent luminescent properties. Cellular uptake of Re-CDs was facilitated by their tiny nanosize, with evidence of their bright excitation-dependent fluorescent images. Compared with ginsenoside Re, the Re-CDs showed greater inhibition efficiency of cancer cell proliferation, with lower toxicity to the normal cells. The anticancer activity of Re-CDs was suggested to be associated with the generation of large amount of ROS and the caspase-3 related cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Hopefully, the dual functional Re-CDs, which could both exhibit bioimaging and anticancer effect, are expected to have great potential in future clinical applications.

1O, 20O-diacetyl kamebakaurin protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of kamebakaurin (KA) and 1O, 20O-diacetyl kamebakaurin (Ac2KA) on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity and compare the hepatoprotective mechanisms of the two chemicals. Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered KA, Ac2KA, or an ethanol/olive oil emulsion once per day for 7-days. Twenty-four hours after the final administration, the mice were fasted and then intraperitoneally injected with 450 mg/kg APAP or saline. At 16 h after injection, the mice were euthanized and blood samples were collected for plasma analysis. Pretreatment with KA and Ac2KA significantly attenuated APAP-induced hepatic injury. The protective effect of Ac2KA was stronger than that of KA. These two chemicals attenuated oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production, c-jun N-terminal kinase activation, and receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-3 activation. Ac2KA also decreased APAP-induced RIP-1 activation and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 translocation. Moreover, Ac2KA repressed mRNA expression of Cyp1a2/2e1 in the liver. Our results showed that KA and Ac2KA exerted protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The responsible mechanisms may be related to the chemicals' antioxidant activity and the inhibition of c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and RIP-3 activation. The effects of Ac2KA included those of KA, as well as RIP-1 inactivation, NF-κB inhibition, and Cyp inhibition.

Exploring the potential pharmacodynamic material basis and pharmacologic mechanism of the Fufang-Xialian-Capsule in chronic atrophic gastritis by network pharmacology approach based on the components absorbed into the blood.

In this study, a new network pharmacology approach based on the components absorbed into the blood was used to investigate the pharmacodynamic material basis and the pharmacologic mechanism of the Fufang-Xialian-Capsule (FXL) in treating chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Initially, we confirmed the components absorbed into the blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, the network approach, which was based on the results of components absorbed into the blood, was used to analyse the pharmacodynamic material basis and the pharmacologic mechanism of FXL on treating CAG. As a result, 22 absorbed components were found in rat plasma. Given the results of the absorption analysis of the components, eight pathways associated with CAG development were found. The targets linked to these pathways are the drug targets of FXL in CAG treatment. The components associated with these targets are the potential pharmacodynamic material basis and exert synergy in regulating pathways during CAG treatment.

A target-group-change strategy based on the UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE method for the metabolites identification of Fufang-Xialian-Capsule in rat's plasma.

Fufang-Xialian-Capsule (FXL) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula which was utilized to treat chronic atrophic gastritis. Despite the chemical constituents have been clarifying by our previous studies, but the metabolism of FXL after oral was still unclear. In order to clarify the mechanism of these absorbed components, a target-group-change (TGC) strategy was utilized to analysis the collected data. This strategy include five steps: (1) acquired the mass spectra data and tandem mass spectra data simultaneously; (2) confirmed the prototype absorbed into blood and the tandem mass behavior of prototype; (3) clarified the potential group change of prototypes after metabolism by Metabolynx XS software; (4) confirmed the target group change acquired by compare the tandem mass behavior of metabolites with their prototypes; (5) inferred the position of group change occurred and metabolic pathways of each prototypes. Based on the TGC strategy, the structure of metabolites and the metabolic pathways of FXL were confirmed. The main group change behaviors on the prototypes after metabolism include demethylation, methylation, hydroxylation and glucuronide conjugation. As the results, there were 33 metabolites transformed from 11 prototypes confirmed, these 11 prototypes include 4 flavones, 5 alkaloids and 2 ginsenosides. All the metabolites could be identified or tentatively characterized according to the structure of metabolites and previous reports.

Suppressive effect of kamebakaurin on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response in mice.

BACKGROUND: Kamebakaurin (KA) is an ent-kaurane diterpenoid known to have anti-inflammatory potential. In the current study, we investigated whether pretreatment with KA could ameliorate acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the anti-inflammatory response in mice. METHODS: Seven-week-old C57BL/6J mice were orally administered KA or olive oil emulsion for seven days. Twenty-four hours after the last KA or olive oil administration, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 400mg/kg APAP or saline under feed deprived condition. The mice from each group were euthanized and bled for plasma analysis 24h after the injection. RESULT: APAP increased plasma levels of hepatic injury markers (i.e., alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), lipid peroxidation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment with KA reduced the magnitude of APAP-induced increases in plasma levels of hepatic injury markers, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory response. In addition, KA exhibited antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner, with slight reactive oxygen species scavenging activity. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that KA has the ability to protect the liver from APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, presumably by both inhibiting the inflammatory response and oxidative stress.