Betalains from vegetable peels: Extraction methods, stability, and applications as natural food colorants.

Betalains are hydrophilic pigments naturally present in a limited number of plants and fungi. In addition to providing pigmentation, ranging from yellow to red, they show potential for replacing artificial food colorings. Betalains can be obtained from agri-food waste like vegetable peels through conventional and emerging extraction methods; however, they are susceptible to chemical changes due to various degradation factors, such as the presence of oxygen, light, and increased temperature. In this context, encapsulation can be used as a strategy to stabilize and reduce the pigment degradation rate for later industrial application in processed foods. This study reviews data from the last five years on the production and relevance of valuing agri-food waste, in addition to research carried out on betalains obtained from vegetable peels, such as extraction methods, encapsulation as a method of controlling stability and applications as colorant in food matrices, highlighting news insights for the field of pigments from plant sources. This review shows that encapsulation techniques using mixtures of wall materials offer superior protection than isolated materials. Despite advances in applicability, gaps still persist regarding stability in food matrices, especially on an industrial scale. However, future investigations should focus on filling the gaps regarding the maintenance of the properties of betalains for application in food industries as natural food coloring based on the precepts of circular economy and sustainable technology.

Optimization of the process of preparation of liver pâtés and omental fat of lambs fed with lipid cakes.

The aim of this work was to optimize the process of elaborating liver pâtés and omental lamb fat and to evaluate the quality of the products. Livers and fats were obtained from lambs fed with diets composed of corn and soybean meal that were partially replaced by cupuaçu, tucumã and palm kernel cake. To prepare the pâtés, livers were baked for 20 minutes at 100°C, weighed, seasoned, crushed, packaged and pasteurized. The best formulation of the pâté was with 40% liver, 10% fat, 35% water, and pasteurized for 20 minutes at 65°C. The pâté from the livers of lambs fed with palm kernel cake obtained a higher caloric value of 193.05 kcal/100 g and all pâtés met the recommended microbiological quality. There was a significant effect (p< 0.05) of the diets on the aroma and texture of the liver pâtés of lambs fed corn and soybean meal and palm kernel cake, and these were 6.38 and 3.37, respectively. Thus, the pâtés can be considered an alternative to increase the options for consumption of liver from lambs, and also for adding commercial value to lamb viscera.

The Characterization of Pastures by Grazing Cycle and Evaluation of Supplementation with Agro-Industry Co-Products on the Performance of Buffaloes in the Humid Tropics.

The objective was to characterize the pastures by grazing cycle, as well as to evaluate the performance of buffaloes in intensive rotational grazing in a silvopastoral system in the eastern Amazon supplemented with agro-industry co-products in order to characterize the grazing cycles, the composition of the fractions, and the carcass yield. Fifteen non-castrated, crossbred water buffaloes (Murrah × Mediterranean) were used. All animals used in the study were clinically healthy and weighed approximately 458 kg. The animals were grazed in a single group, and supplementation (1% of live weight-LW/day) was divided into three treatments: control (control-conventional ingredients); Cocos nucifera coconut cake (Cocos nucifera) (coconut cake-70%); and palm kernel cake (Guinean elaeis) (palm kernel cake-70% palm kernel cake). The chemical composition of the forage is different in each part of the plant, with higher protein values in the leaves (11.40%) and higher acid detergent fiber (ADF) values in the stems (50.03%). Among the ingredients of the supplement, corn has the highest percentage of indigestible protein (35.57%), most of the protein in palm kernel cake is B3 (49.11%), and in Coco, B2 (51.52%). Mombasa grass has a higher percentage of B3 and B2 proteins; the indigestible fraction is lower in the leaves (17.16%). The leaf/stem ratio also varied between grazing cycles, being better in the second cycle (2.11%) and with an overall average of 1.71. Supplement consumption varied between cycles and was higher in the control treatment, with an overall mean of 4.74. There was no difference in daily weight gain and carcass yield, with an average of 1 kg/day and 49.23%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that including supplements based on by-products from the coconut and palm oil agro-industries promotes performance and carcass yields compatible with conventional supplements. Their use reduces production costs, optimizes the utilization of forage mass, enhances the sustainability of the production chain, and, therefore, is recommended.

Lambs supplemented with Amazonian oilseed co-products: Meat quality and fatty acid profile.

The Amazon has a wide variety of oilseeds that generate a huge amount of co-products with potential for use in animal nutrition. The objective was to use alternative resources (oilseed cakes) in the feeding of lambs to assign a sustainable destination to this biomass, and evaluate its influence on the quality and fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. Twenty-four lambs, male, castrated, crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês, weighing 30 ± 1.3 kg of initial body weight, were distributed in a completely randomized design in 4 treatments (diets) with six replications (animals). The control diet (Control) contained corn and soybean meal as main ingredients, which were partially replaced in the other diets by cupuassu cake diet (Cup), palm kernel cake diet (Palm) and tucuma cake diet (Tuc). The inclusion of Amazon cakes influences the lipid (P = 0.02) and protein (P < 0.01) composition of meat (longissimus lumborum); reduces cooking losses (P < 0.01); influences the colors (L, a, b), chroma, and Hue Angle (P < 0.01); promotes changes in total FA composition and FA profile (P < 0.05); reduces hypocholesterolemic FA (h) (P = 0.01), but does not influence hypercholesterolemic (H) and indices h:H, AI and TI (P > 0.05). The inclusion of oilseed cakes influences the chemical composition, physical parameters, composition and fatty acid profile of the meat, but does not influence the indicators of atherogenicity, thrombogenicity and cholesterolemia.

Nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, carcass traits and sensory analysis of meat from lambs fed with co-products of Amazon oilseeds.

Introduction: The increase in availability and nutritional composition of oilseed co-products has made it essential to study the use of this biomass. Methods: The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of including oilseed cakes on intake and digestibility, performance, carcass characteristics and meat sensory in feedlot lambs. Twenty-four crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs, with initial body weight of 30 ± 1.3 kg, male, castrated, aged 4-5 months, were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (diets) and six replications (animals), confined in individual stalls for 70 days. Results: The inclusion of tucuma cake (Tuc) reduced dry matter intake (p < 0.01) and diets with cupuassu cake (Cup) and palm kernel cake (Palm) reduced dry matter digestibility (p < 0.05). The Tuc diet also provided the lowest final body weight (p = 0.02); lower average daily gain (p = 0.03); lower feed efficiency (p = 0.03) and lower carcass weight (p < 0.01). However, diets did not influence carcass yield (%), fat thickness (mm) and loin eye area (cm2; p > 0.05). Meat from lambs on the control diet was rated as less fibrous and more tender (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The inclusion of tucuma cake does not influence digestibility, but reduces intake, performance and influences carcass characteristics and meat texture. Diets with cupuassu cake or palmiste cake reduced digestibility, however, intake, performance and carcass characteristics were similar to the control diet.

Tissue composition and allometric growth of carcass of lambs Santa Inês and crossbreed with breed Dorper.

This study aimed to assess the tissue composition and allometric growth of carcasses of Santa Inês and crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs confined for different periods at three body weight classes. Sixty-four lambs from Santa Inês (SI) and crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês (DSI) were slaughtered. The carcasses were refrigerated at 4 °C for 24 h, and half of the right side carcass was divided into five primary cuts, which were then dissected into bone, muscle, and fat. The corrected cold carcass weight (CCWc) was calculated based on the sum of the cuts. There was no effect of the interactions evaluated (P > 0.05) among the factors tested. CCWc, muscle (kg), fat (kg), bone (%), M:F, M:B, F:B, and M+F:B were influenced by the lambs' genetic group (P < 0.05). An effect of body weight at the beginning of confinement was found only for CCWc, muscle (kg), fat (kg), bone (kg), bone (%), and M:F. The crossbreeding of Santa Inês with breeds Dorper promotes improvements in the qualitative characteristics of the carcass. To obtain better relationships of the quantitative characteristics of the carcass, of sheep introduced in confinements with larger weights, the slaughter weight must be adjusted to that initial weight.

Serviços de alimentação comercial: fator de risco para a saúde pública? / Commercial food services: risk factor for public health?

Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as condições higiênico-sanitárias de restaurantes comerciais com serviços do tipo self-service localizados na cidade de Belém/PA. No primeiro semestre de 2012, foram avaliados os procedimentos adotados quanto às Boas Práticas de Fabricação em 10 estabelecimentos tipo self-service. A investigação foi efetuada com auxílio da lista de verificação proposta na Resolução RDC nº 216/2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) do Ministério da Saúde, que classifica os serviços de alimentação de acordo com o porcentual de atendimento dos itens em: Grupo 1 - BOM (76 a 100% de atendimento dos itens), Grupo 2 - REGULAR (51 a 75 % de atendimento dos itens) e Grupo 3 - RUIM (0 a 50% de atendimento dos itens). Dos restaurantes avaliados, 20% foram classificados no grupo 3 (RUIM), 30% no grupo 2 (REGULAR) e 50% no grupo 1(BOM). De modo geral, os restaurantes avaliados já estavam em processo de implantação das Boas Práticas, porém com aspectos a serem corrigidos. Entre os principais problemas dos estabelecimentos avaliados destacam-se o fluxo cruzado em função de estrutura física do local, a higienização inadequada de utensílios e de equipamentos, e a falta de monitoramento por parte do responsável pelas atividades do local.

This investigation aimed at evaluating the hygienic and sanitary conditions in self-service type restaurantslocated in Belém, PA. The procedures related to the Good Manufacturing Practices were evaluated in 10self-service restaurants, during the first semester of 2012. For conducting the study, the checklist proposedin the Resolution RDC no. 216/2004 of the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency - Ministry of Health.This RDC classifies the food services according to the percentage of attendance of the items in: group1 - GOOD (76 to 100 % of items attendance), group 2 - REGULAR (51 to 75 % of items attendance)and group 3 - BAD (0 to 50 % of items attendance). Of the evaluated restaurants, 20 % were classifiedinto group 3 (BAD), 30 % into group 2 (REGULAR) and 50 % into group 1 (GOOD). In general, therestaurants were already in the process of the Good Practices implementation, but being in a stage forcorrecting some issues. Among the main problems detected in the evaluated restaurants, the followingquestions were evidenced: the cross-flow due to the place physical structure, the inadequate cleaning ofutensils and equipment, and the lack of monitoring by the manager in charge of the place activities.

Avaliação das condições higiênico-sanitárias da carne bovina in natura comercializada na cidade de Belém, PA / Evaluation of the hygienic sanitary conditions of the beef in natura traded in Belém, PA city

Durante o mês de janeiro de 2002, foram coletadas 30 amostras de carne bovina “in natura”, de diversos cortes, sendo 10 em supermercados, 10 em açougues e 10 em feiras, comercializadas na cidade de Belém – PA, objetivando-se avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias destes produtos. Após a realização das coletas, procederam-se as análises microbiológicas (NMP Coliformes Totais e Fecais, Contagem de Mesófilos e Staphylococcus aureus e Pesquisa de Salmonella), através de metodologia descrita em BRASIL (1999). Conforme e legislação atual (Resolução RDC n. 12 , de 2 de janeiro de 2001, do Ministério da Saúde), 29 amostras (96,7 por cento) estão de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos, ficando somente uma amostra de feira reprovada por apresentar Salmonella. Quanto à Portaria 304/1996 do MAPA, somente os supermercados estão de acordo com a legislação (com carne refrigerada e embalada). Os açougues, em alguns casos, não refrigeram a carne e nas feiras a refrigeração inexiste.