The state of the art in beyond 5G distributed massive multiple-input multiple-output communication system solutions.

Beyond fifth generation (5G) communication systems aim towards data rates in the tera bits per second range, with improved and flexible coverage options, introducing many new technological challenges in the fields of network architecture, signal pro- cessing, and radio frequency front-ends. One option is to move towards cell-free, or distributed massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) network architectures and highly integrated front-end solutions. This paper presents an outlook on be- yond 5G distributed massive MIMO communication systems, the signal processing, characterisation and simulation challenges, and an overview of the state of the art in millimetre wave antennas and electronics.

Experimental intravitreal application of ciprofloxacin in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Ciprofloxacin (CFLX) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a broad antimicrobial spectrum. This study was performed to examine the retinal toxicity of free and liposome-incorporated CFLX in rabbit eyes after intravitreal injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Free CFLX in doses of 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microg was injected into the midvitreous of rabbit eyes (n = 28). To prolong the intravitreal antibacterial level, CFLX was incorporated into multilamellar liposomes: 0.1 ml of this suspension ( wedge 273.6 microg CFLX) was injected into the midvitreous of a second group of rabbit eyes (n = 6). The other eye served as a control and received normal saline solution or empty liposomes, respectively. Before injection and at the end of follow-up an electroretinogram (ERG) was obtained. After a follow-up of 1, 14 and 28 days the animals were perfused with glutaraldehyde and the eyes were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Significant reduction of the ERG was observed after 2,000 microg free CFLX in 4 out of 6 eyes after 14 days. Fourteen days after injection of 2,000 microg CFLX the central retina showed pigmentary changes in 4 out of 6 eyes. In the second group the ERG as well as the histologic studies did not reveal any pathologic changes after injection of liposome-incorporated CFLX compared to the control eyes. CONCLUSION: In therapeutic doses of 100-500 microg, free CFLX does not have retinal toxicity in rabbit eyes. No retinal toxicity was observed after intravitreal injection of liposome-incorporated CFLX.

[The hemorrhagic form of acute bovine virus diarrhea: literature review and case report]. / Die hämorrhagische Verlaufsform der akuten Bovinen Virusdiarrhö: Literaturübersicht und Fallbericht.

Infection of cattle with certain strains of BVD-virus causes a severe thrombocytopenia. The most obvious clinical and pathological lesions are multiple hemorrhages. Until now, problems with the Hemorrhagic syndrome have been reported predominantly from veal calf operations in the U.S.A. This publication presents first a literature review about the Hemorrhagic syndrome. The current data are based upon retrospective studies of field cases and experimental infections. Afterwards clinical, pathological and virological findings from three herds of veal calves in Germany are reported in which hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in calves and BVD-virus was isolated from tissues of diseased calves. The findings in these herds closely resemble the ones described in the literature for the Hemorrhagic syndrome. Therefore, infection with BVD-virus should be considered as differential diagnoses in Germany too, when hemorrhagic diathesis is observed in cattle.

Immunohistologic and electron microscopic abnormalities of desmin and dystrophin in familial cardiomyopathy and myopathy.

A 52-year-old man had a cardiomyopathy for 22 years as had his brother. Both required pacemakers. For the past 12 years, he also suffered from increasing muscle weakness. His muscle fibres contained granulo-filamentous material as previously seen in muscle fibres of a French family with myopathy and cardiomyopathy. It was rich in desmin, alpha-B crystallin, and dystrophin, the connotation, pathogenesis, and common denominator of which, however, remain unexplained.

[Diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows]. / Diagnostik der Leberverfettung bei der Milchkuh.

From 27 dairy cows with a mean milk yield of 6900 kg FCM (4% milk fat) per 305 day lactation period liver bioptates 2 weeks post partum (p.p.), milk samples 2, 4 weeks p.p., blood samples 0 (partus), 2, 4 week p.p., measurement of backfat thickness 2 weeks prior to calving, 0, 6, 17 weeks p.p. were taken and body weight and milk yield were determined. Fertility results and disorders appearance were recorded too. Total lipid and triglyceride content were analysed in liver tissue. Acetone concentration was determined in milk and 15 clinical-chemical parameters were elucidated in blood samples. Liver fat concentration shows a great variability from 3.9% to 24%. There is no strong reference value for the distinction between physiological and pathological liver fat concentration. Assessment as to whether increased liver fat levels in dairy cow are indicative of liver damage due to a pathological process should include detection of liver cell damage on the basis of plasma enzymes with closest possible specificity of liver. Glutamate-dehydrogenase (GLDH) is recommended. Liver fat content clearly could be defined exclusively from investigation of liver tissue rather than from analysis of blood or milk parameters. Measurement of backfat thickness provided useful information on the post partum lipolysis rate with a good correlation to liver fat (r to -0.72).

[The morphology and function of the liver in high performance cows 2 weeks post partum]. / Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Funktion der Leber von Hochleistungskühen 2 Wochen post partum.

Liver biopsies taken 2 weeks post partum from 213 high-yielding cows (6000-8000 kg FCM per 305 days lactation) were investigated biochemically to liver lipid content (GL) and histologically to degree of lipid infiltration (GdL). Additional in 27 cases electron microscopic studies to liver cell morphology and clinico-chemical investigations (beta-OH-butyrate and acetate in blood; quantity of bilirubin, albumin, protein, activity of ASAT and GLDH in blood plasma) were carried out. 22.5% of liver biopsies were histologically free of lipid infiltration (GL: 2.34%; GdL: 0). 77.5% of liver biopsies showed different lipid quantities (GL: 5.1-24%; GdL: 0.3-5.7%). 27 cases additionally investigated electron-microscopically and clinico-chemically can be summarized in 3 groups (with regard to lipid contents): 1. < 5%, n = 7; 2.5-10%, n = 10; 3. 10-24%, n = 10. Electron microscopic changes concerned occasional nucleus alterations, frequent RER dilation, mitochondria condensation or swelling, occurrence of secondary lysosomes and glycogen decrease. RER dilation and mitochondria swelling showed a statistical relation to liver lipid content. Ketone body (beta-OH-butyrate, acetate) and bilirubin concentration climbed with increasing quantity of liver lipid. Activities of GLDH and ASAT failed any dependence to lipid quantity. The results are discussed under the aspect of pathogenesis and dignity of fatty degeneration of the liver post partum.

[The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection of piglets with and without thermomotor stress. 2. Electron microscopic study results]. / Untersuchungen zur Pathologie und Pathogenese der experimentellen Mycoplasma hyorhinis-Infektion der Ferkel ohne und mit thermomotorischer Belastung. 2. Mitteilung: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungsergebnisse.

Electron microscopic investigations on the respiratory tract of piglets with and without Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection (10th day of life) partly combined with swim stress (15 degrees C water temperature) (n = 20/20) yielded the following results: colonization of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in the ciliary zone of trachea and bronchi in 15 out of 40 piglets (37.5%); the evidence rate of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in pneumonic lungs (8 out of 12 = 66.7%) was significantly higher than in nonpneumonic lungs (7 out of 28 = 25.0%) and highest in experimentally infected piglets with swim stress (9 out of 16 = 56.2%). Ultrastructural lesions: loss of cilia; bleb-formation; hydropic degeneration and desquamation of ciliary cells; the occurrence of cilia-free and immature epithelial cells; alveolar collapse; microatelectasis; oedematous swelling of pneumocyte I; accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli; hyperplasia of pneumocyte II; exudation of mononuclear macrophages and neutrophils with numerous digestion vacuoles; several lymphocytes and plasma cells, only a little lymphohistiocytic interstitial and peribronchial infiltration. Phagocytized mycoplasmas were found within the resorption vacuoles of neutrophils in the tracheobronchial area, for this once in alveoli, not (more) against in alveolar macrophages. The results were discussed with regard to etiology and pathogenicity of enzootic pneumonia in pigs.

[The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection of piglets with and without thermomotoric stress. 1. Pathologico-anatomic, histologic and immunomorphologic study results]. / Untersuchungen zur Pathologie und Pathogenese der experimentellen Mycoplasma hyorhinis-Infektion von Ferkeln ohne und mit thermomotorischer Belastung. 1. Mitteilung: Pathologisch-anatomische, -histologische und immunmorphologische Untersuchungsergebnisse.

The effect of an experimental Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis infection (3 times intranasal instillation of 3-5 ml bouillon with 10(7) Colony forming units [CFU]/ml) in combination with a standard thermomotoric stress (swim-test) was studied in piglets using pathomorphological, immunomorphological and microbiological methods. The 92 piglets were divided into the following 5 groups: swimmers with infection (S-I; n = 19); swimmers without infection (S; n = 19); control piglets with infection (K-I; n = 21); controls without infection, but direct (K1; n = 16) or indirect contact (K2; n = 17) with experimentally infected animals. The experimental or spontaneous infection (direct or aerogenous infection) with M. hyorhinis caused in 30.4% of the piglets an acute or subacute, catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia with an interstitial component. Incidence and intensity of pneumonia were significantly higher in the groups with thermomotoric stress (independent from the mode of infection) than in the non-stressed groups. The M. hyorhinis pneumonia was characterized by a limited expansion and a trend to restitution. The causal agent (M. hyorhinis) was demonstrated with immunomorphological methods (immunofluorescence and PAP) in the ciliary zone of the nasal, tracheal and especially on the bronchial mucosa, and occasionally in the bronchioles and alveoli.

[Fascioliasis in moufflons]. / Zur Fasziolose beim Muffelwild.

Subacute fascioliasis was diagnosed by pathomorphological and parasitological investigations on 13 dead moufflons (Ovis ammon musimon) from a herd of 21 animals (mortality 62%) which had succumbed between January and April 1988. The flock had been kept on meadow in the so-called Leipziger Auenwald. The main findings like severe hepatitis traumatica fasciolosa, fibrinous and fibrous perihepatitis, chronic interstitial hepatitis (pseudocirrhosis), cholangitis fasciolosa (X 13), wasting (X 8), heart dilatation (X 10), lung oedema (X 12), anemia (X 5), ascites (X 3), gut oedema (X 3) and occasionally observed lesions are described in detail and discussed with regard to diagnosis and pathogenicity. Beside severe infection with Fasciola hepatica (juvenile and adult flukes) the parasitological investigation demonstrated, in some cases, various additional but unimportant infections with protostrongylids, gastro-intestinal nematodes, coccidia (X 2) and Moniezia expansa (X 1). The analysis of meteorological data (January 1987 till March 1988) established optimal conditions for F. hepatica development stages and Galba truncatula so that high multiplication and infection rates of the snails and long surviving of metacercariae must be assumed.

[The so-called lung adenomatosis of sheep--an interesting pneumopathy from the comparative pathologic view]. / Die sogenannte Lungenadenomatose des Schafes--eine aus vergleichend pathologischer Sicht interessante Pneumopathie.

Contrary to conditions in human pathology, primary pulmonary neoplasms are rare in animals. The so-called pulmonary adenomatosis of sheep (PAS) is of greater importance among the epithelial lung tumors of domestic animals. PAS is a chronic, lethal pneumopathy caused by an oncogenic retrovirus. It is associated with the category of slow virus infections for its extremely long incubation period. PAS is characterized as a primary multicentric epithelial neoplasm which develops from proliferating alveolar pneumocytes II and non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells. It has been recently classified as broncho-alveolar carcinoma on account of its morphological features and occasional metastasis into bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes. PAS because of its similarity with human pulmonary carcinoma may be used as a model pneumopathy in comparative oncology.

In search of afferent pathways of a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex.

Injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the left atrium or ventricle activates a hypertensive chemoreflex. The primary purpose of our study was to determine the afferent pathway(s) that mediates this response. A secondary goal was to localize the receptive sites of this reflex. We measured changes in arterial pressure, reflex vascular responses in skeletal muscle and paw, and changes in renal nerve traffic that occurred after the left atrial or left ventricular injection of 5-HT. Injection of 5-HT (100 to 600 micrograms) into left atrium or ventricle produced large reflex increases in vascular resistance and sympathetic outflow. These responses were not reduced after bilateral cervical vagotomy. In separate experiments, increases in renal nerve traffic with left ventricular injection of 5-HT were assessed before and after cardiac sympathetic deafferentation. Interruption of cardiac sympathetic afferent pathways did not significantly attenuate increases in renal nerve activity with 5-HT. Injection of 5-HT (300 micrograms) into the aortic root produced large increases in arterial pressure but this was not observed after injections into the vertebral or common carotid arteries or descending aorta. Injection of 5-HT (100 micrograms) into the left main coronary artery (perfused via a Gregg cannula from an external reservoir) resulted in a depressor reflex (Bezold-Jarisch). In contrast, injection of 5-HT (200 micrograms) into the left ventricle when the drug was prevented from reaching the left coronary artery produced a large pressor response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)